Foram selecionados, aleatoriamente, 12 equipos em 7 clínicas da FOB/USP, dois foram preenchidos com água destilada (Ortodontia e Urgência), um com água de torneira (UBAs), em um o reservatório ficou seco por 30 dias (Odontopediatria) em outro por 60 dias (Pós-graduação), um equipo com a tecnologia B-Safe® (Multidisciplinar) e, em três, a limpeza com o detergente enzimático foi avaliado (Dentística). Amostras de 10 mL de água dos reservatórios e tubulações das canetas de alta rotação foram obtidas e diluições feitas até 10-4, semeadas nos meios de cultura R2A, Peptona Diluída - PD, Plate Count Agar - PCA e Sabouraund Dextrose Agar SDA. Alíquotas de 100 L das amostras foram semeadas nos meios de cultura R2A, PD, PCA e SDA pela técnica de esgotamento, alíquotas de 25 L foram semeadas (R2A, PD, PCA e SDA) pela técnica da gota e alíquotas de 100 L das amostras foram semeadas no meio PCA pela técnica de pour plate. As placas de R2A, PD, PCA foram incubadas por 72 horas a 24°C e as placas de SDA por 4 a 7 dias a 24°C. Foi feita a identificação bacteriana através do kit Bactray I, II ou III e a fúngica através do microcultivo. A média bacteriana obtida foi de 128.151 UFC/mL na Odontopediatria, 1.834.807 UFC/mL na Ortodontia, 60.422 UFC/mL na Pós-Graduação, 615,68 UFC/mL na UBAs, 899,64 UFC/mL na Urgência, 97.632 UFC/mL na Multidisciplinar e 417.619 UFC/mL na Dentística sem limpeza e 135.924 UFC/mL após a limpeza. A média dos fungos foram 205 UFC/mL na Odontopediatria, 702,50 UFC/mL na Ortodontia, 12,50 UFC/mL na Pós-Graduação, 41.475 UFC/mL UBAs, 117.500 UFC/mL Urgência, 4.469 UFC/mL na Multidisciplinar e 64.642 UFC/mL e de 23.627 UFC/mL, antes e após a limpeza na Dentística. A presença de micro-organismos foi detectada nos reservatórios e tubulações de água em todas as 7 clínicas; para quantificar as bactérias, o meio R2A seguido do PD foram melhores que o PCA e, para detectar diferentes espécies o meio PCA foi superior ao R2A e PD; a técnica da gota foi melhor do que a de esgotamento e pour plate para as bactérias, enquanto a de esgotamento foi superior para os fungos. O detergente enzimático foi eficaz em desestruturar o biofilme, atuando mais sobre os fungos do que para as bactérias, que não foram eliminadas após as limpezas. Foram identificadas 22 espécies de bactérias: Acinetobacter baumanni/calcoaceticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans denitrificans, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Chromobacterium violaceum, Hafnia alvei, Hafnia alvei (Biogrupo 1), Ochrobactrum anthropi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas luteola, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia plymuthica, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Tatumella ptyseos. Foram identificados 12 gêneros de fungos: Acremonium sp, Alternaria sp, Aspergillus sp, Cladosporium sp, Curvularia sp, Exophiala sp, Fonsecaea sp, Fusarium sp, Paecylomices sp, Penicillium sp, Rhinocladiella sp, Verticillium sp. / Twelve dental units of 7 clinics of FOB/USP were randomly selected, two were filled with distilled water (Orthodontics and Urgency), one with tap water (UBAs), one reservoir was dry for 30 days (Odontopediatry) and another for 60 days (Postgraduate Clinic), one dental unit was filled with the B - Safe ® technology (Multidisciplinary Clinic). Three dental clinics were evaluated concerning the cleaning procedure with enzymatic detergent. Samples of 10 mL of water reservoirs and high-speed handpieces were collected and made up to 10-4 dilutions, plated on R2A media, Peptone Diluted culture - PD, Plate Count Agar - PCA and Sabouraund Dextrose Agar - SDA. Aliquots of 100 L of the samples were plated on R2A media, PD, PCA and SDA culture technique for spreading. Aliquots of 25 L were seeded (R2A, PD, PCA and SDA) in drops and aliquots of 100 L samples were seeded in PCA by the pour plate technique. R2A plates, PD, PCA were incubated for 72 hours at 24°C and SDA plates for 4 to 7 days at 24°C. Bacterial identification was performed using Bactray I, II or III kit and fungal identification by microculture. Bacterial average was 128.151 CFU/mL in Odontopediatry, 1.834.807 CFU/mL in Orthodontics, 60.422 CFU/mL in Postgraduate Clinic, 615.68 CFU/mL in UBAs, 899.64 CFU/mL in Urgency, 97.632 CFU/mL in Multidisciplinary Clinic and 417.619 CFU/mL in Dentistry without the cleaning procedure and 135.924 CFU/mL after it. The average of fungi was 205 CFU/mL in Odontopediatry, 702.50 CFU/mL in Orthodontics, 12.50 CFU/mL in Postgraduate Clinic, 41.475 CFU/mL in UBAs, 117.500 CFU/mL in Urgency, 4.469 CFU/mL in Multidisciplinary and 64.642 CFU/mL and 23.627 CFU/mL before and after cleaning procedure in Dentistry. The presence of micro - organisms occurred in reservoirs and waterlines in all of the 7 clinics evaluated. To quantify bacteria, R2A