Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is one of the most destructive foliar diseases on sugar beet. It severely affects productivity and profitability of the sugar beet industry. CLS is managed by using resistant cultivars, rotating with non-host crops, and applying effective fungicides in a timely manner. In North Dakota and Minnesota, site-specific fungicides, such as quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) and demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), had been widely and extensively applied to control C. beticola which has developed resistances to these fungicides. The mycelial growth, spore production, spore germination, and aggressiveness of QoI and/or DMI resistant isolates were compared to sensitive isolates in a laboratory and greenhouse study. Results indicated that the QoI and/or DMI resistant isolates had a relatively slower disease development on sugar beet leaves due to their fitness penalty in sporulation and mycelial growth but still caused high disease severities as sensitive isolates. Fungicides were evaluated to manage the QoI and/or DMI resistant C. beticola isolates in a sensitivity study and a greenhouse and field study. Copper-based multisite activity fungicides were evaluated for controlling fungicide resistant C. beticola. The mean EC50 values for nine copper-based chemicals ranged from 1 to 10 ug/ml using a spore germination assay. In a greenhouse study, Fertileader (a copper-based fertilizer) caused leaf injury and was not evaluated, but the other tested chemicals provided significantly better control of CLS compared to the control check with Badge X2, Champion, Cuprofix, COCS and Ridomil having significantly small AUDPC. Newer site specific fungicides with different modes of action that have never been used for CLS management in North Dakota and Minnesota were also tested. The mean EC50 values were 4.9, 33.1, 99.4, and 481.6 ug/ml using mycelial growth assay and 5.7, 4.1, 9.2, and 4.2 ug/ml using spore germination assay for cyprodinil, fluazinam, pydiflumetofen, and Chlorothalonil, respectively. In a two-year field study, all the fungicides resulted in significantly better disease control, significantly higher beet tonnage, and recovered sucrose compared to the nontreated check. However, none of tested fungicide treatments performed better than the industry?s standard fungicide, triphenyltin hydroxide.

As técnicas utilizadas no preparo do produto minimamente processado (PMP) devem preconizar a menor perda possível dos principais compostos funcionais e de qualidade durante o preparo e armazenamento dos alimentos. No entanto, há respostas dos PMPs quanto ao dano sofrido durante seu preparo, que disparam várias reações relacionadas com a fisiologia do estresse, que podem ser amenizadas com a aplicação de aditivos antioxidantes. Assim, torna-se importante determinar os pontos principais de perdas dos compostos funcionais, bem como, entender a relação de aditivos antioxidantes durante o processamento e o armazenamento. Foram avaliadas as perdas qualitativas nas etapas do processamento de beterraba minimamente processada. Após, foi testada a utilização de cisteína (aminoácido antioxidante) para manutenção da qualidade visual, capacidade antioxidante, betalaínas e polifenóis no armazenamento. Como principais resultados, o descascamento foi a etapa crítica do processo, com a perda das principais camadas celulares (colênquima) de acúmulo de compostos bioativos. Com a aplicação de cisteína, esta foi mais efeticaz nas maiores dosagens (0,1% e 0,2%) para manutenção dos aspectos visuais e controle do esbranquiçamento superficial, dos teores de betalaínas e compostos fenólicos totais. Isso refletiu na manutenção da capacidade antioxidante do produto durante os dias de análise. No entanto, dosagens mais altas não impedem a ação enzimática da polifenoloxidase (PPO), o que resulta principalmente na perda das concentrações de ácidos hidroxicinâmicos. Ainda, foi identificada pela primeira vez em beterraba uma betacianina fosforilada de ocorrência sazonal, a 2\'O- apiosil betanina. Em conclusão, este trabalho apresenta importante contribuição para o entendimento das relações entre as perdas dos principais compostos bioativos e os processos de preparo e armazenamento de beterraba minimamente processada. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a cisteína é eficiente para conservação das propriedades funcionais em beterraba minimamente processada, atendendo aos requisitos de um produto antioxidante para aplicação em alimentos, sendo eficaz em baixas concentrações. / The techniques used in the preparation of the fresh-cut product should recommend the lowest possible loss of the main functional and quality compounds during the preparation and storage of the food. However, there are several responses from the fresh-cut product regarding the damage suffered during their preparation, which trigger several reactions related to the physiology of stress, which can be mitigated by the application of antioxidant additives. Thus, it is important to determine the main loss points of the functional compounds, as well as to understand the interaction of antioxidant additives, such as cysteine, in order to avoid or mitigate such losses, being analyzed for the direct interference of processing and storage. The qualitative losses in the processing stages of fresh-cut beets were evaluated. After that, the use of cysteine (antioxidant amino acid) for the maintenance of visual quality, antioxidant capacity, betalains and polyphenols in storage was tested. As the main results, peeling was the critical stage of the process, with loss of the main cellular layers (collenchyma) of accumulation of bioactive compounds. Cysteine application, was more effective in the higher dosages (0.1% and 0.2%) for maintenance of the visual aspects and control of the superficial