Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Versuchskonzept für zweiaxiale Zug-Zug-Versuche an textilbewehrten Betonscheiben behandelt. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag leisten, die Kenntnisse aus dem Maschinenbau, der Mechanik in den Bereich der Bauingenieure und Baustoffe umzusetzen, um alle Effekte, die vom Versuchstand verursacht werden, öffentlich zu machen. Es ist ein Versuchskonzept zu erarbeiten, wie ein experimenteller Zug-Zug-Versuch optimal zu gestalten ist, um das Tragverhalten des textilbewehrten Betons genau zu ermitteln. Die Arbeit ist hauptsächlich in zwei Teile gegliedert. Der erster Teil befasst sich mit dem Thema „Versuchsvorbereitung“. Es beinhaltet folgende Hauptpunkte: • Der erste Punkt beschäftigt sich mit der Auswertung durchgeführter Versuche und deren Versuchsaufbauten. Hier werden Aspekte von der konstruktiven Auslegung der Rahmen bis zur Steuerung der Prüfmaschine behandelt. Es wird diskutiert, welche Effekte auf das Versuchsergebnis vom gewählten Hydrauliksystem bzw. von den Hydraulikzylinder und der Steuerung des Öldrucks ausgehen können. • Im zweiten Punkt wird eine Finite–Element–Simulationen durchgeführt, um die zweiaxialen Zug-Zug-Versuchskörper zu konzipieren. Mit Hilfe von einem Finite–Element– Programm, hier ATENA, wird die Probengeometrie mit den Randbedingungen des Versuchs nachgebildet und optimiert. • Der dritte Punkt beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema „Lasteinleitung“. Ein Konzept für die Verbindung und Kraftübertragung von Stahlplatten (Stahllasche) zur Lasteinleitung in „Beton“ soll entwickelt werden. • Der vierte Punkt beschreibt die gewählte Messmethode der Versuchsdurchführung, und wertet deren Potenzial und Möglichkeiten . Der zweiter Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beschreibt detailliert die fünf durchgeführten zweiaxialen Zug–Zug–Versuche an mit AR-Glas textilbewehrten Betonscheiben. Die textilbewehrten Betonscheiben werden am Rahmen der zweiaxialen Prüfmaschine eingehängt und zweiaxial mit jeweils konstantem Verhältnis der Beanspruchung in Zug–Zug Richtung belastet, um den Versuchstand zu erproben und auszutesten. Die Gedanken, Ergänzungen und Erkenntnisse der Autorin im Zusammenhang mit dem textilbewehrten Beton und die hier auftretenden Effekte werden auch in diesem Kapitel behandelt. Das Schlusskapitel der Arbeit beinhaltet die Zusammenfassung und den weiteren Ausblick. Aus diesem Anlass werden die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zusammengefasst. / This doctoral thesis pertains to the conception for Bi–axial Tension–Tension Tests of thin textile reinforced concrete plates. This dissertation contributes to the application of mechanical engineering knowledge into the specific area of Material–Construction Engineering; all results obtained from experimental conditions will be released to the public. The conception of this testing regime is presented, as well as the manner in which an experimental Tension–Tension Test can optimally ascertain and accurately predict and describe load-bearing behaviour of textile reinforced concrete (TRC). This thesis is generally subdivided into two parts –“Test Preparation” and the detail of Bi-axial Tension-Tension testing on AR-Glass TRC plates. The “Test Preparation” component of this document includes the following four principal points. The first point is concerned with the assembly of testing equipment. Problems stemming from framework or lack of control over the testing machine are examined here. Negative effects on test results induced by the Hydraulic cylinder and related oil pressure are investigated and complemented in this section. The second point focuses on the numerical simulation used in order to determine the Bi–axial Tension–Tension Test samples. The specimen geometry given the testing boundary conditions was copied and optimized by means of a Finite–Element–Program (ATENA). The third point is concerned with the notion of “load application”. It was necessary to develop a premise for the loading transmission and connection between steel plates (steel mounting plates) and concrete cogs. The final point takes into account the methods used for measuring the Bi–axial Tension–Tension–test of this work. The second component present in this thesis describes in detail the five Bi–axial Tension–Tension–Tests conducted on AR–Glass TRC plates utilized to prove and ensure the accuracy of the experimental equipment. The TRC plate was built on frame of the bi-axial testing machine and received tensile loading in both directions. This loading relationship was held constant in both directions during the test. Furthermore, the author presents her own thoughts, as well as supplemental commentary, associated with textile reinforced concrete and the resulting experimental outcomes. The last chapter closes this doctoral thesis and includes the abstract of and further prospects for this study. All scientific cognitions are summarised in this chapter.