and PD medium provided more accurate results than PCA. To detect different species, PCA medium was better than R2A and PD. The drop technique was better than the spreading technique and pour plate for bacteria; however, the spreading technique provided better results for the yeasts. The enzymatic detergent was effective on disrupting the biofilm eliminating more yeasts than residual bacteria. Twenty-two species of bacteria were identified: Acinetobacter baumanni/calcoaceticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans denitrificans, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Chromobacterium violaceum, Hafnia alvei, Hafnia alvei (Biogroup 1), Ochrobactrum anthropi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas luteola, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia plymuthica, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Tatumella ptyseos. Twelve genus of fungi were identified: Acremonium sp, Alternaria sp, Aspergillus sp, Cladosporium sp, Curvularia sp, Exophiala sp, Fonsecaea sp, Fusarium sp, Paecylomices sp, Penicillium sp, Rhinocladiella sp, Verticillium sp.

O avanço da moderna tecnologia tem despertado o medo da irreversibilidade das consequências para as gerações futuras pelos riscos que a liberação dos chamados Organismos Geneticamente Modificados (OGMS) possam ocasionar ao meio ambiente. Nesse sentido, devem se criar sistemas de segurança com o propósito de prevenir os riscos que decorrem do desenvolvimento das ciências e das novas tecnologias. A proteção do meio ambiente deve ser entendida dentro de um conjunto de normas e princípios constantes da Constituição Federal e da ordem jurídica vigente, aplicando-se o princípio da precaução a fim de que sejam definidos meios e modos para que os impactos ambientais sejam evitados. A biossegurança surge da necessidade de avaliar, prevenir e administrar os riscos associados ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia. Assim, preocupou-se o legislador em criar normas que visem à precaução de danos, diante da incerteza em relação às consequências que o uso e liberação de OGMS podem trazer ao meio ambiente. Por força disso, protegeu constitucionalmente e de forma expressa o bem jurídico ambiental, no artigo 225, §1º, incisos II, IV e V da Constituição Federal, disposições estas que foram posteriormente regulamentadas pela Lei Federal nº 11.105/2005, que dispõe sobre as normas de segurança e fiscalização, englobando todas as atividades de risco em relação aos OGMS. Na hipótese de definição quanto à liberação de um OGM, é necessário que seja realizado um Estudo Prévio de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), de modo a examinar os riscos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Em se tratando de Organismos Geneticamente Modificados, reclama-se a prestação de uma tutela jurídica efetiva, capaz de perceber a peculiaridade da questão, atuando com a necessária precaução, diante da incerteza em relação às consequências que o uso de tais organismos pode trazer à humanidade. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. / Technological advancements have brought much concern in regards to the irreversibility of the consequences that Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) might cause to the environment and to future generations. Therefore, many safety measures must be created in order to prevent risks originated from the development of science and new technologies. Environment protection must be approached in view of a number of legal norms and principles from the Brazilian Constitution, and from the current judicial trend. Thus the need to apply the principle of precaution (Brazilian Constitution) so that means and methods of avoiding environmental impact can be created. “Biosafety” emerges from the need of evaluating, preventing and administering the risks associated to the development of biotechnology. The legislators therefore focused on creating norms that address damage prevention in view of the uncertain consequences that the legalization and use of GMOs might bring to the environment. As a consequence, they have expressly protected the environment on Article 225, §1, II, IV, and V of the Brazilian Constitution, later regulated by Federal Law #11.105/2005, which stipulates about safety and supervision involving all related activities at risk in regards to GMOs usage. In the hypothesis of regulating GMOs it is necessary to run a Preventive Study of Environmental Impact in order to examine risks to human health and the environment. Regarding Genetically Modified Organisms in general, it is necessary to have an effective judicial tutelage, capable of understanding the peculiarity of the matter, to act with due precaution in view of the uncertainty consequences that GMOs use might bring to humanity.