whitening, the contents of betalains and total phenolic compounds. This reflected in conservation the antioxidant capacity of the product during the days of analysis. However, higher dosages do not prevent the enzymatic action of polyphenoloxidase (PPO), which results mainly in the loss of hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations. As well, a seasonally occurring phosphorylated betacyanin, 2\'O-apiosyl betanine, was first time identified in beet. In conclusion, this work presents an important contribution to the understanding of the relationships between the losses of the main bioactive compounds and the processes of preparation and storage of minimally processed beets. In addition, it has been demonstrated that cysteine is efficient for preserving the functional properties in minimally processed beets, meeting the requirements of an antioxidant product for food application, being effective in low concentrations.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Yuri Eulalio Raposo Lacerda.pdf: 1715184 bytes, checksum: 89f994246a819dc2d82c46e1b1584483 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / It was the objective of the present study to analyze the effects of two types of liquid fertilizers (T 1 = based on bovine manure enriched with MB4, Leguminosae and wood ashes and T = based on the urine of lactating cows) and 6 concentrations (C x 1 = 0, C 2 = 10, C 3 = 20, C = 40 and C 6 = 50 ml L -1 ), in the production and quality of production of carrots and beets. The work was conducted in field conditions, in the period of May to September, at the Escola Agrotécnica de Cajueiro, Campus-IV, from the Universidade Federal da Paraíba UEPB, 2 km away from Catolé do Rocha-PB city seat, which is located in the semiarid region of the Northeast of Brazil, northwest of the state of Paraíba. The experimental delineation used was the blocks by chance, in a factorial scheme 2 x 6, therefore, 12 treatments, with 4 repetitions, in a total of 48 experimental units, containing 40 Brasilia carrot plants and 30 Tall Top Early Wonder beets per parcel. The variables analyzed in the production of carrots and beets were diameter, length and weight of the tuberose roots. The quality of the production of these roots measured through the determination of pH, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, humidity and total solids. The results of the research show evidence that the types and concentrations of the fertilizers didn t affect in a significant way the production of tuberose roots of carrots and beets, as the quality of the production of carrots and beets was not affected by them, with the exception of the parameter total soluble solids ( o Brix) of beets, being the fertilizer concentration of 16,7 ml L which provided the higher value for total soluble solids for the beets. Fertilizers in concentrations over this value provided reduction of total soluble solids of the tuberose roots of beets. The contents of nitrogen and potassium present in the fertilizers applied may have influenced the results of the variables studied. The quantity of bovine manure applied as base fertilizer had a remarkable influence in the non-significant effects of types and concentrations of fertilizers in the variables studied. Independently from the type of fertilization, pH and total titratable acidity of the tuberose roots of carrots and beets, being intrinsic characteristics of the plant itself, they suffered little influence from the mean. / Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de 2 tipos de fertilizantes líquidos (T = à base de esterco bovino enriquecido com MB4, leguminosa e cinza de madeira e T 2 1 = à base de urina de vaca em lactação) e 6 concentrações (C 1 = 0, C 2 = 10, C 3 = 20, C 4 = 30, C 5 = 40 e C ) na produção e na qualidade da produção de cenouras e de beterrabas. O trabalho foi conduzido em condições de campo, no período de maio a setembro, na Escola Agrotécnica do Cajueiro, Campus-IV, da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, distando 2 km da sede do município de Catolé do Rocha-PB, que está situado na região semiárida do Nordeste brasileiro, no Noroeste do Estado da Paraíba. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, num esquema fatorial 2 x 6, ou seja, 12 tratamentos, com 4 repetições, totalizando 48 unidades experimentais, contendo 40 plantas de cenoura Brasília e 30 de beterraba Tall Top Early Wonder por parcela. As variáveis analisadas na produção da cenoura e da beterraba foram diâmetro, comprimento e peso das raízes tuberosas. A qualidade da produção dessas raízes foram mensuradas através da determinação do pH, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, umidade e sólidos totais. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam que os tipos e as concentrações dos fertilizantes não afetaram de forma significativa a produção de raízes tuberosas de cenoura e de beterraba e a qualidade da produção das raízes tuberosas de cenoura e de beterraba não foram afetadas pelos mesmos, com exceção do parâmetro sólidos solúveis totais ( o Brix) da beterraba, sendo a concentração de fertilizante de 16,7 ml L -1 a que proporcionou o maior valor para os sólidos solúveis totais da beterraba. Concentrações de fertilizantes acima deste valor proporcionaram reduções dos sólidos solúveis totais das raízes tuberosas de beterraba. Os teores de nitrogênio e potássio presentes nos fertilizantes aplicados podem ter influenciado nos resultados das variáveis estudadas. A quantidade de esterco bovino aplicada na adubação de fundação teve influência marcante nos efeitos não significativos de tipos e concentrações de fertilizantes nas variáveis estudadas. Independentemente do tipo de adubação, o pH e a acidez total titulável das raízes tuberosas de cenoura e de beterraba, sendo características intrínsecas da própria planta, sofreram pouca influência do meio.