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Versuchskonzept für zweiaxiale Zug-Zug-Versuche an textilbewehrten Betonscheiben behandelt. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag leisten, die Kenntnisse aus dem Maschinenbau, der Mechanik in den Bereich der Bauingenieure und Baustoffe umzusetzen, um alle Effekte, die vom Versuchstand verursacht werden, öffentlich zu machen. Es ist ein Versuchskonzept zu erarbeiten, wie ein experimenteller Zug-Zug-Versuch optimal zu gestalten ist, um das Tragverhalten des textilbewehrten Betons genau zu ermitteln. Die Arbeit ist hauptsächlich in zwei Teile gegliedert. Der erster Teil befasst sich mit dem Thema „Versuchsvorbereitung“. Es beinhaltet folgende Hauptpunkte: • Der erste Punkt beschäftigt sich mit der Auswertung durchgeführter Versuche und deren Versuchsaufbauten. Hier werden Aspekte von der konstruktiven Auslegung der Rahmen bis zur Steuerung der Prüfmaschine behandelt. Es wird diskutiert, welche Effekte auf das Versuchsergebnis vom gewählten Hydrauliksystem bzw. von den Hydraulikzylinder und der Steuerung des Öldrucks ausgehen können. • Im zweiten Punkt wird eine Finite–Element–Simulationen durchgeführt, um die zweiaxialen Zug-Zug-Versuchskörper zu konzipieren. Mit Hilfe von einem Finite–Element– Programm, hier ATENA, wird die Probengeometrie mit den Randbedingungen des Versuchs nachgebildet und optimiert. • Der dritte Punkt beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema „Lasteinleitung“. Ein Konzept für die Verbindung und Kraftübertragung von Stahlplatten (Stahllasche) zur Lasteinleitung in „Beton“ soll entwickelt werden. • Der vierte Punkt beschreibt die gewählte Messmethode der Versuchsdurchführung, und wertet deren Potenzial und Möglichkeiten . Der zweiter Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beschreibt detailliert die fünf durchgeführten zweiaxialen Zug–Zug–Versuche an mit AR-Glas textilbewehrten Betonscheiben. Die textilbewehrten Betonscheiben werden am Rahmen der zweiaxialen Prüfmaschine eingehängt und zweiaxial mit jeweils konstantem Verhältnis der Beanspruchung in Zug–Zug Richtung belastet, um den Versuchstand zu erproben und auszutesten. Die Gedanken, Ergänzungen und Erkenntnisse der Autorin im Zusammenhang mit dem textilbewehrten Beton und die hier auftretenden Effekte werden auch in diesem Kapitel behandelt. Das Schlusskapitel der Arbeit beinhaltet die Zusammenfassung und den weiteren Ausblick. Aus diesem Anlass werden die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zusammengefasst. / This doctoral thesis pertains to the conception for Bi–axial Tension–Tension Tests of thin textile reinforced concrete plates. This dissertation contributes to the application of mechanical engineering knowledge into the specific area of Material–Construction Engineering; all results obtained from experimental conditions will be released to the public. The conception of this testing regime is presented, as well as the manner in which an experimental Tension–Tension Test can optimally ascertain and accurately predict and describe load-bearing behaviour of textile reinforced concrete (TRC). This thesis is generally subdivided into two parts –“Test Preparation” and the detail of Bi-axial Tension-Tension testing on AR-Glass TRC plates. The “Test Preparation” component of this document includes the following four principal points. The first point is concerned with the assembly of testing equipment. Problems stemming from framework or lack of control over the testing machine are examined here. Negative effects on test results induced by the Hydraulic cylinder and related oil pressure are investigated and complemented in this section. The second point focuses on the numerical simulation used in order to determine the Bi–axial Tension–Tension Test samples. The specimen geometry given the testing boundary conditions was copied and optimized by means of a Finite–Element–Program (ATENA). The third point is concerned with the notion of “load application”. It was necessary to develop a premise for the loading transmission and connection between steel plates (steel mounting plates) and concrete cogs. The final point takes into account the methods used for