In the U.S., Black mothers experience fetal and infant mortality at alarming rates when compared to White and Latina mothers (Gregory, Drake, & Martin, 2018). The intent of this study was to examine perinatal loss among Black American women and to expand understanding of how the Strong Black Woman (SBW) ideology influences bereavement. Data were gathered from (N=109) Black American bereaved mothers. It was predicted that endorsement of differing aspects of the SBW would moderate the relationship between perinatal grief and psychosocial outcomes (i.e., depression and post-traumatic growth). Regression analyses, alongside a bootstrapping procedure via PROCESS (Hayes, 2017), were used to evaluate the moderation models. Results yielded a model of perinatal bereavement among Black American mothers. In particular, reliance on spirituality moderated the relationship between perinatal grief and depression, while the obligation to manifest strength moderated the relation between perinatal grief and posttraumatic growth (PTG). Neither moderated moderation model was significant. The model provided significant implications for clinical practice and intervention.

Background: Suicide has a negative impact on those bereaved by suicide. Early intervention has been shown to be beneficial. However, there is limited knowledge as to what specific kind of intervention should be offered in the immediate aftermath. Aim: To explore the experiences and demands of the suicide bereaved in the immediate aftermath of the loss of a relative due to suicide. Method: Literature study with thematic analysis. Results: In the immediate aftermath of suicide, the bereaved have a need to be acknowledged, to be able tom normalise emotions, get help in mobilizing their informal support networks, and be allowed to express anger. Furthermore, the bereaved need to be regarded and treated as in need of help and to be offered continued help without having to actively ask for and seek out help. Finally, the bereaved need information, both orally and in writing. They need psychoeducation regarding the grief process as well as information about practicalities and how to contact the health system. Conclusions: The suicide bereaved have an extensive and multifaceted need for help, support and information during the immediate aftermath of the loss of a relative due to suicide. Given the results of this study, there is reason to critically examine the current lack of routines for a structured care of the bereaved in emergency and prehospital care. / Bakgrund: Efterlevandes hälsa påverkas menligt vid suicid. Tidiga insatser till stöd för de efterlevande kan påverka förloppet, men kunskapsläget är begränsat vad gäller vilka specifika insatser som bör erbjudas i direkt anslutning till suicidiet. Syfte: Att belysa efterlevandes erfarenheter och vilket stöd de efterfrågar i direkt anslutning till förlusten av en anhörig i fullbordat suicid. Metod: Litteraturstudie med tematisk analys. Resultat: Under den första perioden efter en förlust av närstående i fullbordat suicid har efterlevande behov av att bli uppmärksammade, att få hjälp att normalisera känslor, hjälp att mobilisera det egna stödnätverket och att bli lyssnade på och få ge uttryck för sin ilska. Vidare har de efterlevande behov av att bli aktivt uppsökta, att bli betraktade och bemötta som hjälpbehövande och att bli erbjudna fortsatt hjälp utan att själva behöva be om det. Avslutningsvis har de efterlevande behov av information, såväl muntligen som i skrift. De har behov av psykoedukation beträffande sorgeprocessen men även information kring praktikaliteter och kontaktvägar i vården. Slutsatser: Efterlevande har ett stort och mångfacetterat behov av hjälp, stöd och information på flera olika plan under den första tiden efter en förlust av närstående i fullbordat suicid. Givet denna studies resultat finns anledning att kritiskt granska den rådande bristen på rutiner för ett strukturerat omhändertagande av efterlevande i akut- och prehospital vård.