Orientador: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho / Resumo: Em solos onde o cultivo de hortaliças e a aplicação de fertilizantes minerais são constantes, os teores dos nutrientes nestes locais podem aumentar consideravelmente, principalmente fósforo (P) e potássio (K), que estão entre os três nutrientes mais aplicados nas culturas agrícolas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a resposta da beterraba a doses de fósforo e de potássio em Latossolo com altos teores destes nutrientes. Foram realizados dois experimentos em campo, o delineamento experimental de ambos foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 e 4 x 2 para os experimentos de P e de K, respectivamente, com quatro repetições. Em ambos experimentos foram utilizadas duas cultivares ('Early Wonder' e 'Kestrel'). As doses de P foram 0, 120, 240, 360 e 480 kg ha-1 de P2O5; e as doses de K foram 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de K2O. Aos 50 dias após o transplante avaliaram-se os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e boro na folha diagnose. Produtividade e acúmulo de nutrientes foram feitos na colheita. Nos dois experimentos, teores de P e K no solo eram altos. Os acúmulos para todos os nutrientes avaliados na ‘Early Wonder’ na parte aérea e na raiz tuberosa foram superiores a 'Kestrel' em ambos experimentos. Não foi observado efeito das doses de P e de K na produtividade. Em Latossolo com teor alto de P e de K disponível, as cultivares ‘Early Wonder’ e 'Kestrel' não respondem de forma diferenciada à adubação fosfatada e potássica com relação à produtividade, portanto, não se recomenda... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In soils where vegetable cultivation and mineral fertilizer application are constant, nutrient levels at these sites can increase considerably, especially phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), which are among the three most commonly applied nutrients in agricultural crops. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the response of beet to phosphorus and potassium doses in Oxisol with high levels of these nutrients. Two field experiments were carried out and the experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5 x 2 and 4 x 2 factorial scheme for the P and K experiments, respectively, with four replications. In both experiments two cultivars ('Early Wonder' and 'Kestrel') were used. The doses of P were 0, 120, 240, 360 and 480 kg ha-1 of P2O5; and the K rates were 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of K2O. At 50 days after transplantation, the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron in the diagnosis leaf were evaluated. Productivity and nutrient accumulation were measured at harvest. In both experiments, soil P and K contents were high. The accumulations for all nutrients evaluated in 'Early Wonder' in the shoot and root were higher than 'Kestrel' in both experiments. No effect of P and K doses on yield was observed. In Oxisol with high content of P and K, 'Early Wonder' and 'Kestrel' cultivars do not respond differently to phosphate and potassium fertilization regarding to yield, so it is not recommended to fertilize beet crop with these nutrients in Oxisol with high levels of both nu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Die Gattung Beta gehört zur Familie der Chenopodiaceae und wird in die vier Sektionen Beta, Corollinae, Nanae und Procumbentes unterteilt, wobei die Zuckerrübe der Sektion Beta zugeordnet wird. Aus dem Genom der Zuckerrübe und verwandter Wildarten konnten bereits eine Vielzahl von repetitiven DNA-Familien kloniert und untersucht werden. Mit der monosomen Fragmentadditionslinie PRO1 stand eine Chromosomenmutante zur Verfügung, die neben den 18 B. vulgaris-Chromosomen ein Chromosomenfragment der Wildrübe Beta procumbens enthält. Da dieses als Minichromosom bezeichnete Fragment mitotische Stabilität aufweist, muss es ein funktionelles Centromer besitzen, das auch im genetischen Hintergrund von Beta vulgaris aktiv ist. Mit der Erstellung einer BAC (bacterial artifical chromosome)-Bank von PRO1 wurde die molekulare Charakterisierung von Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons eines einzelnen Wildrüben-Centromers möglich. Die für die Wildrübe Beta procumbens spezifischen Satellitenrepeats pTS5 und pTS4.1 dienten der Selektion von BACs aus der Centromer-Region des PRO1-Minichromosoms. Die Identifizierung eines unikalen genomischen Locus, mit einer Verschachtelung von zwei nicht homologen LTR-Retrotransposons, ermöglichte die gerichtete Isolation der LTR-Retrotransposons Beetle1 und Beetle2. Das Retrotransposon Beetle1 hat eine Gesamtlänge von 6736 bp und wird von LTR-Sequenzen begrenzt, die eine Länge von 1091 bp (5’-LTR) bzw. 1089 bp (3’-LTR) aufweisen. Das LTR-Retrotransposon Beetle2 weist mit 6690 bp eine ähnliche Gesamtlänge wie Beetle1 auf. Es wird von deutlich kürzeren LTR-Sequenzen mit einer Länge von 774 bp begrenzt. Aufgrund der Reihenfolge der Polyproteingene lassen sich Beetle1 und Beetle2 in die Gruppe der Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons (Metaviridae) einordnen. Beide Retrotransposon-Familien besitzen ein einziges offenes Leseraster (open reading frame; ORF) mit fusionierten gag- und pol-Genen. Datenbankrecherchen zeigten hohe Homologien von Beetle1 und Beetle2 mit den centromerischen Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons CRM aus Zea mays, CRR aus Oryza sativa und cereba aus Hordeum vulgare. Diese centromerischen Retrotransposons (CRs) sind in den Poaceae stark konserviert und stellen neben Satellitenrepeats eine hochabundante Sequenzklasse der Centromere der Süßgräser dar. Da sie im 3’-Bereich des gag-pol-Polyproteins eine Chromodomäne aufweisen, werden sie der eigenständigen Gruppe der Chromoviren zugeordnet. Chromodomänen sind zur Bindung von Proteinen und DNA befähigt und spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Chromatin-Modifikation und der Bildung von Heterochromatin-Regionen. Beetle1 und Beetle2 besitzen Motive einer Chromodomäne, die vermutlich für eine gerichtete Transposition in die Centromer-Region verantwortlich ist. Neben der geringen Divergenz von Beetle1- und Beetle2-Sequenzen sowohl im Genom von Beta procumbens als auch in den anderen Arten der Sektion Procumbentes spricht auch das junge Alter von 100 000 bis 350 000 Jahren und die Transkriptionsaktivität für eine Einordnung dieser Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons in die Gruppe der Chromoviren. Sowohl die Southern-Hybridisierung als auch die Fluoreszenz-in situ-Hybridisierung zeigten, dass Beetle1 und Beetle2 nur für die Sektion Procumbentes spezifisch sind und dort in hoher Kopienzahl vorkommen. Untersuchungen mit methylierungssensitiven Restriktionsendonukleasen veranschaulichten den hohen Grad an Cytosin-Methylierung von Beetle1 und Beetle2.

