Biscuits were prepared from eighteen different recipe formulations. The biscuits were made from flour containing 7.53%, 8.99%, and 10.05% protein with 30, 40, and 50 grams of shortening and 0 or 2.2 grams of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Biscuit quality was assessed by objective and sensory evaluation. The caloric content of the biscuits was also determined by bomb calorimetry. No significant differences were detected in biscuit volume, crumb and crust color, or tenderness. The biscuits prepared with lower levels of shortening were moister than the biscuits prepared with higher levels of shortening. Wo significant differences were found by sensory panelists with regard to evenness of exterior color, aroma, evenness of cell structure, size of cell structure, interior color, center moistness, tenderness, biscuit flavor, or aftertaste. Flakiness and exterior color were found to be significantly different. Biscuits with added MCC were detected to be less flaky. Biscuits prepared from medium protein level flour and low-shortening with MCC were darker than high-shortening biscuits without MCC. High-protein, high-shortening biscuits with MCC were darker than medium-protein, high-shortening biscuits without MCC. The caloric content of the biscuits prepared with lower amounts of shortening was found to be significantly less than biscuits prepared with the higher levels of shortening. In conclusion, high quality biscuits can be produced from flour of varying protein content with less shortening and without the incorporation of MCC. / Master of Science

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 21 mars 2024) / L'ordonnancement en milieu agroalimentaire est complexe. En effet, les planificateurs doivent prendre en compte de nombreuses contraintes comme les allergènes, la disponibilité des ingrédients et de la main-d'oeuvre. Ceci devient rapidement une tâche complexe, surtout quand les horaires de production doivent être refaits à la moindre perturbation (nouvelle commande, retard dans l'arrivée des matières premières, etc.). C'est pourquoi il est naturel de faciliter la tâche de ceux-ci grâce à des outils d'aide à la décision comme des modèles d'optimisation. Les problèmes d'ordonnancement de la production sont étudiés depuis longtemps dans la littérature scientifique. Plus récemment, *Ku et Beck* ont démontré le potentiel du paradigme de la programmation par contraintes sur le problème d'ordonnancement d'atelier (*Job-shop Scheduling Problem*). Ceci et le fait que très peu d'articles combinent l'utilisation de la programmation par contraintes aux problèmes d'ordonnancement dans le milieu agroalimentaire ont motivé ces travaux de recherche. Dans ce mémoire, l'utilisation de la programmation par contraintes sur des problèmes d'ordonnancement tirés de l'entreprise *Biscuits Leclerc* a été étudiée. Également, d'autres techniques d'optimisation comme la recherche locale à voisinage large ont été utilisées. Les contributions de la recherche sont autant au niveau scientifique en remplissant un trou existant dans la littérature qu'au niveau industriel en résolvant un problème auquel fait face *Biscuits Leclerc* quotidiennement. / The scheduling in the food industry is complex. Indeed, planners must take into account many constraints such as the presence of allergens, the availability of ingredients, and employees. This quickly becomes a complex task, especially when production schedules have to be redone at the slightest disruption (new orders, delays in the arrival of raw materials, etc.). This is why it is natural to make their task easier with the help of decision support tools such as optimization models. Production scheduling problems have been studied for a long time in the scientific literature. More recently, *Ku and Beck* demonstrated the potential of the constraint programming paradigm on the Job-shop Scheduling Problem. This and the fact that very few articles combine the use of constraint programming with scheduling problems in the food industry have motivated the current research work. In this master thesis, the use of constraint programming on scheduling problems taken from the company *Biscuits Leclerc* have been studied. Also, other optimization techniques such as Large Neighborhood Search were used. The contributions of the research are as much at the scientific level by filling an existing gap in the literature as at the industrial level by solving a problem that *Biscuits Leclerc* faces in their everyday life.