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T07:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Benthien_PatriciaFaraco_D.pdf: 1983479 bytes, checksum: 9e58ffcee0dc731fed44fc97bc60d59e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A aplicação comercial da tecnologia de transgenia agrícola a partir do final do século XX e a disseminação de seu uso no início do século XXI implicam não somente a rápida e radical transformação do setor agrícola mundial, agora tecnologizado em todas as esferas do processo produtivo, mas sobretudo transformações radicais no significado da sementes e da vida, com impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais ainda em aberto. A utilização da tecnologia de transgenia no mundo é entendida como um vetor estratégico de dominação, promoção de conflitos políticos e sociais, bem como de ruptura de referenciais de várias ordens na sociedade moderna. A tese analisa os processos de inserção comercial de sementes transgênicas nas sociedades brasileira e argentina a partir de 1990 (principalmente a partir dos Governos Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Carlos Menem). Como elementos fundamentais dessa análise, faz-se referência à construção da transgenia agrícola como um problema de ordem socioambiental no Brasil através da discussão sobre os seguintes elementos: a articulação da sociedade civil organizada brasileira e as consequências de sua mobilização, a construção da política nacional de biossegurança e a estrutura de pesquisa em biotecnologia no país. No caso Argentino, discute-se a expansão do modelo sojeiro, a estrutura de decisão técnica e política sobre biotecnologia e segurança, a dificuldade na construção de diálogo entre a sociedade civil organizada argentina e os âmbitos de decisões tecno-políticas governamentais. Demonstra-se que a tecnologia produz diferentes padrões de ações nas sociedades em que é incorporada comercialmente. Esses padrões de ações são reflexo de parecidos, porém distintos, contextos políticos, econômicos e sociais, em que a mobilização e contestação social merecem destaque / Abstract: The commercial use of transgenic seeds in agriculture since the end of the 20th century and its disseminated use in the beginning of the 21st century lead not only to radical changes in the world's agriculture sector, now technologized in all spheres of the productive process, but also to radical changes into the concepts of seeds and life, with economic, social and environmental impacts that remain open. The use of transgenics in the world is comprehended as a strategic element of a domination process, as a trigger of social and political conflicts, so as an element of rupture of many references. The thesis analyses the commercial introduction of transgenics seeds in the Brazilian and Argentinean societies since 1990 (especially after Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Carlos Menem were elected). As fundamental elements of this analysis, reference is made to the construction of transgenics as a socioenvironmental problem in Brazil through the following aspects: the organizational model of the Brazilian civil society and the consequences of its mobilization, the construction of the national policy on biosafety, and the development of biotechnology research. In regard to Argentina, the thesis touches upon the expansion of the soy model, the technical and political decision making process regarding biotechnology and biosafety, the intricacies of the participation and political dialogue among the Argentinean organized civil society and the technical and political decision making agencies and processes. The thesis illustrates that the technology produces different patterns of action on the societies it is commercially incorporated. These patterns reveal similar but diverse political, economical and social contexts, wherein the social resistanceand mobilization are issues are emphasized / Doutorado / Aspectos Sociais de Sustentabilidade e Conservação / Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade

Orientador: Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T18:14:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Quintella_MonicaCaldeira_D.pdf: 2552197 bytes, checksum: 80a8982109c92b87378be637c2d6003e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A problemática de segurança do trabalho, que envolve o ser humano e o ambiente de trabalho, tem sido estudada continuamente. A segurança no trabalho nem sempre é tratada com o cuidado e a atenção que merece, e a conseqüência desta falta de atenção pode gerar problemas de perdas graves para o homem e para o meio ambiente. Ferramentas da área de Engenharia de Segurança de Sistemas foram desenvolvidas para atender, principalmente, a indústria química na identificação dos riscos de processos e operações. Estas técnicas estruturadas minimizam e controlam os riscos através do seu gerenciamento, e vêm sendo estudadas para aplicação em outras áreas. Dentre as técnicas de análise de risco, o HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) tem-se apresentado eficiente, visando a minimização dos possíveis incidentes e acidentes, tanto em processos industriais, como em outras áreas. Na área de serviços de saúde, existe uma ausência de trabalhos que apontam o uso de técnicas estruturadas para identificar riscos existentes. Isto