The Role of Spirituality in the Process of Grief and Bereavement from the Perspective of Bereavement Counsellors Abstract The objective of this study is to determine the role of spirituality in the process of grief and bereavement from the perspective of bereavement counsellors. The text is divided into three parts: theoretical, methodological and analytical. The theoretical part conceptualizes basic terminology of the main issue and gives the context. The methodological part describes the methods used in the research, which was conducted through qualitative research strategy using semi-structured interviews. In the analytical part I compare the results of the research with the theoretical roots. The participants of the research believe that spirituality to be a factor which positively influences the lives of the bereaved and makes their grief and mourning easier to bear. However, they also see that spirituality can make the life situation more complicated or affect their lives ambiguously. Keywords death, spirituality, bereavement, counselling for the bereaved, accompaniment

Evidence indicates that flexible self-regulation is a key mechanism of adaptation to major life stressors. To date, various domains of flexible regulation and their role in adaptation to a major life stressor, including coping strategies, affective regulation, and cognitive abilities have been conceptualized and studied in isolation. Further, there is limited understanding of the longitudinal impact of dimensions of flexible coping in the context of bereavement. This dissertation filled several gaps in the literature with three empirical studies. Study 1 clarified the longitudinal impact of divergent sets of coping strategies that underlie flexible coping following the loss of a loved one. Study 2 determined how separate, validated domains of flexibility would empirically cluster together, and tested the cross-sectional impact of the empirically derived latent composites on adaptation following a significant potentially traumatic event (PTE). Study 3 augmented findings from Study 2 by using the empirically derived composites to predict longitudinal adaptation following a PTE, exploring the moderating role of demographic variables, and comparing the predictive utility of the latent composites versus their original features. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Psychology University of Zululand, 2002. / Since 1996, hundreds of thousands of children under the age of 7 have experienced the death of a parent in South Africa. Whilst this loss is considered to pose a risk for future development, the existing studies lack clarity as to how this experience acts upon the adult throughout life. To this end, this inquiry attempts to capture an in-depth understanding of this experience and stimulate awareness regarding the needs of bereaved children. Through a phenomenological approach this investigation focuses specifically on the personal experience of several adults who have experienced the death of a father during their pre-school years. An aspect of the inquiry explores the perceived role the father would have played in the context of their ongoing lives. Eight core themes are derived which reflect the perceptions of this loss. The value of a phenomenological approach with relevance to the study of early bereavement is illumunitated. Some limitations of this study are recognized and suggestions for future research are proposed. Based on the insights gleaned through this study, implications are brought to the fore that pertain to the general experience of early parental bereavement.

Up to 90% of adolescents in the U.S. experience a loss of a family member or friend. However, prior research on loss of a family member has focused predominantly on the adult experience (e.g., loss of a spouse), parental bereavement (loss of a child), or grief counseling as an intervention for dealing with loss. Little is known about the sibling loss experience, particularly from the point of view of the surviving sibling who suffered the loss when they were young. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the narratives of young adults who experienced the loss of a sibling during adolescence, and to understand the role of family, friends, and resources. This research utilized three theoretical models: Erik Erickson's theory of Psychosocial Development, Murray Bowen's theory of Family Systems, and Theresa Rando's 6 R's theory of loss. Eight participants (all female) between 18 and 30 years who lost a sibling between 13 and 18 years were invited through posting in 4 closed sibling loss groups on Facebook. Using Reissman's thematic analysis, data from semi-structured interviews revealed five themes: returning to school (refuge vs. struggle); being there (sources of support); emotional separation (family, friends, and the lost sibling); identification of self/moving forward (turning points following the loss); and family dynamics with departed and surviving (maintaining the lost connection). Future research should intentionally sample other demographics to broaden the understanding of sibling bereavement across age, gender, ethnicity, and religion. Positive social change implications include efforts to promote training and programs sensitive to the unique needs of bereaved young adults in secondary school and college settings.