La transglutaminase microbienne (Microbial transglutaminase : MTG) est fortement exploitée dans l’industrie textile et alimentaire afin de modifier l’apparence et la texture de divers produits. Elle catalyse la formation de liaisons iso-peptidiques entre des protéines par l’entremise d’une réaction de transfert d’acyle entre le groupement γ-carboxamide d’une glutamine provenant d’un substrat donneur d’acyle, et le groupement ε-amino d’une lysine provenant d’un substrat accepteur d’acyle. La MTG est tolérante à un large éventail de conditions réactionnelles, ce qui rend propice le développement de cette enzyme en tant que biocatalyseur. Ayant pour but le développement de la MTG en tant qu’alternative plus soutenable à la synthèse d’amides, nous avons étudié la réactivité d’une gamme de substrats donneurs et accepteurs non-naturels. Des composés chimiquement diversifiés, de faible masse moléculaire, ont été testés en tant que substrats accepteurs alternatifs. Il fut démontré que la MTG accepte une large gamme de composés à cet effet. Nous avons démontré, pour la première fois, que des acides aminés non-ramifiés et courts, tels la glycine, peuvent servir de substrat accepteur. Les α-acides aminés estérifiés Thr, Ser, Cys et Trp, mais pas Ile, sont également réactifs. En étendant la recherche à des composés non-naturels, il fut observé qu’un cycle aromatique est bénéfique pour la réactivité, bien que les substituants réduisent l’activité. Fait notable, des amines de faible masse moléculaire, portant les groupements de forte densité électronique azidure ou alcyne, sont très réactives. La MTG catalyse donc efficacement la modification de peptides qui pourront ensuite être modifiés ou marqués par la chimie ‘click’. Ainsi, la MTG accepte une variété de substrats accepteurs naturels et non-naturels, élargissant la portée de modification des peptides contenant la glutamine. Afin de sonder le potentiel biocatalytique de la MTG par rapport aux substrats donneurs, des analogues plus petits du peptide modèle Z-Gln-Gly furent testés; aucun n’a réagi. Nous avons toutefois démontré, pour la première fois, la faible réactivité d’esters en tant que substrats donneurs de la MTG. L’éventuelle amélioration de cette réactivité permettrait de faire de la MTG un biocatalyseur plus général pour la synthèse d’amides. Mots clés: Lien amide, biocatalyse, biotransformation, transglutaminase, arrimage moléculaire, criblage de substrats, ingénierie de substrats. / Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is used extensively in the food and textile industry to alter the appearance and texture of products. MTG catalyses the formation of isopeptide linkages between proteins by an acyl transfer reaction between the γ-carboxamide group of a glutamine ‘acyl-donor’ substrate, and the ε-amino group of a lysine ‘acyl-acceptor’ substrate. MTG is tolerant to a broad range of reaction conditions and is therefore suitable for further development as a biocatalyst. Toward developing MTG as a “green” alternative for amide synthesis, we have investigated a range of non-native donor and acceptor substrates to probe the scope of MTG reactivity. Small, chemically varied compounds were tested as alternative acyl-acceptor substrates. We observed a broad acceptor specificity. We show, for the first time, that very short-chain alkyl-based amino acids such as glycine can serve as acceptor substrates. The esterified α-amino acids Thr, Ser, Cys and Trp – but not Ile – also show reactivity. Extending the search to non-natural compounds, an aromatic ring was observed to be beneficial for reactivity, although ring substituents reduced reactivity. Overall, bonding of the amine to a less hindered carbon increases reactivity. Importantly, very small amines carrying either the electron-rich azide or the alkyne groups required for click chemistry were highly reactive as acceptor substrates, providing a ready route to minimally modified, ‘clickable’ peptides. These results demonstrate that MTG is tolerant to a variety of chemically varied natural and non-natural acceptor substrates, which broadens the scope for modification of glutamine-containing peptides. To further probe the biocatalytic potential of MTG in terms of the donor substrate, smaller analogues of the model substrate Z-Gln-Gly were tested. We did not find product formation with substrates smaller than the model substrate. We observed, for the first time, trace esterase activity with MTG. Future improvement of this activity would render MTG a more attractive, general biocatalyst for amide bond formation.

