The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the process of mergers in Belarus. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first on is focused on a legislative documents covering mergers in the European Union. The second chapter deals with legislation related to mergers in Belarus, focusing more on accounting area. The last chapter of the thesis is practical and describes two case studies of mergers in Belarus, one from the public sector and one from the private sector. The conclusion includes the assessment of the practical part, a comparative analysis of the difference in the process of mergers in Belarus and Europe, peculiarities of the process of mergers in Belarus and overall assessment of the aims of work. In conclusion there are some proposals that may help to increase the transparency of the situation in Belarus and to contribute to the harmonization of the national legislation with internationally accepted principles and procedures.

The thesis is about a transport Infrastructure payments in the selected transport branches of the Republic of Belarus. The first part is about a general description of the transport infrastructure of the country that connects the European countries with the Russian Federation and the Baltic States. Focus on the actual state, quality, development of the infrastructure. The second part - the description of the methods and tools of payment. In connection with a progressive development of road infrastructure and different methods of payment more attention is given to this type of communication. There are several systems of road payment in the world. The first method is based on the principle of time, such as vignettes. Another method is payment before road use (Toll). The first method is not working in Belarus, so the work described the second method. The last part of the thesis is about the payment on the certain types of transport infrastructure in Belarus. Focus on such transport types as rail and road transport, also made attention to the air and river transport.

The Master's Thesis focuses on the impact of the Ukraine political crisis of 2013 - 2014 on Russia's relations with the CIS countries. The crisis was triggered by Ukrainian government when it suspended plans of closer ties with the European Union, and has since spurred escalating tensions between Russia and Western powers. The tense situation in Ukraine and Russia's policies is one of the central affairs in international relations today and this makes this topic especially actual. The Thesis examines impact of Ukrainian events of 2013-2014 on the Eurasian integration led by Russia. Integration projects in the post-Soviet space are a high priority for Russia and a tool, how the country articulates its interests in the region. The work provides a look at the development of Russia's foreign policy since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and considers factors and ideological aspects that affected it. Selected integration projects and Russia's policies towards the Eurasian integration are described. The final part is devoted to the origins of Ukrainian crisis and Russia's attitude to it. Current, as well as potential impact of Ukrainian crisis on Russia's relations with the CIS states is derived from the analysis. KEYWORDS Russian Federation, Russian Foreign Policy, Ukraine, Commonwealth of...

Die moderne konzertant dargebotene Chorkunst [russ. horovoe koncertnoispolnitel’skoe iskusstvo] in Belarus entwickelt sich im Rahmen des ostslawischen Chorgesangs und leitet sich aus der russischen (und dann sowjetischen) Chortradition her.

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Seit Erlangung der Unabhängigkeit 1991 machte Belarus' wenig Fortschritte in Richtung Demokratie. Nach einer Phase des formal-demokratischen Institutionenbaus (1991-1994) er-starkten die konservativen Nomenklaturakräfte erneut. Sie setzten sich in nachfolgenden Machtkämpfen mit den Radikaldemokraten durch, die von 1995 bis zur illegalen Verfas-sungsänderung mittels eines Referendums Ende 1996 dauerten. Es ermöglichte ihnen die Eta-blierung einer Autokratie, welche die Präsidialmacht maximierte, jedoch durch wachsende, durch die internationale Isolation noch verstärkte innersystemische Defizite bedroht war. Die Dissertation analysiert die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Akteuren, Institutionen und weiteren Kontextfaktoren, die den belarussischen Transformationsprozeß beeinflußten. Sie argumen-tiert, daß ökonomische Strukturen und das Verhalten ausländischer Akteure von eminenter Bedeutung waren. Sie beförderten die postsowjetischen Entwicklungen, bedrohen seit 1998 aber gleichzeitig die Stabilität des Regimes, das ohne Reformen nicht überleben wird. / Since achieving independence in 1991, Belarus has made little progress towards democ-racy. After the period of formal-democratic institution-building (1991-1994), conservative nomenklatura forces strenghened again. They prevailed in following struggles with radical democrats from 1995 until the illegal change of the constitution by referendum in the end of 1996. It enabled them to establish an autocracy which maximized presidential power but fa-ced growing innersystemic deficits boosted by international isolation. The thesis analyzes the framework of actors, institutions, and further context facors influencing the Belarusian trans-formation process. It argues that economic structures and the behaviour of foreign actors had been of great importance. They encouraged the post-Soviet developments but, since 1998, endanger the stability of the regime which will not survive without reforms.

No description available.