se torna um sério problema, pois afeta o gerenciamento de risco em biossegurança, expondo funcionários a condições favoráveis a acidentes de trabalho e doenças ocupacionais crônicas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo adaptar, implementar e avaliar a técnica de análise de risco HAZOP em uma nova aplicação, na área de serviço de saúde - Hemocentro/UNICAMP. Um método qualitativo complementar, Técnica de Análise de percepções dos agentes envolvidos, foi também aplicado para aprofundar a avaliação dos resultados do HAZOP. Além disso, está sendo realizada uma comparação entre a nova técnica HAZOP, com a técnica de Análise Preliminar de Risco (APR) modificada por QUINTELLA (2006) e que foi aplicada na mesma área de estudo. Os resultados gerais apresentaram que o HAZOP adaptado, proposto foi adequado e indicaram que 60% das atividades são de risco crítico, associado a falhas de equipamentos, de procedimentos e humanas. A análise complementar dos resultados do HAZOP enfocou as percepções e opiniões das pessoas envolvidas, ajudando a solucionar problemas e identificar riscos, reforçando a biossegurança da área avaliada. Foi verificado ainda que o HAZOP modificado mostrou-se uma ferramenta versátil e capaz de identificar adequadamente os riscos existentes nas áreas de serviço de saúde detectando tanto falhas técnicas como humanas / Abstract: The issue of safety at work, which involves the human being and working environment, has been studied continuously. Safety at work is not always treated with attention it deserves, and the consequence of this lack of awareness can lead to serious problems to the man, and to the environment. Tools of the Engineering Safety Systems are designed to meet mainly the chemical industry in the risk identification processes and operations. These structured techniques minimize and control risk through its management, and have been studied for application in other areas. Among the techniques of risk analysis, the HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) has been presented as a tool to identify, analyze and propose corrective and preventive actions, aiming at minimizing the possible incidents and accidents in industrial processes and other areas. In the health services area, there is a lack of studies that link the use of structured techniques to identify risks. This becomes a serious problem as it affects the management of biosafety risk, exposing employees to conditions that facilitate labor accidents and chronic occupational illness. The aim of this work is to adapt, implement and evaluate the technique of risk analysis HAZOP in a new application in the health service area - Blood Bank/ UNICAMP. A complementary qualitative method, Technical Analysis of perceptions of stakeholders, was also applied to further investigate the results obtained from the new HAZOP technique. Futhermore, the new HAZOP is compared with the technique of Preliminary Risk Analysis (PRA) modified by QUINTELLA (2006) and was applied in the same study area. The overall results showed that the adapted HAZOP was appropriate and indicated that 60% of activities of critical risk are associated with equipment, procedural and human failures. The additional analysis of results of HAZOP technique focused on the perceptions and opinions of the people involved, helping to solve some problems and identify risks, improving the biosafety area evaluated. It was also verified that modified HAZOP proved to be versatile and able to properly identify the risks in areas of health service, detecting both human and technical failures / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Synthetic biology has been defined as: “the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems, and the re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes” (syntheticbiology.org). The convergence of scientific fields such as molecular biology, computer science and others have rendered it a natural progression, based on existing knowledge.The fact that humanity has reached a stage of development where it seems feasible to “create” life, or design it to a high degree of specificity, is a significant milestone in its history. It generates important ethical questions: Is synthetic biology something good, a natural use of humanity’s talents, or is it a step towards megalomania, playing God, a usurpation of his role? Is it really a natural progression, nature advancing to a state where its products can, in turn, improve nature itself; or does it challenge the dignity of nature by virtue of its “unnaturalness”? Is it an expression of the creative talent of humanity, thus enhancing human dignity, and perhaps that of all life, or does it challenge the dignity of life itself? Regarding its potential consequences, it may, if it succeeds, lead humanity to a new level of development, a paradigm shift comparable with the scientific or industrial revolutions, through a vast increase in scientific knowledge, and subsequent technological developments in all relevant areas, including medicine, food production and fuel development. However, there is potential for serious accidents if synthetic organisms interact with naturally occurring ones, possibly affecting the future course of evolution. Synthetic biology also offers the possibility of creating ever more powerful weapons, more easily than ever