Colloidal assemblies of surfactants and polymers in aqueous solutions have been used by human mankind for hundreds of years and they are of great importance in many of our technological processes, such as fabrication of soap and papermaking. Less than two decades ago the idea of using colloidal assemblies as templates of inorganic materials was borne. A new population of materials, referred to as surfactant templated materials, took form. These materials showed extraordinary properties such as monodisperse pore size distribution, large surface areas and pore volumes.   The main focus of this thesis has been on synthesis and functionalisation of spherical mesostructured silica particulate materials. In the first part of the work, mesostructured materials with expanded pores have been produced using a well established aerosol-based method as well as the newly developed emulsion and solvent evaporation (ESE) method. Increase in pore size was realized through using Pluronic block copolymer F127 together with a swelling agent poly(propylene glycol) as template. The influence of the swelling agent on pore size expansion was shown to have a roughly linear relationship. Furthermore, the impact of synthesis parameters on internal and exterior morphology has been investigated. Accessibility of the internal pore space, as well as the external surface roughness were shown to be highly dependent on synthesis temperature. Additionally, a very interesting well ordered 3D closed packed (P63/mmc) material was produced using the ionic surfactant C16TAB as template in the ESE method.   In the second part of the thesis work, mesoporous spheres with large pore size, having either hydrophilic or hydrophobic surface properties, were used as carriers of an enzyme, lipase. The enzymatic activity of lipase was increased onto the hydrophobic surface, compared to lipase immobilized into the hydrophilic support as well as for lipase free in solution. This effect was probably due to a combination of enhanced hydrophobic interactions preventing denaturation of the enzyme and interfacial activation of the enzyme.  This study generated an inorganic carrier material that is a promising candidate for biocatalysis applications. Additionally, mesoporous spheres were used as carriers of a model drug, Ibuprofen, to study the effect of polyelectrolyte multilayers on release properties. However, these layers were shown impermeable independent on pH and the substance was only released from uncoated particles. / <p>QC 20100811</p>

Myo-inositol is ubiquitous in nature and is found at the structural core of a diverse range of biologically important derivatives, including phosphatidylinositols, inositol phosphates and mycothiol. The synthesis of myo-inositol derivatives is notoriously difficult due to the need to control both regio- and enantioselectivity. As a result, synthetic routes to derivatives of this type are often lengthy and low yielding. The first biosynthetic step in the production of all myo-inositol metabolites is the isomerisation of D-glucose 6- phosphate to L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate as mediated by L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (INO1). For the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, INO1 is essential for survival and its version of the enzyme (TbINO1) has a high turnover. This makes TbINO1 an attractive candidate for the biocatalytic production of L-myo-inositol 1- phosphate, and a potential starting point for drastically shortened syntheses of important myo-inositol derivatives. The production of L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate by TbINO1 has been optimised to achieve complete conversion in reaction conditions that facilitate product isolation. Due to problems with an in-batch process, the TbINO1 enzyme was immobilised and the process was transferred to a flow system. This has allowed for production of significant quantities of L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate with a high level of purity. L-myo-inositol 1- phosphate obtained from the flow system has been used to prepare mycothiol glycosylation acceptor, 1,2,4,5,6-penta-O-acetyl-D-myo-inositol, in a concise synthesis with a greatly improved yield over the literature.