Die Verbindung von genetischen, physikalischen und zytologischen Daten ist entscheidend für die Genom- und Chromosomenanalyse. Obwohl Beta vulgaris (2n = 18) als wichtige Kulturpflanze und Untersuchungsobjekt der Grundlagenforschung eine intensiv analysierte Art darstellt, existiert bisher keine Verknüpfung zwischen Kopplungsgruppen (LG) und Chromosomen. B.-vulgaris-Chromosomen können zudem aufgrund fehlender morphologischer Unterscheidungsmerkmale bisher nicht einzeln identifiziert und klassifiziert werden. Somit sind zytogenetisch gewonnene Ergebnisse nicht ohne weiteres auf genetische Kopplungsgruppen und physikalische Karten übertragbar. Zytogenetische Methoden können zur Analyse struktureller Chromosomenveränderungen, zur Identifizierung und Lokalisierung von repetitiver DNA sowie zur Kartierung schwierig zu positionierender Marker verwendet werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, ein FISH (Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung)-Verfahren zu etablieren, das die Kopplungsgruppen und Chromosomen der Zuckerrübe korreliert und die mikroskopische Identifizierung aller Chromosomenarme ermöglicht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein FISH-Referenzkaryotyp der Zuckerrübe entwickelt. Durch ein Sondenset aus 18 BACs (bacterial artificial chromosome) sind alle Chromosomenarme der Zuckerrübe identifizierbar und werden mit den nördlichen und südlichen Enden der genetischen Kopplungsgruppen verknüpft. Somit ist eine einheitliche Nummerierung von Kopplungsgruppen und Chromosomen möglich. Durch die gleichzeitige Hybridisierung von chromosomenspezifischen BACs und den Satelliten-DNA-Sonden pAv34 und pBV VI beziehungsweise pEV und pBV wurden die Verteilungsmuster der Sequenzfamilien auf den Chromosomen ermittelt. Die gleichzeitige Hybridisierung aller vier repetitiven Sonden ergab ein chromosomenspezifisches Muster aus subtelomerischen, interkalaren und zentromerischen Signalen. Damit ist die Identifizierung aller B.-vulgaris-Chromosomen in einem einzelnen FISH-Experiment möglich. Zudem wurden dadurch die Chromosomen mit hohem Anteil an tandemartig angeordneten repetitiven Sequenzen identifiziert und die Chromosomenregionen lokalisiert, welche die Sequenzassemblierung behindern können. Sowohl das entwickelte BAC-Set als auch der Sondenpool aus repetitiver DNA unterscheiden die somatischen Metaphasechromosomen erstmals unabhängig von trisomen Linien. Da mit Hilfe der Satelliten-DNA-Sonden alle Chromosomen gleichzeitig markiert werden können, waren die spezifischen physikalischen Längen ermittelbar. Sie wurden mit den genetischen Längen der Kopplungsgruppen in Verbindung gebracht und deckten eine kopplungs-gruppenspezifische Rekombinationshäufigkeit zwischen 0,73 und 1,14 Mb/cM auf. Durch Hybridisierung der BACs und subtelomerischer beziehungsweise telomerischer Sonden auf Pachytänchromosomen wurde der Abstand der BACs sowie der in ihnen enthaltenen genetischen Marker zum physikalischen Chromosomenende abgeschätzt. An fünf Chromo-somenenden wurde ein deutlicher Abstand zwischen den Signalen des BACs und der terminalen Sonden festgestellt. Die zugehörigen Kopplungsgruppen sind demnach erweiterbar. Zudem wurden drei BACs mit nicht detektierbarem Abstand zum Chromosomenende durch FISH an gestreckten Chromatinfasern näher untersucht. Einer der drei BACs wurde eindeutig in unmittelbarer Nähe des Telomers nachgewiesen. Für dieses Ende (Chr 2N) ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit gering, dass die Kopplungsgruppe durch zusätzliche Marker erweitert werden kann; sie wird darum als abgeschlossen angesehen. Für die Enden Chr 4S und Chr 9S war der Abstand zwischen BAC und terminaler Sonde zu groß, um ihn durch Fiber-FISH zu ermitteln. Für sie sind weitere distal zu positionierende Marker wahrscheinlich. Weiterhin wurden bioinformatische Analysen an der verfügbaren B.-vulgaris-Genomsequenz RefBeet 1.0 durchgeführt. Scaffolds, welche die genetischen terminalen Marker enthalten, wurden bioinformatisch identifiziert und auf ihren Gehalt subtelomerischer und telomerischer Sequenzen untersucht. Vorhandene terminale Sequenzen sind ein Nachweis für eine terminale Lokalisierung der in-silico-Chromosomenabschnitte. Für drei Scaffolds mit zuvor ungeklärter Lage wurde dadurch das in-silico-Chromosom ermittelt beziehungsweise die nördliche oder südliche Position auf dem Chromosom dargestellt. Durch die Lokalisierung dieser Bereiche innerhalb der Sequenz in Bezug zum genetischen Marker und unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse der Pachytän-FISH wurde die Strangorientierung von 16 Scaffolds ermittelt. Auf 14 Scaffolds wurden die Abstände der Marker zu den terminalen Sequenzen bestimmt. Der Median betrug etwa 196 kb. Für alle Kopplungsgruppenenden außer dem Norden von LG 2 und LG 4 ist das Vorhandensein weiterer distaler genetischer Marker wahrscheinlich. Satelliten-DNA ist innerhalb einer Art meist homogen, kann jedoch chromosomenspezifische Varianten ausbilden. Auf dem BAC-Marker für Chr 2N wurde durch Southern-Hybridisierung die subtelomerische Sequenzfamilie pAv34 detektiert. Von dem betreffenden BAC wurde eine Subklonbank erstellt. Durch Southern-Hybridisierung wurde der pAv34-Gehalt der Subklone analysiert. Positive Klone wurden sequenziert. Dabei wurden vier verschiedene vollständige pAv34-2N-Monomere detektiert. Im Vergleich mit pAv34-Volllängenmotiven aus der RefBeet 1.0 und dem Datensatz der nicht assemblierten Sequenzen der RefBeet 0.2 bilden die pAv34-2N-Einheiten mit pAv34-Kopien, die verschiedenen in-silico-Chromosomen und Contigs zugeordnet sind, eine Subfamilie. Aus den Sequenzen der Subklone wurden zwei Subklon-Contigs gebildet, die im in-silico-Chromosomenabschnitt von Chr 2N (Bvchr2.un.sca001) positioniert wurden. Dadurch wurden Regionen bisher unbekannter Sequenz entschlüsselt. Abweichungen zwischen den assemblierten Daten und den Subklonsequenzen deuten auf Assemblierungsfehler der Genomsequenz in repetitiven Bereichen hin. Die in dieser Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse ermöglichen erstmalig die eindeutige Identifizierung aller B.