before; the technology is reaching a stage where any interested members of the public may be able to create weapons of mass destruction. Synbio is a dual use technology, offering potential for both good and evil. Its potential for either appears to be greater than any other technology that has existed.In this thesis I evaluate the ethics of synthetic biology from the following ethical perspectives – deontology, consequentialism and theology. I am approaching it from several viewpoints so as to give as wide an analysis of the issues as possible. I also evaluate the effectiveness of these standard ethical tools for evaluating synbio ethics. In addition, I examine whether ethics should be more deeply integrated into the day-to-day scientific research in synbio. As a secondary study, I discuss regulation, the main legal issue that synthetic biology generates.

Esta dissertação analisa como o Direito, do ponto de vista da biossegurança, tem mediado as divergências inerentes à inserção de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGMs) no meio ambiente e como tem tratado seus impactos na natureza em relação às futuras gerações. Para estudar esse tema, analisa-se o princípio da precaução como critério para a liberação desses OGMs. Percebe-se que a efetividade do princípio da precaução exige a aplicação do direito à informação, utilizado como ferramenta essencial para que a sociedade tenha pleno conhecimento para uma escolha consciente do que consome. A utilização do princípio da precaução e do direito à informação na inserção dos OGMs recebe, neste trabalho, a ênfase na proteção das futuras gerações, com um recorte teórico nos ensinamentos de Jürgen Habermas a respeito do “Futuro da Natureza Humana” e de Hans Jonas à luz do “Princípio Responsabilidade”. O tema discutido neste trabalho encontra aderência com a linha de pesquisa “Direito Ambiental, Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento Socioeconômico” do mestrado em Direito, pois apresenta de forma transversal discussões sobre possíveis impactos da inserção de OGMs no meio ambiente e, consequentemente, reflexos para as futuras gerações. Estas análises poderão subsidiar o aperfeiçoamento de políticas públicas, das teorias relacionadas ao direito ambiental, e ainda, possibilitar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico de forma que sejam minimizados os riscos para as futuras gerações. O método utilizado é qualitativo e de caráter descritivo, e a estratégia de pesquisa adotada é a bibliográfica. Como resultado, conclui-se pela necessidade de mudança ética nas atividades humanas, permitindo que se pense nas atuais e nas futuras gerações, de forma a buscar um meio ambiente equilibrado e sadio para todos. Percebese, no entanto, a falta de cautela na inserção dos OGMs no meio ambiente e a pouca informação que os mesmos possuem, principalmente no que se refere aos possíveis riscos para a saúde e meio ambiente. Por isso, é importante que se tenha maiores informações sobre os organismos geneticamente modificados, juntamente com uma fiscalização pelos órgãos de proteção do meio ambiente, para que todo cidadão possa ficar mais atento em relação ao que deseja consumir ou não. / This master's dissertation analyzes how the Law, from the point of view of biosafety, has mediated the differences inherent in the inclusion of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment and how it has treated its impacts on nature to future generations. To study this issue, it analyzes the precautionary principle as a criterion for releasing these GMOs. It is noticed that the effectiveness of the precautionary principle requires the application of the right to information, which is used as an essential tool for society to have full knowledge to a conscious choice than it consumes. The use of the precautionary principle and the right to information in the insertion of GMOs receives, in this work, the emphasis on the protection of future generations, with a theoretical cut the thesis of Jürgen Habermas about the "Future of Human Nature" and the theory of Hans Jonas about the "Principle of Responsibility". The topic discussed in this work is compliance with the line of research "Environmental Law, Public Policy and Socio-Economic Development" of the Master in Law, since it has transversely discussions on possible GMOs insertion of impacts on the environment and hence effects for future generations. These analyzes will support the improvement of public policies, theories related to environmental Law, and also enable the socio-economic development in a way that risks are minimized for future generations. The method used is qualitative and descriptive, and the research strategy adopted is to literature. As a result, concludes the need for ethical change in human activities, allowing them to think about the present and future generations, in order to seek a means balanced and healthy environment for all. It is understood, however, lack of caution in the insertion of GMOs on the environment and the little information that they have, especially with regard to possible risks to health and the environment. So it is important to have more information on genetically modified organisms, along with an inspection by the environmental protection agencies, so that every citizen can become more careful about what they want to eat or not.