measuring the Bi–axial Tension–Tension–test of this work. The second component present in this thesis describes in detail the five Bi–axial Tension–Tension–Tests conducted on AR–Glass TRC plates utilized to prove and ensure the accuracy of the experimental equipment. The TRC plate was built on frame of the bi-axial testing machine and received tensile loading in both directions. This loading relationship was held constant in both directions during the test. Furthermore, the author presents her own thoughts, as well as supplemental commentary, associated with textile reinforced concrete and the resulting experimental outcomes. The last chapter closes this doctoral thesis and includes the abstract of and further prospects for this study. All scientific cognitions are summarised in this chapter.

Garantierte untere Eigenwertschranken (GLB) für elliptische Eigenwertprobleme partieller Differentialgleichungen sind in der Theorie sowie in praktischen Anwendungen relevant. Auf Grund des Rayleigh-Ritz- (oder) min-max-Prinzips berechnen alle konformen Finite-Elemente-Methoden (FEM) garantierte obere Schranken. Ein Postprocessing nichtkonformer Methoden von Carstensen und Gedicke (Math. Comp., 83.290, 2014) sowie Carstensen und Gallistl (Numer. Math., 126.1, 2014) berechnet GLB. In diesen Schranken ist die maximale Netzweite ein globaler Parameter, das kann bei adaptiver Netzverfeinerung zu deutlichen Unterschätzungen führen. In einigen numerischen Beispielen versagt dieses Postprocessing für lokal verfeinerte Netze komplett. Diese Dissertation präsentiert, inspiriert von einer neuen skeletal-Methode von Carstensen, Zhai und Zhang (SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 58.1, 2020), einerseits eine modifizierte hybrid-high-order Methode (m=1) und andererseits ein allgemeines Framework für extra-stabilisierte nichtkonforme Crouzeix-Raviart (m=1) bzw. Morley (m=2) FEM. Diese neuen Methoden berechnen direkte GLB für den m-Laplace-Operator, bei denen eine leicht überprüfbare Bedingung an die maximale Netzweite garantiert, dass der k-te diskrete Eigenwert eine untere Schranke für den k-ten Dirichlet-Eigenwert ist. Diese GLB-Eigenschaft und a priori Konvergenzraten werden für jede Raumdimension etabliert. Der neu entwickelte Ansatz erlaubt adaptive Netzverfeinerung, die für optimale Konvergenzraten auch bei nichtglatten Eigenfunktionen erforderlich ist. Die Überlegenheit der neuen adaptiven FEM wird durch eine Vielzahl repräsentativer numerischer Beispiele illustriert. Für die extra-stabilisierte GLB wird bewiesen, dass sie mit optimalen Raten gegen einen einfachen Eigenwert konvergiert, indem die Axiome der Adaptivität von Carstensen, Feischl, Page und Praetorius (Comput. Math. Appl., 67.6, 2014) sowie Carstensen und Rabus (SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 55.6, 2017) verallgemeinert werden. / Guaranteed lower eigenvalue bounds (GLB) for elliptic eigenvalue problems of partial differential equation are of high relevance in theory and praxis. Due to the Rayleigh-Ritz (or) min-max principle all conforming finite element methods (FEM) provide guaranteed upper eigenvalue bounds. A post-processing for nonconforming FEM of Carstensen and Gedicke (Math. Comp., 83.290, 2014) as well as Carstensen and Gallistl (Numer. Math., 126.1,2014) computes GLB. However, the maximal mesh-size enters as a global parameter in the eigenvalue bound and may cause significant underestimation for adaptive mesh-refinement. There are numerical examples, where this post-processing on locally refined meshes fails completely. Inspired by a recent skeletal method from Carstensen, Zhai, and Zhang (SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 58.1, 2020) this thesis presents on the one hand a modified hybrid high-order method (m=1) and on the other hand a general framework for an extra-stabilized nonconforming Crouzeix-Raviart (m=1) or Morley (m=2) FEM. These novel methods compute direct GLB for the m-Laplace operator in that a specific smallness assumption on the maximal mesh-size guarantees that the computed k-th discrete eigenvalue is a lower bound for the k-th Dirichlet eigenvalue. This GLB property as well as a priori convergence