-vulgaris-Chromosomen unabhängig vom Zellzyklusstadium und im Einklang mit genetischen Informationen. Zytogenetische sind jetzt mit molekularen Daten integrierbar und können verwendet werden, um den chromosomenspezifischen Satelliten-DNA-Gehalt aufzudecken und mögliche chromosomenspezifische Subfamilien zu identifizieren. Sie erlauben, physikalische Abstände zwischen Markern zu ermitteln und die Abdeckung von Kopplungsgruppen im terminalen Bereich zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, Marker und nicht zugeordnete Contigs und Scaffolds zu kartieren, Ursachen für Lücken aufzudecken und damit die Sequenzdaten des Zuckerrübengenoms zu einer fortlaufenden, hochqualitativen Sequenz zu assemblieren. Die zytogenetischen Daten bilden zudem die Basis für zukünftige Untersuchungen struktureller Umbauten von Chromosomen, die während der Genomevolution stattfanden. / The correlation of genetic, physical and cytological data is crucial for interdisciplinary genome and chromosome analyses. Beta vulgaris (2n = 18) is an important crop and an object of basic research. Although it is an intensely analysed species, its genetic linkage groups (LG) have not been assigned to chromosomes. Additionally, sugar beet chromosomes lack distinct morphological features and could therefore not be identified and classified individually. Consequently, results generated by cytogenetic methods can not be readily applied to genetic and physical maps. Cytogenetic approaches enable analysing structural chromosomal changes, identifying and localizing repetitive DNA, and mapping of markers which are difficult to place within linkage maps. Therefore, the main objective of this work has been the development of a FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) procedure that correlates LGs with chromosomes of sugar beet and that allows the microscopic identification of individual chromosome arms. In this work a FISH reference karyotype for sugar beet has been established. A set of 18 BACs (bacterial artificial chromosome) allows the unequivocal identification of each sugar beet chromosome and assigns them to the southern and northern ends of LGs. Hence, the chromosomes are numbered in accordance with the genetic map. The arm-specific BACs and the satellite DNA families pBV and pBV VI or pEV and pAv34 have been hybridized simultaneously to assign the distribution patterns of the highly abundant sequence families to chromosomes. Simultaneous hybridization of the four repetitive probes revealed a chromosome-specific pattern of subtelomeric, intercalary and centromeric signals. Thus, each of the sugar beet chromosomes can be identified in a single FISH experiment. Furthermore, chromosomes with a high content of repetitive DNA have been identified and chromosomal regions that may hinder the correct sequence assembly have been localized. The BAC set as well as the pooled satellite DNA probes discriminate the somatic chromosomes for the first time independently from trisomic lines. Since the chromosomes are differentially labelled with the satellite DNA probes their physical distances could be determined and correlated with genetic distances of the corresponding LGs. A LG-specific recombination frequency from 0.73 to 1.14 Mb/cM has been disclosed. BACs and subtelomeric or telomeric sequences have been hybridized simultaneously on pachytene chromosomes to estimate distances between BACs plus the markers they contain and the physical chromosome ends. Five BACs showed substantial distances to the physical chromosome ends; the corresponding LGs could thus be extended by additional markers. Furthermore, three BACs showing only minor distances to chromosome ends have been investigated in detail by fiber-FISH. One of these BACs was localized closely adjacent to the telomere. For this chromosome end (Chr 2N) it is unlikely that the LG could be extended distally by additional markers and is therefore considered to be closed. The BACs for the chromosome ends Chr 4S and Chr 9S have been too distant from the terminal probe to be bridged by fiber-FISH. For them it is likely that further markers can be placed distally. Furthermore, the B. vulgaris genomic sequence RefBeet 1.0 has been investigated. Scaffolds containing terminal genetic markers have been identified bioinformatically and analysed for the content of subtelomeric and telomeric sequences. The occurrence of terminal sequences confirms the terminal localization of in silico chromosome segments. Three scaffolds with an initially unknown position could thus be allocated to in silico chromosomes and to the northern or southern position on the chromosome. The strand orientation of 16 scaffolds has been determined based on the localization of terminal sequences in relation to the genetic marker considering the results of FISH on pachytene chromosomes. The distance between markers and terminal sequences has been determined for 14 scaffolds. The median is 196 kb. It is likely that further markers can be placed distally from all LG ends except for the north of LG 2 and LG 4. Satellite DNA is usually homogenous within one species; however, it can form chromosome-specific variants. Southern hybridization revealed that the BAC marker for Chr 2N contains the subtelomeric sequence family pAv34. The BAC has been subcloned and the pAv34 content of the subclones has been analysed by Southern hybridization. Positive clones have been sequenced. Thereby, four pAv34-2N monomeres have been detected. Compared to full-length pAv34 motives derived from the RefBeet 1.0 and from unassembled sequence data of the RefBeet 0.2 the pAv34-2N units form a subfamily together with pAv34 copies assigned to different in silico chromosomes and contigs. The subclone sequences have been assembled to two subclone contigs, which have been positioned within the in silico chromosome segment of Chr 2N (Bvchr2.un.sca001). Thereby, regions of unknown sequence have been decoded and probable misassemblies in repetitive regions within the RefBeet 1.0 have been disclosed. The results obtained in this work enable the identification of all sugar beet chromosomes independently from their stage of cell division and in accordance with genetic information. Cytogenetic data are integrated with molecular data and can be used for identifying the chromosome-specific distribution of repeats and chromosome-specific repeat variants. They enable determining physical distances between