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第23385号 / 人健博第92号 / 新制||人健||6(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 田村 恵子, 教授 稲富 宏之, 教授 溝脇 尚志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Bakgrund: I vårdyrket är det ofrånkomligt för sjuksköterskor att möta döden och det finns skillnader på väntad och oväntad död. Dödsfallet för närstående som förlorat en person i plötslig död kan upplevas som en traumatisk händelse. En krisreaktion kan uppträda och närstående kan vara i behov av emotionell omvårdnad från hälso- och sjukvården. Det visar även att andra typer av stöd kunde hjälpa att lindra lidandet. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva betydelsen av emotionell omvårdnad för att lindra lidandet hos närstående som förlorat en person i plötslig död. Metod: Den valda designen för denna studie var en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt, där analysen genomfördes med hjälp av en integrerad analys. Studien baserades på 35 vetenskapliga artiklar där 17 av artiklarna inkluderades i resultatet, från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat: Resultatet visade att emotionell omvårdnad kan ha betydelse för närståendes lidande. De upplevde känslomässig påverkan vilket skapade bland annat rädsla, sömnproblematik och beteendeförändringar. Lidande, stöd och kommunikation redovisas som viktiga faktorer. Genom att sjuksköterskor visade medmänsklighet och öppenhet för döden förbättrade det hälsan hos närstående. Slutsats: Närstående kan behöva emotionell omvårdnad efter en plötslig död av en person, eftersom det visade lindra lidandet. Därför kan sjuksköterskor behöva mer information om påverkan av plötslig död hos närstående för att täcka kunskapsluckan. / Background: In the healthcare profession it is inevitable for nurses to meet death and there is a difference between expected death and unexpected death. The death for the next of kin who loses a loved one in sudden death can be perceived as an traumatic experience. A crisis reaction can take place and the next of kin will be in need of emotionally care from the healthcare. It also shows other types of support who can relieve the suffering. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the importance of emotional support to relieve the suffering of the next of kin who lost a person in sudden death. Method: The chosen design for this study was a non-systematic literature review, the articles have been analyzed through integrated analysis. The study was based on 35 scientific articles and 17 of the articles was included in the result, from databases CINAHL and PubMed. Results: Results showed that emotionally care can have significance for suffering of the next of kin. They experienced a emotional impact which included fear, problem to sleep and behavioral changes. Suffering, support and communication where reported as important factors. When the nurses showed humanity and where open to death, it did improve the health for the next of kin. Conclusions: The next of kin may need emotional care after an unexpected death of a person, because it shows relieve suffering. For that reason, nurses may require more information on the impact of the sudden death of next of kin to cover the knowledge gap.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The psychological impact of perinatal death in the form of bereavement has been widely researched especially from the western perspective. The aim of this study was to establish the help-seeking pathways by mothers bereaved through perinatal death from the African perspective. The qualitative research paradigm in particular the phenomenological approach was adopted for the study. Phenomenology is described as an approach that focuses on the study of the lived experiences of individuals within their world. The application of this approach included personal interviews of 20 mothers who have experienced perinatal death at Doctor George Mukhari hospital in Gauteng province. The aim was to establish the help-seeking pathways they adopted to relief their distress, in terms of how they managed their bereavement and the help that they sought to relief their emotional distress. The findings of the study indicated that mothers lacked knowledge about what precipitated the onset of sudden symptoms such as early rupture of membrane, bleeding, lack of foetal movement which finally led to perinatal death. This lack of knowledge led mothers to attribute the cause of perinatal death to various reasons and conclusions such as distance decay, bad roads that delayed their arrival timeously at the hospital for their babies to be saved. Some cited lack of sense of urgency from the medical personnel and shortage of staff, especially doctors. However, they perceived positive social support from their families, spouses and medical professionals as one of the factors that contributed to their level of calmness and ability to bear the pain of loss. However, participants sought alternative help to facilitate clear understanding about what could have caused their babies to die, also how to manage their grief and how to deal with their subsequent pregnancies. Most of the participants benefited from the various healing pathways they chose. There is a need for healthcare system and community support to be more responsive to the plight of bereaved mothers, in reducing the stigma and the self-blame by bereaved mothers by offering support through counseling center. The findings reaffirm that despite the great studies taken in reducing perinatal deaths, there is a need for collaboration between the modern healthcare system and the traditional healthcare practitioners. Furthermore, emphasis v is needed on the preventative measures and training of healthcare practitioners within the maternal and child healthcare system to further reduce the alarming increase of prenatal deaths