rates are established in any space dimension. The novel ansatz allows for adaptive mesh-refinement necessary to recover optimal convergence rates for non-smooth eigenfunctions. Striking numerical evidence indicates the superiority of the new adaptive eigensolvers. For the extra-stabilized nonconforming methods (a generalization of) known abstract arguments entitled as the axioms of adaptivity from Carstensen, Feischl, Page, and Praetorius (Comput. Math. Appl., 67.6, 2014) as well as Carstensen and Rabus (SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 55.6, 2017) allow to prove the convergence of the GLB towards a simple eigenvalue with optimal rates.

The historicity of the United Monarchy has recently come under attack. The biblical 'minimalists' say that a reconstruction of ancient Israel is impossible with the sources that we have access to, and the glory and wealth of Solomon's empire is mere fiction. They disregard the Bible as a reliable source, and archaeology because it is mute and open to interpretation. Some scholars have suggested lowering the traditional dates on certain archaeological strata, resulting in an entirely different picture of the tenth century BCE. Other scholars say that the United Monarchy definitely did exist and consider the Bible a valuable historical source. The evidence for the tenth century and the United Monarchy as shown by the Hebrew Bible and archaeology is investigated as well as various key sites in Israel. The conclusion is that the traditional chronology and viewpoint of the United Monarchy still needs to be respected. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Biblical Studies)

Business Intelligence (BI) applications are consulted by their users on a daily basis. BI information obtained assist users to make business decisions and allow for a deeper understanding of the business and its driving forces. In a mining environment companies need to derive maximum benefit from BI applications, therefore these applications need to be used optimally. Optimal use depends on various factors including the usability of the product. The documented lack of usability evaluation guidelines provides the rationale for this study. The purpose is to investigate the usability evaluation of BI applications in the context of a coal mining organization. The research is guided by the question: What guidelines should be used to evaluate the usability of BI applications. The research design included the identification of BI usability issues based on the observation of BI users at the coal mining organization. The usability criteria extracted from the usability issues were compared and then merged with general usability criteria from literature to form an initial set of BI usability evaluation criteria. These criteria were used as the basis for a heuristic evaluation of the BI application used at the coal mining organization. The same application was also evaluated using the Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI) standardised questionnaire. The results from the two evaluations were triangulated to provide a refined set of criteria. The main contribution of the study is the heuristic evaluation guidelines for BI applications (based on these criteria). These guidelines are grouped in the following functional areas: visibility, flexibility, cognition, application behaviour, error control and help, affect and BI elements. / Information Science / M.Sc. (Information Systems)

La régulation de l’expression des gènes est fondamentale pour coordonner la synthèse, l’assemblage et la localisation des complexes macromoléculaires dans les cellules. Cette expression est régulée à divers niveaux. Elle commence dans le noyau où les facteurs de transcription se lient à des séquences spécifiques d’ADN et recrutent les ARN polymérases pour la synthèse des ARN. La régulation à ce niveau est dite transcriptionnelle. Les protéines de liaison à l’ARN s’associent avec l’ARN en cours de synthèse et opèrent divers modifications comme l’addition d’une coiffe en 5’, l’épissage, l’édition et la poly-adénylation en 3’. Les transcrits sont alors exportés vers le cytoplasme où ils vont être adressés et stockés dans des