markers and investigating the terminal coverage of LGs. The results support the correct mapping of markers and unassigned contigs, uncover reasons for gaps within maps and sequence assemblies, and thus contribute to assembling data into a continuous high quality genome sequence of sugar beet. Moreover, the cytogenetic data represent the basis for future investigations of structural chromosomal changes that took place during evolution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KassiaJBO_DISSERT.pdf: 1351352 bytes, checksum: 1f12aaa9e29f565fec103eb2a5f09efe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm 'Rafael Fernandes' of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), located in the district of Alagoinha, from August 2012 to February 2013 with the objective of evaluating the agrieconomic performance of the beet and arugula intercropped as a function of roostertree amounts incorporated into the soil and spatial arrangements of the component crops. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with five replications, with the treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of the combinations of four amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 of dry matter) and three spatial arrangements (2B:2A, 3B:3A and 4B:4A), corresponding rows of beet (B) alternated with rows of arugula (A). The characteristics evaluated in the beet were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, total and commercial productivity, productivity of classified roots, fresh and dry mass of shoot; in the arugula were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, dry mass of shoot and yield of green mass; in the diagnostic leaves of beet and arugula were evaluated the contents of N, P, K; in the soil were assessed the amounts of bacterial and fungal colonies present before and after planting, as well as, the nutrient contents: N, P, K, pH, CEC and soil organic matter before and after sowing. In the intercropping systems were evaluated the productive efficiency index, the canonical variable score, gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin. The highest agrieconomic performance of the intercropping beet and arugula was obtained in the amount of 55 t ha-¹ of roostertree incorporated into the soil and in the spatial arrangement of 2B: 2A. The amount of fungi and bacteria of the soil increased with increasing amounts of roostertree added to the soil in the arrangement of 2B: 2A. The multivariate method compared to the univariate method applied to the productive efficiency index was quite effective in determining the best arrangement 2B: 2A of the bicropping of arugula intercropped with beet. It is economically viable for the farmer to use the roostertree as green manure in the beet production intercropped with arugula / O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), localizada no distrito de Alagoinha, no período de agosto de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agroeconômico da beterraba e rúcula consorciadas em função de quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo e arranjos espaciais das culturas componentes. O delineamento experimental usado foi de blocos completos casualizados com cinco repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10; 25; 40 e 55 t ha-1 de matéria seca) e três arranjos espaciais (2B:2R, 3B:3R e 4B:4R), que corresponderam a fileiras de beterraba (B) alternadas com fileiras de rúcula (R). As características avaliadas na beterraba foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, produtividade total e comercial, produtividade classificada de raízes, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea. Já na rúcula foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, massa seca da parte aérea e rendimento de massa verde. Nas folhas diagnósticas de beterraba e rúcula foram avaliados os níveis de N, P, K. Por sua vez, no solo foram avaliadas as quantidades de colônias de bactérias e fungos presentes antes e após o plantio, bem como os teores nutrientes: N, P, K, pH, CTC e matéria orgânica do solo antes e depois do plantio. Índices de eficiência agronômica e econômica de sistemas consorciados, tais como: índice de eficiência produtiva, escore da variável canônica, renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade também foram avaliados. O maior desempenho agroeconômico para o consórcio de beterraba e rúcula foi obtido na quantidade de 55 t ha-¹ de flor-de-seda incorporada ao solo e no arranjo 2B:2R. A quantidade de fungos e bactérias do solo aumentou com as quantidades crescentes da flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo no arranjo 2B:2R. O método multivariado quando comparado com o univariado aplicado ao índice de eficiência produtiva foi bastante eficaz na determinação do melhor arranjo 2B:2R do bicultivo de rúcula com beterraba. Nas condições do experimento, é economicamente viável para o agricultor o uso da flor-de-seda como adubo verde na produção beterraba consorciada com rúcula

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KassiaJBO_DISSERT.pdf: 1351352 bytes, checksum: 1f12aaa9e29f565fec103eb2a5f09efe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm 'Rafael Fernandes' of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), located in the district of Alagoinha, from August 2012 to February 2013 with the objective of evaluating the agrieconomic performance of the beet and arugula intercropped as a function of roostertree amounts incorporated into the soil and spatial arrangements of the component crops. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with five replications, with the treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of the combinations of four amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 of dry matter) and three spatial arrangements (2B:2A, 3B:3A and 4B:4A), corresponding rows of beet (B) alternated with rows of arugula (A). The characteristics evaluated in the beet were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, total and commercial productivity, productivity of classified roots, fresh and dry mass of shoot; in the arugula were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, dry mass of shoot and yield of green mass; in the diagnostic leaves of beet and arugula were evaluated the contents of N, P, K; in the soil were assessed the amounts of bacterial and fungal colonies present before and after planting, as well as, the nutrient contents: N, P, K, pH, CEC and soil organic matter before and after sowing. In the intercropping systems were evaluated the productive efficiency index, the canonical variable score, gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin. The highest agrieconomic performance of the intercropping beet and arugula was obtained in the amount of 55 t ha-¹ of roostertree incorporated into the soil and in the spatial arrangement of 2B: 2A. The amount of fungi and bacteria of the soil increased with increasing amounts of roostertree added to the soil in the arrangement of 2B: 2A. The multivariate method compared to the univariate method applied to the productive efficiency index was quite effective in determining the best arrangement 2B: 2A of the bicropping of arugula intercropped with beet. It is economically viable for the farmer to use the roostertree as green manure in the beet production intercropped with arugula / O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), localizada no distrito de Alagoinha, no período de agosto de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agroeconômico da beterraba e rúcula consorciadas em função de quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo e arranjos espaciais das culturas componentes. O delineamento experimental usado foi de blocos completos casualizados com cinco repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10; 25; 40 e 55 t ha-1 de matéria seca) e três arranjos espaciais (2B:2R, 3B:3R e 4B:4R), que corresponderam a fileiras de beterraba (B) alternadas com fileiras de rúcula (R). As características avaliadas na beterraba foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, produtividade total e comercial, produtividade classificada de raízes, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea. Já na rúcula foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, massa seca da parte aérea e rendimento de massa verde. Nas folhas diagnósticas de beterraba e rúcula foram avaliados os níveis de N, P, K. Por sua vez, no solo foram avaliadas as quantidades de colônias de bactérias e fungos presentes antes e após o plantio, bem como os teores nutrientes: N, P, K, pH, CTC e matéria orgânica do solo antes e depois do plantio. Índices de eficiência agronômica e econômica de sistemas consorciados, tais como: índice de eficiência produtiva, escore da variável canônica, renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade também foram avaliados. O maior desempenho agroeconômico para o consórcio de beterraba e rúcula foi obtido na quantidade de 55 t ha-¹ de flor-de-seda incorporada ao solo e no arranjo 2B:2R. A quantidade de fungos e bactérias do solo aumentou com as quantidades crescentes da flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo no arranjo 2B:2R. O método multivariado quando comparado com o univariado aplicado ao índice de eficiência produtiva foi bastante eficaz na determinação do melhor arranjo 2B:2R do bicultivo de rúcula com beterraba. Nas condições do experimento, é economicamente viável para o agricultor o uso da flor-de-seda como adubo verde na produção beterraba consorciada com rúcula

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-16T22:44:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EdilsonCM_TESE.pdf: 1574502 bytes, checksum: 163fe4f69d873b6b97a6e82ae6ad6c4a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-17T22:37:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EdilsonCM_TESE.pdf: 1574502 bytes, checksum: 163fe4f69d873b6b97a6e82ae6ad6c4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T22:38:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdilsonCM_TESE.pdf: 1574502 bytes, checksum: 163fe4f69d873b6b97a6e82ae6ad6c4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / The present work was conducted from August to November of 2014 at the 'Rafael Fernandes' Experimental Farm of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (FRSAU), with the objective of evaluating the viability of beet and vegetable-cowpea intercropping under fertilization with roostertree biomass and spatial arrangements of component cultures. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications and the treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, resulting from the combination of four quantities of roostertree biomass incorporated in the soil (20, 35, 50 and 65 t ha-1 on a dry basis) and three spatial arrangements between component cultures (2: 2, 3: 3 and 4: 4). The agronomic characteristics evaluated in the beet were: total, commercial and classified productivities of roots (extra, extra A, extra AA, great and scrap roots). In the vegetable-cowpea were evaluated: number of green pods per area, yield and dry weight of green pods, number of green grains per pod, weight of 100 green grains, and yield of green and dry grains. The agronomic and economic efficiency of the intercropping systems studied was evaluated through the indices of land equivalent ratio and productive efficiency, canonical variable score, gross and net returns, rate of return and net profit margin. There was no significant interaction between amounts of roostertree biomass incorporated into the soil and spatial arrangements for any characteristic evaluated in the beet, cowpea and the indices. The highest agronomic efficiency was obtained in the amount of 65 t ha-1 of roostertree biomass, while the highest economic efficiency was obtained in the amount of 28 t ha-1 of this manure. In absolute terms, the 2: 2 spatial arrangement provided the highest agroeconomic efficiency of the intercropped systems / O presente trabalho foi conduzido de agosto a novembro de 2014 na Fazenda Experimental "Rafael Fernandes" da Universidade Federal do Semi-Árido Rural (UFERSA), com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade do cultivo consorciado de beterraba e caupi-hortaliça sob adubação com biomassa de flor-de-seda e arranjos espaciais das culturas componentes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, resultantes da combinação de quatro quantidades de biomassa de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (20, 