Submitted by infopei ufba (infopei@ufba.br) on 2017-05-09T19:46:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GICELIA_ANTONIA_FERREIRA.pdf: 3057739 bytes, checksum: b093d440c933d9b788d39cd5ae0fd117 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Flávia Sousa (flaviabs@ufba.br) on 2017-05-29T18:50:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GICELIA_ANTONIA_FERREIRA.pdf: 3057739 bytes, checksum: b093d440c933d9b788d39cd5ae0fd117 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T18:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GICELIA_ANTONIA_FERREIRA.pdf: 3057739 bytes, checksum: b093d440c933d9b788d39cd5ae0fd117 (MD5) / CAPES, FAPESB / Nos dias atuais, há um grande e crescente interesse em encontrar substâncias ambientalmente amigáveis para processos industriais. Os líquidos iônicos são candidatos a substituir os solventes orgânicos convencionais reduzindo a quantidade de resíduos e diminuindo o impacto ambiental; à temperatura ambiente, esses materiais praticamente não possuem pressão de vapor, são não inflamáveis, podendo ser sintetizados de modo específico, através da combinação diferencial entre cátions e ânions, para desempenhar o papel necessário, além de serem facilmente recicláveis. Os líquidos iônicos são novos meios promissores para muitos processos, tais como síntese química, reações enzimáticas e aplicações no setor de “engenharia verde”. O interesse pela classe dos líquidos iônicos próticos justifica-se em decorrência da sua síntese simples, do baixo custo produção, da baixa toxicidade e da biodegradabilidade, os quais são aspectos inerentes aos processos “verdes”. Nesse contexto, ressalta-se a aplicação dos líquidos iônicos próticos na síntese enzimática de ésteres graxos de açúcares. Cumpre destacar que os mesmos podem ser sintetizados quimicamente ou enzimaticamente. A síntese química diverge da tendência atual, na qual o foco está voltado para a utilização de tecnologias sustentáveis e ambientalmente seguras. Por outro lado, a síntese enzimática é realizada em condições mais suaves de reação, apresenta elevada seletividade e especificidade, o que facilita a recuperação do produto. Porém, a síntese enzimática de ésteres graxos de açúcares encontra um obstáculo, uma vez que os solventes orgânicos capazes de solubilizar adequadamente os carboidratos também agem de forma negativa sobre as enzimas, inativando-as. Portanto, no presente trabalho foi investigado um conjunto de líquidos iônicos próticos visando identificar um meio de reação apropriado para o processo enzimático de síntese do oleato de galactose, que atenda às condições de maximizar a solubilização do carboidrato. Para tanto, uma gama de líquidos iônicos próticos foram sintetizados e caracterizados em termos de coeficiente de partição, viscosidade e solubilidade da galactose, pois essas propriedades exercem influência direta sobre a ação enzimática. Até o melhor de nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo com foco no processo de produção enzimática de ésteres graxos de açúcares na presença de líquidos iônicos próticos. / Nowadays, there is a great and growing interest in environmentally friendly substances for industrial processes. Ionic liquids are candidates to replace the conventional organic solvents decreasing the amount of waste and reducing the environmental impact; at room temperature, ionic liquids have practically no vapor pressure, are not flammable and may be synthesized specifically through the differential combination of cations and anions, in order to perform the role needed, and are easily recyclable. Ionic liquids are new promising media for many processes, such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic reactions and applications in the “green engineering” sector. The interest for the class of protic ionic liquids is justified due to their simple synthesis, low cost of production, low toxicity and biodegradability potential, which are aspects inherent to the “green” processes. In this context, we highlight the application of protic ionic liquids in the enzymatic synthesis of fatty esters of sugars. It is worth noting that the same can be synthesized chemically or enzymatically. The chemical synthesis diverges from the current trend, in which the focus has turned to the use of sustainable and environmentally safe technologies. On the other hand, the enzymatic synthesis is performed under milder reaction conditions, presents high selectivity and high specificity, besides product recovery ease. Nevertheless, the enzymatic synthesis of fatty esters of sugars meets an obstacle, because the organic solvents able to adequately solubilize the carbohydrate also act negatively on the enzymes, inactivating them. Therefore, in the present study was proposed to investigate a class of protic ionic liquids in order to identify an appropriate reaction medium to the enzymatic process of synthesis of galactose oleate, which meets the conditions of maximizing the solubilization of the carbohydrate. For that, a range of protic ionic liquids were synthesized and characterized in terms of partition coefficient, viscosity and solubility of galactose, because these properties directly influence the enzymatic action. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on the enzymatic production process of fatty esters of sugars in the presence of protic ionic liquids.