régions subcellulaires. Les ARNm s’assemblent avec des facteurs de traduction et les ribosomes pour initier la synthèse protéique de manière contrôlée. Enfin, les ARNm sont dégradés. Les régulations qui touchent chacune de ces étapes sont dites post-transcriptionnelles. Le développement récent d’outils d’analyse à l’échelle génomique ont permis une meilleure compréhension globale des programmes de régulation des gènes au niveau transcriptionnel. Cependant, l’architecture globale des systèmes qui régulent les étapes post-transcriptionnelles d’expression des gènes est encore peu connue. Un tel système de régulation post-transcriptionnelle doit être contrôlé par des centaines de protéines de liaison à l’ARN et de microARN (miARN) encodés dans les génomes eucaryotes. C’est pourquoi il est important de disposer d’outils et de plateformes adaptés à l’étude de cette régulation à l’échelle génomique. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux programmes de la régulation post-transcriptionnelle chez Caenorhabditis elegans : l’épissage alternatif et la régulation par les miARN. Nous avons utilisés des vers rapporteurs de l’épissage alternatif exprimant la double fluorescence GFP et RFP afin d’étudier l’architecture de cette régulation et l’identification ou la validation des facteurs en trans et des éléments en cis par génétique classique en utilisant la mutagenèse aléatoire, l’automatisation du crible grâce au COPAS biosorter et le séquençage des génomes entiers. Nous avons également modifiés en profondeur le module ReFlx du cytomètre en flux adapté aux organismes de grande taille (COPAS Biosorter) afin d’éliminer les problèmes de contamination et diviser par sept le temps nécessaire au traitement dans le but de mener une étude de génétique inverse à haut débit par ARN interférence. Nous avons enfin générer des lignées fluorescentes bi-colores pour étudier la régulation dépendante de la région 3’ UTR grâce aux microARN. / The regulation of gene expression is fundamental to coordinate the synthesis, assembly and localization of macromolecular complexes in cells. This expression is regulated at various levels. It begins in the nucleus where transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences and recruit RNA polymerases to synthesize RNA. Regulation at this level is called transcriptional. RNA binding proteins associate with RNA during synthesis and operate various modifications such as the addition of a 5' cap, splicing, editing and polyadenylation at the 3'. The transcripts are then exported to the cytoplasm where they will be sent to subcellular regions and stored. mRNA are then associated with translation factors and ribosomes to initiate protein synthesis in a controlled manner. Finally, mRNAs are degraded. Regulations that affect each of these steps are called post-transcriptional regulations. The recent tools developments for genomic scale analysis have allowed a better overall understanding of gene regulation programs at the transcriptional level. However, the overall architecture of systems that regulate post-transcriptional steps of gene expression is still misunderstood. Such a system of post-transcriptional regulation must be controlled by hundreds of RNA binding proteins and microRNA (miRNA) encoded in eukaryotic genomes. This is why it is important to have tools and platforms suited to the study of the post-transcriptional regulation on a genomic scale. During this thesis, we have focused our work on two post-transcriptional regulation programs in Caenorhabditis elegans : alternative splicing and miRNAs regulation. We used GFP and RFP double fluorescent alternative splicing reporter lines to study the architecture of this regulation and to identify trans factors and cis-elements by using forward genetics, random mutagenesis, automated screen through COPAS biosorter and whole genome sequencing. We also extensively modified the ReFlx module of the COPAS to fix carry over problems and divide by seven the time required for processing in order to conduct a High throughput reverse genetic study using RNA interference. We finally generate bi-color fluorescent lines to study 3 'UTR regulation mediated by microRNAs.