Laboratórios de biossegurança são classificados em quatro níveis de risco (1 a 4), sendo constituídos de combinações de práticas e técnicas de laboratório, equipamento de segurança e instalações do laboratório. Cada combinação é especificamente adequada para as operações realizadas, vias de transmissões documentadas ou suspeitas de agentes infecciosos e em monitoramento das atividades de laboratórios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de tornar possível a construção de laboratórios de Biossegurança Nível 3 (NB3) com baixo custo, mantendo-se as condições mínimas de biossegurança no aspecto da engenharia. Como resultado seis laboratórios NB3 foram construídos para o projeto da FAPESP, denominado Rede de Diversidade Genética Viral (VGDN), com finalidade de diagnóstico de vírus respiratórios e mais uma laboratório para o Ministério da Agricultura, situado no LANAGRO de Pernambuco na cidade de Recife. / Biosafety laboratories are classified into four levels of risk (1 to 4), and consist of combinations of laboratory practices and techniques, safety equipment and facilities of the laboratory. Each combination is particularly suitable for the operations; routes of transmission documented or suspected infectious agents in tracking the activities of laboratories. The objective of this work was to make possible the construction of laboratories for Biosafety Level 3 (BSL3) with low cost, remaining the minimum conditions of biosecurity in the aspect of engineering. As results were built six laboratories BSL3 of FAPESP for the project, called Viral Genetics Diversity Network (VGDN), with the purpose of diagnosis of respiratory viruses and another laboratory for the Ministério da Agricultura, located in LANAGRO of Pernambuco in the city of Recife.

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Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento y actitudes de los estudiantes de odontología en una universidad de Lima – Perú, frente a la atención de paciente con VIH/SIDA y las normas de bioseguridad. Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 34 personas encuestadas. Utilizamos instrumentos identificados en la literatura científica y que habían sido previamente validados y adaptados. Se obtuvo la estadística descriptiva, que incluye frecuencia y porcentaje de las variables cualitativas. Para el análisis bivariado se trabajó con la prueba exacta de Fisher para determinar las asociaciones estadísticas entre las variables de estudio cualitativas. Se presentan exploraciones de correlaciones entre las variables más importantes. Resultados: Todos los encuestados tuvieron puntajes aprobatorios y actitudes favorables hacia el VIH/SIDA y el tratamiento de pacientes con este diagnóstico. Por más que todos los alumnos hallan aprobado, muchos aprobaron con un resultado bajo o casi llegando a ser desaprobados. Además, no se pudo completar el numero necesario de encuestas debido a problemas por la pandemia del COVID-19. Conclusiones: Si bien los resultados las encuestas realizadas que se hicieron fueron con resultado aprobatorio y favorable, el hecho que haya habido un impedimento, como la pandemia del COVID-19, para poder llegar a conseguir la muestra completa de encuestas, pudo haber hecho que el resultado no sea el definitivo, por lo que se optó por realizar un estudio preliminar para que en un futuro se pueda investigar a mayor profundidad. / Objective: To evaluate the level of knowledge and attitudes of dental students at a university in Lima – Peru, regarding the care of patients with HIV / AIDS and biosafety standards. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 34 people surveyed. We used instruments identified in the scientific literature and that had been previously validated and adapted. Descriptive statistics were obtained, which includes frequency and percentage for qualitative variables. For the bivariate analysis, Fisher's exact test was used to determine the statistical associations between the qualitative study variables. Explorations of correlations between the most important variables are presented. Results: All respondents had passing scores and favorable attitudes towards HIV / AIDS and the treatment of patients with this diagnosis. As much as all the students have passed, many passed with a low or almost failing result. In addition, the necessary number of surveys could not be completed due to problems due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: Although the results of the surveys that were carried out were with an approving and favorable result, the fact that there has been an impediment, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, to be able to get the complete sample of surveys, could have made that the result is not the final one, so it was decided to carry out a preliminary study so that in the future it can be investigated in greater depth. / Tesis