Les lipases/acyltransférases présentent des propriétés intermédiaires entre les lipases et les acyltransférases. Capables de se comporter comme des hydrolases, elles catalysent cependant la réaction de transfert d'acyle préférentiellement à l'hydrolyse même en milieu aqueux à forte activité thermodynamique de l'eau en présence de divers nucléophiles. La recherche de nouvelles lipases/acyltransférases, soit sécrétées par des levures sauvages, soit identifiées parmi les séquences protéiques disponibles dans des bases de données, nous a permis d'identifier deux nouvelles enzymes de ce type : CvisL2 de Candida viswanathii et CtroL4a de C. tropicalis. Cette dernière, produite par expression hétérologue, a été plus particulièrement étudiée en comparaison avec les deux lipases/acyltransférases déjà connues, CpLIP2 de C. parapsilosis et CaLIP4 de C. albicans, ainsi qu'avec des enzymes plus éloignées (AflaL0a d'Aspergilus flavus, isolée dans ce travail, et CaLA de C. antarctica, qui présentent respectivement 35 % et 31 % d'identité avec CpLIP2). Le caractère spécifique des acyltransférases semble relié à leur degré d'homologie et à leurs relations phylogénétiques. En effet, les trois lipases/acyltransférases étudiées appartiennent à un sous-groupe phylogénétique distinct composé de diverses autres protéines actuellement non-caractérisées présentant plus de 57 % d'identité avec CpLIP2. En plus de leur activité acyltransférase plus ou moins prononcée, ces nouveaux biocatalyseurs diffèrent par leur spécificité de substrat, leur stabilité en présence de fortes concentrations en alcool ou leur activité à basse température, élargissant ainsi le spectre des applications potentielles des lipases et lipases/acyltransférases. / Lipases/acyltransferases have intermediate properties between lipases and acyltransferases. Although being active hydrolases, they catalyze acyltransfer reactions preferentially to hydrolysis even in an aqueous medium with a high thermodynamic activity of water in the presence of various nucleophiles. Searching for new lipases/acyltransferases, either secreted by wild yeast strains or identified in protein sequences databases, allowed us to identify two new enzymes of this type: CvisL2 from Candida viswanathii and CtroL4a from C. tropicalis. The latter, produced by heterologous expression, has been more particularly studied and compared with the two already known, closely related, lipases/acyltransferases, CpLIP2 from C. parapsilosis and CaLIP4 from C. albicans, and with two more distantly related lipases (a new lipase AflaL0a from Aspergillus flavus and CaLA from C. antarctica, with 35 % and 31 % identity with CpLIP2, respectively). The specific catalytic behavior of the acyltransferases seems to be associated with sequence homology and phylogenetic relationships. Indeed, the three lipases/acyltransferases studied are part of a phylogenetic subgroup composed of various proteins (identity with CpLIP2 higher than 57 %), currently not characterized. Besides their acyltransfer activity, these new biocatalysts differ in properties such as their substrate selectivity, their stability in the presence of high alcohol concentration or their activity at low temperature, opening the way to new applications.

La valorisation de la biomasse saccharidique pour la production de dérivés biosourcés d'intérêt est un enjeu important. La cellulose est le polysaccharide le plus abondant sur Terre et représente une source de matière première considérable. Dans ce travail, de nouveaux procédés de dépolymérisation de la cellulose pour l'obtention contrôlée de cellodextrines sont décrits. Ils proposent une approche alternative plus douce aux procédés de production actuels en privilégiant l'utilisation d'enzymes, et de liquides ioniques comme solvants alternatifs. Ce travail rapporte l'élaboration de deux méthodes d'obtention contrôlée d'oligosaccharides à partir de cellulose et de cellulose acétate par combinaisons successives d'hydrolyses acide et enzymatique. Ces procédés ont permis l'obtention de cellodextrines de tailles ciblées avec de bons rendements, et constituent une voie prometteuse pour la valorisation de la cellulose en dérivés biosourcés. La deuxième partie de ce travail consiste en la modification chimio-enzymatique des oligosaccharides de cellulose produits pour leur valorisation en biomolécules d'intérêt, plus particulièrement dans le domaine de l'agrochimie. Les cellodextrines sont utilisées en tant que base saccharidique pour la synthèse d'analogues de lipo-chitooligosaccharides comme potentiels fertilisants verts. Deux méthodes de préparation ont été élaborées à l'aide des glycoside-hydrolases comme outils de synthèse. Les stratégies développées permettent un accès efficace à la synthèse d'analogues et peuvent être adaptées pour la production d'autres molécules. / Valorisation of biomass is a timely challenge and its bio-conversion raises a growing interest from academics and industrials. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth and offers a wide range of applications including value added bio-derived compounds. In this work we report the design of new methods to produce cellodextrins from cellulose and from cellulose acetate, by a combination of successive hydrolyses. These strategies imply the use of ionic liquids and enzymes to perform the depolymerisation. They represent a soft alternative to the current processes of production. The controlled hydrolysis of cellulose was realised in two steps involving first the partial fragmentation of cellulose in ionic liquids by acid catalysis. Then, the selective hydrolysis of those cellulose fragments was performed by an endoglucanase to produce the targeted sizes of cellodextrins. The second method deals with the depolymerisation of water soluble cellulose acetate by enzymatic hydrolysis. Those two methods have led to the controlled production of cellodextrins of interest, with significantly improved yields. In the second part of this work, cellodextrins were used as building block for the synthesis of analogs of lipo-chitooligosaccharides as potential natural fertilizers. Several chemo-enzymatic routes were investigated to produce these biomolecules, and two methods of synthesis were elaborated using glycoside-hydrolases as coupling tools. Those methods offer an easy access to analogs and can be adapted for the production of further molecules.