The diploma thesis deals with Czech political system in the second Czechoslovak Republic (1938 - 1939). In this historically short period, liberal democracy has changed into an authoritative democracy. The power of the right-wing parties prevailed in the political system. In the case of Czech countries a bi-party political system, which is unique in Czech history, has been created. The main aim of the diploma thesis is to describe the political party system in the Czech lands in the Second Republic period, and to look at the political parties that formed it. It also deals with the Second Republic in general, with the historical, economic, cultural and social context of that time. In the final part, there are summarized all the conclusions I came to. The sources were mainly archive sources, specialized literature dealing with the subject and political party periodicals but even non-political periodicals from that time. KEYWORDS Antonín Hampl, authoritarian democracy, Czech - Slovak Republic, Second Republic, Bi-party political system, Munich agreement, Nazi Germany, National Labour Party, Rudolf Beran, National Union Party

Le son et la paille de blé, riches en hémicelluloses, sont deux co-produits de la récolte de blé, abondants et renouvelables, mais qui restent à mieux valoriser. Dans le but d'extraire ces hémicelluloses, possédant plusieurs propriétés intéressantes (filmogènes, épaississantes, émulsifiantes, stabilisantes…), un procédé de fractionnement a été élaboré. Ce procédé consiste, après extraction alcaline, en la purification des extraits hémicellulosiques obtenus. Deux techniques ont été appliquées : l'ultrafiltration et la chromatographie sur résine échangeuse d'anions. L'ultrafiltration a permis de concentrer les extraits d'hémicelluloses et de les purifier en éliminant dans le perméat la plupart des molécules contaminantes, essentiellement les sucres libres et les sels minéraux. Les principales limitations de cette étape étaient la viscosité des extraits et les phénomènes de polarisation de concentration et de colmatage des membranes. La percolation sur résine, quant à elle, a permis de décolorer les extraits et de produire des poudres d'hémicelluloses plus claires en fixant certaines molécules colorées telles que les molécules possédant des groupements phénoliques. La combinaison des deux techniques a permis de produire des hémicelluloses pures à 60%. L'extrapolation du procédé à l'échelle pilote par l'utilisation d'un extrudeur bi-vis a permis d'obtenir des poudres d'hémicelluloses pures à 40%. / Wheat bran and wheat straw are two by-products abundant and renewable, rich in hemicelluloses, but still not well valued. In order to extract these hemicelluloses characterized by their several interesting properties (film-forming, thickening, emulsifying, stabilizing…), a fractionation process was developed. This process consisted, after alkaline extraction, to purify the hemicellulosic extracts obtained. Two techniques were used: ultrafiltration and chromatography on anion exchange resin. The ultrafiltration allowed to concentrate the extracts and to purify them by removing in the permeate, the contaminating molecules, mostly free sugars and minerals. The main limiting factors of this stage were the extracts viscosity and the fouling of the membranes. The percolation on the resin discoloured the extracts and allowed to produce hemicellulosic powders with lighter colours and that by capturing the coloured compounds such as molecules with phenolic groups. The combination of the two techniques allowed the production of purified hemicelluloses; the purity was about 60%. The extrapolation of the process at a pilot scale using a twin-screw extruder allowed to obtain hemicelluloses with a purity of 40%.