35, 50 e 65 t ha-1 em base seca) e três arranjos espaciais entre as culturas componentes (2:2, 3:3 e 4:4). As características agronômicas avaliadas na beterraba foram: produtividade total, comercial e classificada de raízes (em extra, extra A, extra AA, grandes e sucatas). No caupi-hortaliça foram avaliados, número de vagens verdes por área, rendimento e peso seco de vagens verdes, número de grãos verdes por vagem, peso de 100 grãos verdes e rendimento de grãos verdes e secos. A eficiência agronômica e econômica dos sistemas de consórcio estudados foi avaliada através dos índices de uso eficiente da terra e de eficiência produtiva, da pontuação da variável canônica, dos retornos bruto e líquido, da taxa de retorno e do indice de lucratividade. Não houve interação significativa entre as quantidades de biomassa de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo e os arranjos espaciais para qualquer característica avaliada na beterraba, caupi-hortaliça e nos índices agro-econômicos. A maior eficiência agronômica foi obtida na quantidade de 65 t ha-1 de biomassa de flor-de-seda, enquanto a maior eficiência econômica foi obtida na quantidade de 28 t ha-1 desse adubo. Em termos absolutos, o arranjo espacial 2: 2 proporcionou a maior eficiência agro-econômica dos sistemas consorciados / 2017-08-16

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS15DA027.pdf: 855903 bytes, checksum: c74fe93131876759ed132420b820e754 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / The recommendation of fertilizer for beet cultivation in Santa Catarina still lacks adjustments and, therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the crop response to fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), boron (B), zinc (Zn) and molybdenum (Mo). Three experiments were conducted on the field and one at greenhouse in the IFC, Rio do Sul (SC), using a Cambisol. In the first study, it was used the randomized block design in a factorial 4 x 4 with three replications, in which it were tested P (0, 200, 400 and 600 kg ha-1 of P2O5) and K rates (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1 K2O). On the second crop it was evaluated the replacement rates of 0, 33% and 66% of the initial doses. In both cases, the seedlings were transplanted and harvested 60 days after transplantation. It was determined the root diameter and the fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots, and the P and K content in the plant tissue. In the first crop beet reached maximum yield with 379 kg ha-1 P2O5 and it has not been observed response to K. On the second crop the maximum yield was obtained with the highest levels of P and K of applies on the first crop plus the largest replacement rate. In experiment 2, conducted in a 5x2 factorial arrangement in randomized blocks design with four replications, it were tested N rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) in the presence or absence of fertilization with S, Zn, B, Mo (rates of 30, 2, 1 and 0.01 kg ha-1 respectively). The beet responded positively to N rates up to 100 kg ha-1, increasing production when other nutrients were applied. Based on these results, the experiment 3 was installed in a greenhouse in order to determine which of the nutrients from experiment 2 was responsive. The treatments were: B, Zn, S e Mo, complete (B + Zn + S + Mo) and control, arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that the responsive nutrient was S. From this result, it was installed the field experiment 4 in a randomized block design with four replications testing S rates (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1). The beet answered positively to fertilization with S up to 60 kg ha-1 / A recomendação de fertilizantes para a cultura da beterraba no âmbito de Santa Catarina ainda carece de ajustes e, por isso, este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo avaliar a resposta da cultura da beterraba à adubação com nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), enxofre (S), boro (B), zinco (Zn) e molibdênio (Mo). Foram conduzidos três experimentos à campo e um em casa-de-vegetação no IFC, em Rio do Sul (SC), sob solo Cambissolo Háplico. O experimento 1 foi conduzido em dois cultivos. No primeiro cultivo utilizou-se o delineamento blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 com três repetições, nas quais foram testadas as doses de P (0, 200, 400 e 600 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e K (0, 150, 300 e 450 kg ha-1 de K2O). No segundo cultivo avaliaram-se as doses de reposição de 0, 33% e 66% das doses iniciais. Em ambos, foram transplantadas as mudas no espaçamento de 0,25 x 0,08 m e a colheita foi efetuada 60 dias após o transplante. Determinaram-se o diâmetro de raiz e a massa fresca e seca de folhas e raízes, o teor de P e K no tecido vegetal. No primeiro cultivo, a beterraba aumentou a produtividade com a aplicação de até 379 kg ha-1 de P2O5, não tendo sido observada resposta ao K. No segundo cultivo a máxima produtividade foi obtida nas parcelas com as maiores doses de P e K do primeiro cultivo, acrescidas da maior dose de reposição. No experimento 2, conduzido no esquema fatorial 5x2, no delineamento blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, foram testadas as doses de N (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1) na presença ou ausência de adubação conjunta com S, Zn, B e Mo (doses de 30, 2, 1 e 0,01 kg ha-1, respectivamente). A beterraba respondeu positivamente à aplicação de doses de N até 100 kg ha-1, acrescida da adubação com os demais nutrientes. Com base nestes resultados, foi instalado o experimento 3, em casa-de-vegetação, com o objetivo de determinar qual dos nutrientes do experimento 2 foi responsável pela resposta. Os tratamentos foram: B, Zn S, Mo, completo (B+Zn+S+Mo) e testemunha, arranjados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os resultados evidenciaram que o nutriente determinante na produtividade foi o S. A partir desses resultados, instalou-se a campo o experimento 4 no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições testando as doses de S (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 kg ha-1). A beterraba respondeu positivamente à adubação com S até a dose de 60 kg ha-1