Esta tese esta dividida em três capítulos: Primeiro capítulo -­ Resolução cinética enzimática de sulfetos, selenetos e teluretos em CO2 supercrítico. Inicialmente, a estabilidade dos &#946;-hidróxi organocalcogenetos foi avaliada em CO2 supercrítico. Como a variação da pressão e temperatura afeta a densidade do fluído de forma não linear, um estudo sistemático foi realizado para avaliação desses parâmetros, visando altos excessos enantioméricos para os &#946;-­hidróxi-­ sulfetos e -­selenetos, os quais foram determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Os &#946;-­hidróxi-­teluretos não se apresentaram estáveis sob as mesmas condições. Desta maneira, um novo método para determinar o excesso enantiomérico dos &#946;-­hidróxi-­teluretos foi desenvolvido, utilizando RMN de 125Te. Capítulo 2 -­ Utilização de teluroferrocenos quirais como sondas quirais para a determinação de excessos enantioméricos usando RMN de 125Te. Teluroferrocenos quirais, substituídos por grupos amidas, oxazolinas e aminas foram preparados. Tais moléculas contendo telúrio interagem com amostras quirais, formando complexos diastereoisoméricos, nos quais os átomos de telúrio são submetidos a diferentes ambientes químicos, o que resulta em diferentes deslocamentos químicos para cada complexo diastereoisomérico. A integração dos sinais de 125Te permite a determinação do excesso enantiomérico de amostras quirais. Terceiro capítulo - Calcogenação de olefinas ativadas. Organocalcogenolatos de lítio gerados in situ reagiram com olefinas ativadas. Na presença de uma fonte de prótons, foram formados os calcogenetos &#946;-­funcionalizados. Em meio anidro, o enolato intermediário pode ser capturado com compostos carbonílicos em reações tandem tri-­ componentes, gerando precursores de Morita-­Baylis-­Hillman, quando Y = S, Se. / This thesis contains three chapters: 1st chapter - Kinetic enzymatic resolution of sulfides, selenides and tellurides in supercritical CO2. Initialy, the stability of the &#946;-­hydroxy organochalcogenides in suprecritical CO2 was evaluated. As the variation in the pressure and temperature affect the fluid density in a non-­linear way, a systematic study on the influence of these parameters was performed, aiming a high enantiomeric excess for the products. The enantiomeric excesses of the &#946;-­hydroxy sulfides and selenides were determined by high performance chiral liquid chromatography (HPLC). The &#946;-­hydroxy tellurides were not stable under the same conditions. In view of this fact, a new method to determine the enantiomeric excess of the &#946;-­hydroxy tellurides was developed, using 125Te NMR spectroscopy for this end. 2nd chapter - Use of chiral telluroferrocenes as chiral probes for the enantiomeric excess determination using 125Te NMR spectroscopy. Chiral telluroferrocenes, substituted by amides, oxazolines and amines were prepared. These chiral tellurium containing molecules interact with chiral samples, forming diastereomeric transient complexes in which the tellurium atoms are submitted to different chemical environments, what leads to different 125Te chemical shifts for each diastereomeric complex integration of the 125Te NMR spectra allowing the determination of the enantiomeric excess of the chiral samples. 3rd chapter - Chalcogenation of activated olefines. In situ gererated lithium organochalcogenolates were reacted with activated olefines. In the presence of a proton source, the &#946;-functionalized chalcogenides were formed. Under anhydrous conditions, the intermediate enolate can be trapped with carbonyl compounds in a three components process to give precursors of Morita-­Baylis-­Hillman adducts when Y = S, Se.