Após a dissolução da União Soviética, pela primeira vez na história Rússia, Ucrânia e Belarus passaram a conviver como Estados independentes. Nesta condição, eles precisaram estabelecer contatos entre si e com os demais países do sistema internacional. Para a Rússia, dentre todas as relações interestatais nas quais está envolvida, aquelas que mantém com Ucrânia e Belarus são dotadas de relevância ímpar. O mesmo ocorre com ucranianos e bielo-russos, no pertinente aos russos. O desafio proposto consistia em investigar o porquê de tais distinções. Os resultados demonstraram que três fatores estão entre as causas que conferem singularidade às interações observadas. São eles: a questão cultural e identitária, a geopolítica e a economia. Também foi revelado que os recursos energéticos cumprem papel de destaque nos vínculos estudados. Estes recursos não somente corroboram a incidência dos elementos citados nas relações observadas, como são de grande valia na compreensão dos motivos que levam tais fatores a reforçarem o caráter singular das interações entre os países em destaque. / After the Soviet Union was dissolved, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had to coexist as independent States for the first time in history. These countries had to establish communication channels anew between them, and with other countries worldwide. Among all other countries with which Russia maintains international relations, those that the country maintains with Ukraine and Belarus are uniquely important. The same is true for Ukraine and Belarus in their relation with Russia. The objective of the present study was to investigate why these relations are so important. The results indicate that there are three factors that render the interaction between these countries remarkably unique: culture and identity; geopolitics; and the economy. It was also observed that energy resources play a strong role in the relationship between the three nations. The relevance of energy resources corroborates the importance of the factors cited. Moreover, energy resources are of the utmost importance for the understanding of the reasons underlying the unique characteristics of the interactions between the countries studied.

Após a dissolução da União Soviética, pela primeira vez na história Rússia, Ucrânia e Belarus passaram a conviver como Estados independentes. Nesta condição, eles precisaram estabelecer contatos entre si e com os demais países do sistema internacional. Para a Rússia, dentre todas as relações interestatais nas quais está envolvida, aquelas que mantém com Ucrânia e Belarus são dotadas de relevância ímpar. O mesmo ocorre com ucranianos e bielo-russos, no pertinente aos russos. O desafio proposto consistia em investigar o porquê de tais distinções. Os resultados demonstraram que três fatores estão entre as causas que conferem singularidade às interações observadas. São eles: a questão cultural e identitária, a geopolítica e a economia. Também foi revelado que os recursos energéticos cumprem papel de destaque nos vínculos estudados. Estes recursos não somente corroboram a incidência dos elementos citados nas relações observadas, como são de grande valia na compreensão dos motivos que levam tais fatores a reforçarem o caráter singular das interações entre os países em destaque. / After the Soviet Union was dissolved, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had to coexist as independent States for the first time in history. These countries had to establish communication channels anew between them, and with other countries worldwide. Among all other countries with which Russia maintains international relations, those that the country maintains with Ukraine and Belarus are uniquely important. The same is true for Ukraine and Belarus in their relation with Russia. The objective of the present study was to investigate why these relations are so important. The results indicate that there are three factors that render the interaction between these countries remarkably unique: culture and identity; geopolitics; and the economy. It was also observed that energy resources play a strong role in the relationship between the three nations. The relevance of energy resources corroborates the importance of the factors cited. Moreover, energy resources are of the utmost importance for the understanding of the reasons underlying the unique characteristics of the interactions between the countries studied.

Após a dissolução da União Soviética, pela primeira vez na história Rússia, Ucrânia e Belarus passaram a conviver como Estados independentes. Nesta condição, eles precisaram estabelecer contatos entre si e com os demais países do sistema internacional. Para a Rússia, dentre todas as relações interestatais nas quais está envolvida, aquelas que mantém com Ucrânia e Belarus são dotadas de relevância ímpar. O mesmo ocorre com ucranianos e bielo-russos, no pertinente aos russos. O desafio proposto consistia em investigar o porquê de tais distinções. Os resultados demonstraram que três fatores estão entre as causas que conferem singularidade às interações observadas. São eles: a questão cultural e identitária, a geopolítica e a economia. Também foi revelado que os recursos energéticos cumprem papel de destaque nos vínculos estudados. Estes recursos não somente corroboram a incidência dos elementos citados nas relações observadas, como são de grande valia na compreensão dos motivos que levam tais fatores a reforçarem o caráter singular das interações entre os países em destaque. / After the Soviet Union was dissolved, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had to coexist as independent States for the first time in history. These countries had to establish communication channels anew between them, and with other countries worldwide. Among all other countries with which Russia maintains international relations, those that the country maintains with Ukraine and Belarus are uniquely important. The same is true for Ukraine and Belarus in their relation with Russia. The objective of the present study was to investigate why these relations are so important. The results indicate that there are three factors that render the interaction between these countries remarkably unique: culture and identity; geopolitics; and the economy. It was also observed that energy resources play a strong role in the relationship between the three nations. The relevance of energy resources corroborates the importance of the factors cited. Moreover, energy resources are of the utmost importance for the understanding of the reasons underlying the unique characteristics of the interactions between the countries studied.