Dissertation thesis deals with development and implementation of Business Intelligence (BI) solutions for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SME) in the Czech Republic. This thesis represents climax of author's up to now effort that has been put into completing a methodological model for development of this kind of applications for SMEs using self-owned skills and minimum of external resources and costs. This thesis can be divided into five major parts. First part that describes used technologies is divided into two chapters. First chapter describes contemporary state of Business Intelligence concept and it also contains original taxonomy of Business Intelligence solutions. Second chapter describes two Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) techniques that were used for building those BI solutions that are introduced in case studies. Second part describes the area of Czech SMEs, which is an environment where the thesis was written and which it is meant to contribute to. This environment is represented by one chapter that defines the differences of SMEs against large corporations. Furthermore, there are author's reasons why he is personally focusing on this area explained. Third major part introduces the results of survey that was conducted among Czech SMEs with support of Department of Information Technologies of Faculty of Informatics and Statistics of University of Economics in Prague. This survey had three objectives. First one was to map the readiness of Czech SMEs for BI solutions development and deployment. Second was to determine major problems and consequent decisions of Czech SMEs that could be supported by BI solutions and the third objective was to determine top factors preventing SMEs from developing and deploying BI solutions. Fourth part of the thesis is also the core one. In two chapters there is the original Methodology for development and deployment of BI solutions by SMEs described as well as other methodologies that were studied. Original methodology is partly based on famous CRISP-DM methodology. Finally, last part describes particular company that has become a testing ground for author's theories and that supports his research. In further chapters it introduces case-studies of development and deployment of those BI solutions in this company, that were build using contemporary BI and KDD techniques with respect to original methodology. In that sense, these case-studies verified theoretical methodology in real use.

Cette thèse s’inscrit au sein de la recherche sur l’analyse d’erreurs en espagnol langue seconde et dans une démarche d’enseignement de la langue à des apprenants non natifs dans le cadre universitaire français. A partir d’un corpus de données écrites centrées sur des productions dirigées en espagnol d’étudiants francophones spécialistes de l’université française, nous avons entrepris un travail d’analyse des erreurs des catégories grammaticales de l’espagnol pour en créer des types. En nous focalisant sur les typologies des erreurs lexico-orthographiques, lexico-sémantiques, lexico-syntaxiques et lexico-morphologiques, cette analyse a débouché sur un travail d’étiologie basé sur les erreurs d’interférence et de transfert négatif des langues connues de nos informateurs, erreurs les plus fréquentes. En vue d’une remédiation de ces erreurs pour le développement de la compétence linguistique voire plurilingue des apprenants, nous proposons des pistes didactiques tenant compte des objectifs et des compétences requises afin qu’ils acquièrent le niveau B1 du CECRL. / This work is about error analysis in Spanish as a second language and is aimed at improving language teaching to non-native learners in the French university system. Based on the study of a corpus of supervised written productions in Spanish from French-speaking specialist students in French universities, we analysed grammatical errors in Spanish in order to create an original typology. By focusing on the lexicon and the spelling, the lexicon and the semantics as well as lexical and morphological typologies of errors, this analysis allowed us to produce a work of etiology, mostly based on the errors of interference and negative transfer caused by the foreign languages already known to our students. So as to help the students deal with these errors and help them improve at their linguistic – and also multilingual – competences, we made didactic suggestions taking into account the goals and skills expected from students necessary to reach the B1 level of CECRL. / Esta tesis se inscribe en el seno de la investigación sobre el análisis de errores en español lengua segunda y en un enfoque de enseñanza de la lengua a aprendices no nativos en el marco universitario francés. A partir de un corpus de datos escritos centrados en producciones dirigidas en español de estudiantes francófonos especialistas de la universidad francesa, hemos iniciado un trabajo de análisis de los errores de las categorías gramaticales del español para crear diferentes tipos de ellas. Con el foco puesto en las tipologías de los errores léxico-ortográficos, léxico-semánticos, léxico-sintácticos y léxico-morfológicos, este análisis ha llevado a un trabajo de etiología basado en los errores de interferencia y transferencia negativa de las lenguas conocidas por nuestros informantes, errores más frecuentes. Con miras a una remediación de estos errores para lograr el desarrollo de la competencia linguística incluso plurilingüe de los aprendices, proponemos pistas didácticas teniendo en cuenta los objetivos y las competencias requeridas para que éstos adquieran el nivel B1 del CECRL.