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3460966 bytes, checksum: c2363ebecc6efb9b05e5a12ca28e3dd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / By means of oxidative coupling of phenylpropanoids, it was possible to develop a synthesis enantioselective method some natural lignans found in various plants that possess important biological activities. Through this method we obtained the novel synthesis of dihidrocarinatidina composed to be assigned valuable pharmacological activities. Thus, in patent (PI 1101946-8) submitted by our research group, describe the preparation of some natural process lignans, using this, peroxidase contained in coconut water (Cocos nucifera) that acts as a biocatalyst, and hydrogen peroxide as an agent oxidant in the oxidative coupling of acid p-(OH)-phenylpropanoids. Thus, dimeric forms of isoeugenol (Licarina A) and dihidrocarinatidina heterodimer production by oxidative cross-coupling between eugenol and isoeugenol were obtained. This technique was also carried out the synthesis of seringaresinol by dimerization sinapílico alcohol, once methylated provided in yangambin. Moreover, were made by this method, attempts to synthesize the conocarpan. It is noteworthy that all these substances have great pharmacological importance. Using an aqueous mixture of potassium ferrocyanide and ammonium hydroxide, promote oxidative coupling of eugenol, which provided the dehidrodieugenol, its methylation with methyl iodide and potassium carbonate provided mainly in the form monomethyl ether and minority, the dimethyl derivative. The products of the reactions were characterized by 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR spectra, which were then faced with spectral data of natural counterparts in the literature. Tests for leishmania activity licarina A, dehidrodieugenol and its mono and dimethyl ether derivatives were developed. Through these trials there were activities against Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major (licarina A) and promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis (dehidrodieugenol), with more efficient results than the reference drug. The highlighted dehidrodieugenol monometilado showed antiparasitic activity against Leishmania amazonensis. / Por meio do acoplamento oxidativo de fenilpropanóides, foi possível desenvolver um método de síntese enantiosseletivo de algumas lignanas naturais encontradas em diversas plantas e que possuem importantes atividades biológicas. Através deste método obteve-se a síntese inédita da dihidrocarinatidina, composto ao qual se atribui importantes atividades farmacológicas. Destarte, em patente (PI 1101946-8) submetida por nosso grupo de pesquisa, descrevemos processo de preparo de algumas lignanas naturais, utilizando para isso, peroxidase contida na água de coco (Cocos nucifera) que atua como biocatalizador, e água oxigenada como agente oxidante nos acoplamentos oxidativos de ácidos p-(OH)-fenilpropanoides. Deste modo, foram obtidas formas diméricas do isoeugenol (Licarina A) e a produção do heterodímero dihidrocarinatidina por meio do acoplamento oxidativo cruzado entre eugenol e isoeugenol. Através desta técnica, foi também realizada a síntese do seringaresinol, pela dimerização do álcool sinapílico, que uma vez metilado nos forneceu iangambina. Além disso, foram realizadas por este método, tentativas de síntese do conocarpan. Vale ressaltar, que todas estas substâncias apresentam grande importância farmacológica. Utilizando uma mistura aquosa de ferrocianeto de potássio e hidróxido de amônia, promovemos o acoplamento oxidativo do eugenol, que nos forneceu o dehidrodieugenol, sua metilação com iodeto de metila e carbonato de potássio forneceu majoritariamente, a forma monometil éter e minoritariamente, o derivado dimetiléter. Os produtos das reações foram caracterizados pelos espectros de 13C-RMN e 1H-RMN, que depois foram confrontados com dados espectrais dos homólogos naturais encontrados na literatura. Foram desenvolvidos ensaios de atividade antileishmania para a licarina A, dehidrodieugenol e seus derivados mono e dimetil éteres. Por meio destes ensaios verificaram-se atividades antileishmania contra formas promastigotas e amastigotas de Leishmania major (licarina A) e formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis (dehidrodieugenol), apresentando resultados mais eficientes que a droga de referência. O dehidrodieugenol monometilado mostrou destacada atividade antiparasitária contra Leishmania amazonensis.