yes / Introduction Combining Contents with Strategy: A Case for Team-Based Learning. The term "biosecurity‟ has been used in many different contexts for many different purposes. The present Handbook uses the concept of "biosecurity‟ (or biological security) to mean successful minimising of the risks that the biological sciences will be deliberately or accidentally misused in a way which causes harm for humans, animals, plants or the environment, including through awareness and understanding of the risks. Biosecurity thus involves a complex and rapidly evolving set of issues that concern a broad range of stakeholders: policy makers, legislators, industry, academia, the security community, science educators, life science students and practitioners, and the general public.1 Addressing those issues requires continuous cooperation among all concerned parties, that is, biosecurity awareness is a responsibility incumbent upon all. The need for fostering awareness of biological security among those engaged in the life sciences has been widely acknowledged in various fora and, as a result, over the past few years a number of important initiatives have been carried out, designed to further education about the broader social, ethical, security and legal implications of cutting-edge biotechnology.2 The chief objective of the present Handbook is to complement those efforts by combining teaching material in biological security with an active learning training approach – Team-Based Learning (TBL) – to empower educators, students and practitioners as they begin to engage with biological security. The Handbook seeks to supplement the Guide "Preventing Biological Threats: What You Can Do‟ by providing its users with tips and insights into how to implement its content in different educational settings. Part 5 of the Guide introduces the reader to the value of active learning in the context of biosecurity education and training. Chapter 20 in particular details the implementation of the TBL format at an interactive biosecurity seminar and the results achieved by the seminar participants. Consequently, the Handbook aims to: i. Highlight the strengths of the TBL format in teaching biological security. ii. Provide practical guidance on how to organise, run, and facilitate TBL biosecurity seminars. iii. Offer sample sets of exercises based on the individual chapters of the Guide. iv. Explain how each set of exercises can be used for achieving specific learning objectives. Each chapter of the Handbook introduces the reader to a key concept discussed in the respective chapter of the Guide and elaborates on the specific learning objectives, which the TBL exercises are aimed at. Each set comprises Individual and Team Readiness Assurance Test questions, and Application Exercises in the form of multiple-choice problem-solving tasks and practical scenarios (see below). A growing body of evidence suggests that the use of active learning approaches to teaching and training can significantly enhance the effectiveness of education programmes.3 Part of the reason behind this trend is the fact that active learning strategies aid the learner in „unlocking‟ their existing knowledge and linking new subject matter to their established conceptual framework.4 In other words, through case studies, scenarios, problem-solving games, role plays, and simulations – to name few examples of active learning methods – learners are prompted to think critically, reflect and develop understanding of unfamiliar concepts. Active learning approaches allow fostering a learner-centred environment where the learner rather than the instructor is at the centre of the activities taking place in the classroom.5 The Handbook focuses on a specific format of active learning instruction – Team Based Learning (TBL). This is a special form of collaborative learning which uses a specific sequence of individual work, group work, and immediate feedback to create a motivational framework, whereby the focus is shifted from conveying concepts by the instructor to the application of concepts by student teams.6 TBL is an easy-to-replicate, user-friendly approach, that can be applied in many different educational settings at various stages of instruction, and for different purposes. It enables the instructor to cover new material in a way that engages learners as active participants, allowing them to take ownership of their own learning, and develop reflection and self-evaluation skills.