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo de diferentes metodologias de imobilização (fisissorção, quimissorção com carboxibenzaldeído e quimissorção com glutaraldeído) da lipase de Burkholderia cepacia em nanopartículas magnéticas e sua aplicação na resolução cinética de alcoóis secundários racêmicos. O método de imobilização por fisissorção resultou na imobilização de 0,21 mg de proteína em 20 mg de nanopartículas magnéticas. Para a mesma quantidade de nanopartículas magnéticas, o método de quimissorção com carboxibenzaldeído imobilizou 0,26 mg de proteína contra 0,28 mg de proteína pelo método de quimissorção com glutaraldeído, a melhor relação encontrada neste trabalho. A atividade enzimática foi avaliada na resolução cinética de alcoóis secundários racêmicos [(RS)-2-bromo-1-(fenil)etanol, (RS)-2-bromo-1-(4-nitrofenil)etanol, (RS)-1-(4-nitrofenil)etanol e (RS)-1-(fenil)-1,2-etanodiol] via reação de transesterificação enantiosseletiva. O efeito de diferentes parâmetros reacionais para a resolução cinética foi estudado, como agente acilante, quantidade de substrato, solvente, quantidade de nanopartículas magnéticas (suporte), velocidade de agitação, tempo e temperatura reacionais. Os melhores parâmetros encontrados foram acetato de vinila como agente acilante, tolueno como solvente e sob agitação de 800 rpm. Observou-se que após 30 dias de estocagem da lipase imobilizada por fisissorção sua atividade foi mantida. Além disso, estudou-se a reciclagem da enzima imobilizada, durante a resolução cinética. A melhor temperatura e tempo reacional foram determinados para cada método de imobilização. A quimissorção com glutaraldeído foi o melhor método de imobilização para a reciclagem da enzima, pois durante 8 ciclos de resolução cinética a conversão (50 %) e a enantiosseletividade (>99 %) foram mantidas. Com base nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que o processo de imobilização permite um aumento da estabilidade da enzima quando comparada com a enzima livre, permitindo sua reutilização por vários ciclos reacionais. / This dissertation describes studies about different immobilization methodologies (physisorption, chemisorption with carboxibenzaldehyde and chemisorption with glutaraldehyde) of the Burkholderia cepacia lipase on magnetic nanoparticles and its application in the enzymatic kinetic resolution of chiral secondary alcohols. The physisorption method immobilized 0.21 mg of protein per 20 mg of magnetic nanoparticles. Using the same amount of magnetic nanoparticles, the chemisorption method with carboxibenzaldehyde immobilized 0.26 mg of protein against 0.28 mg for the chemisorption with glutaraldehyde, the best result found in this work. The enzymatic activity was determined in the enzymatic kinetic resolution of chiral secondary alcohols [(RS)-2-bromo-1-(phenyl)ethanol, (RS)-2-bromo-1- (4-nitrophenyl)ethanol, (RS)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanol and (RS</I<)-1-(phenyl)- 1,2-ethanodiol] via enantioselective transesterification reaction. The effect of several reaction parameters for the kinetic resolution was studied, such as acetyl donor, substrate concentration, solvent, amount of magnetic nanoparticles (support), agitation speed, reaction time and temperature. The best results were obtained using vinyl acetate as acetyl donor, toluene as solvent, and 800 rpm as agitation speed. Regarding the physisorption method, after 30 days as storing time the enzymatic activity remained the same. Besides, the reusability of immobilized lipase was evaluated. The best temperature and reaction time in the kinetic resolution were determined for each immobilization method. The chemisorption with glutaraldehyde was the best immobilization method for the enzyme reusability, because even after 8 cycles of the kinetic reaction, the conversion (50 %) and enantioselectivity (>99 %) remained the same. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that the immobilization process increased the enzyme stability when compared to the free enzyme, allowing its reusability for many reaction cycles.

Este trabalho descreve uma nova metodologia sintética que combina a química de espécies organometálicas contendo Se e Te com biotransformações usando lipases, para a síntese enantiosseletiva de fenilselenolactonas 7a e feniltelurolactonas 7b. Estas lactonas foram obtidas pela resolução cinética de álcoois secundários racêmicos 6, pela ação da lipase de pâncreas de porco (PPL- Sigma-Aldrich) em meio orgânico anidro. (Ver arquivo PDF). / This work describes a novel synthetic methodology that combines the chemistry of organic compounds, organometalic species containing Se and Te and biotransformations using lipases for the enantioselective synthesis of phenylselenolactones 7a and phenyltelurolactones 7b. These lactones were obtained by kinetic resolution of racemic sec-alcohols 6 by the action of pig pancreatic lipases (PPL- Sigma-Aldrich) in organic media (Scheme1). (See files PDF)