Cette thèse retrace l’histoire de la biscuiterie Huntley and Palmers, implantée à Reading de 1841 à 1977. Elle étudie le développement de l’entreprise à travers ses successives innovations et modernisations, d’une firme familiale traditionnelle à une entreprise moderne qui finit absorbée par de plus grands groupes. Ce travail examine l’impact de ce géant de l’industrie biscuitière sur la société britannique et plus largement le monde à travers une étude de sa production alimentaire ainsi que de sa production visuelle, en mobilisant des éléments de culture matérielle des archives officielles de la firme ainsi que d’autres fonds originaux. La thèse étudie également en profondeur la question du paternalisme tel qu’il est pratiqué par Huntley and Palmers, afin de re-situer ces pratiques et l’idéologie qui les motive dans un contexte national. Elle évalue ces pratiques à l’aune des différentes variétés de paternalisme existantes et retrace l’évolution d’une forme de paternalisme typique du dix-neuvième siècle vers un « nouveau paternalisme » institutionnalisé puis un « post-paternalisme » propre aux entreprises modernes. Enfin, le travail porte un intérêt tout particulier à mêler la perspective des employeurs à celle des employés, afin de dépasser la vision de l’entreprise donnée par les archives officielles. / This thesis recounts the history of the Huntley and Palmers biscuit company, based in Reading from 1841 to 1977. It examines the development of the company through the successive innovations and modernisations, from the traditional family firm to the modern firm that would eventually be absorbed by larger groups. This work studies the impact of the biscuit giant on British society and on the world at large by a survey of its production, in terms of food as well as visual production, by using elements of material culture present in the company’s official archives as well as original collections. It also investigates the question of paternalism and paternalist practices at Huntley and Palmers’, so as to locate these measures and the ideology behind them in a national context. These practices are assessed in the light of the different varieties of paternalism and enable us to map the evolution from a typical nineteenth-century brand of paternalism towards institutionalised “new paternalism” followed by a form of “post-paternalism” characteristic of modern companies. Finally, the thesis lays emphasis on combining the employers’ perspective with that of the employees in order to go beyond the vision of the company that transpires from the official archives.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-13T19:28:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NILCIMELLY RODRIGUES DONATO – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 1910403 bytes, checksum: cb3125ef7977ff3d0eccce0d6bbe3ace (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T19:28:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NILCIMELLY RODRIGUES DONATO – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 1910403 bytes, checksum: cb3125ef7977ff3d0eccce0d6bbe3ace (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / As microalgas possuem substâncias químicas e nutricionais de relevância na evolução humana, destacando-se a Spirulinapor sua alta concentraçãode proteínas e compostos nutracêuticos. A pesquisa se propôs a verificar, entre três métodos de secagem, o que melhor preserva as propriedades nutritivas da Spirulina. Entre a secagem convectiva, liofilização e aspersão, selecionou-se a biomassa secada com melhores propriedades químicas e nutricionais e se desenvolveram biscoitos tipo cookiesadicionados com Spirulina. Para esta pesquisa foram realizadas análises de controle dequalidade, incluindo parâmetros físicos, químicos, físico-químicos e microbiológicos da Spirulinain natura e seca. Além disso, fez-se o ensaio do armazenamento durante 60 dias em temperaturas de 30 e 40 ºC do melhor pó determinado de acordo com as análises citadas anteriormente. Por fim, desenvolveram-se formulações com diferentes concentrações de Spirulinade biscoitos tipo cookies, as quais foram submetidas a análises físicas, químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. A Spirulinain natura apresentou alto teor de água (86,79%), alto valor de atividade de água (0,985), baixa concentração de proteínas (5,87%) e alto valor de ácido ascórbico (60,67 mg/100 g). O melhor modelo ajustado às curvas de cinética de secagem convectiva em três temperaturas diferentes (40, 50 e 60 °C) foi o de Midilli. A observação das imagens por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou que as partículas da biomassa gerada pelos métodos de secagem em estufa e liofilização não apresentaram uniformidade quando comparadas às partículas secadas por aspersão. O modelo que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais das isotermas de adsorção, a 20, 30, e 40 ºC, da biomassa, foi o de Peleg. As isotermas foram classificadas como do tipo II e III. As análises físico-químicas realizadas com biomassa sinalizaram que o método que melhor conservou os nutrientes foi por liofilização tendo em vista que apresentou maior concentração de proteínas, lipídios, ácido ascórbico, fibras e aminoácidos, e melhores resultados nas isotermas, nos três modelos matemáticos. A biomassa obtida por este método foi armazenada por 60 dias e demonstrou estabilidade quanto ao teor de água, aumento discreto na atividade de água, diminuição na luminosidade e intensidade de amarelo além de aumento na intensidade deverde. Todas as análises microbiológicas apresentaram resultados que estiveram dentro da legislação nacional vigente. Nos biscoitos, com o aumento do percentual de Spirulinana formulação, houve um aumento no percentual proteico do biscoito além de incremento em minerais, quando comparado ao biscoito produzido apenas com a farinha refinada. As análises sensoriais demonstraram que as maiores notas foram atribuídas ao biscoitopadrão com farinha de trigo refinada. O biscoito padrão e o biscoito com 5% de Spirulinaforam preferidos com a mesma intensidade. Conclui-se que o melhor método de secagem para conservação dos nutrientes da Spirulina foi a liofilização. A caracterização de enriquecimento se dá ao biscoito adicionado de 15% de Spirulinacuja adição de 5% de Spirulinaem biscoito poderá ser aceita pela população. / Microalgae have chemical and nutritional substances of relevance in human evolution, there is the Spirulinafor its high concentration of proteins and nutraceutical compounds. The research proposed to verify, between three drying methods, which one best preserves the nutritional properties of Spirulina. Between the convective drying, freeze drying and spray drying, was selected the dried biomass, with better chemical and nutritional properties and developed cookies added with Spirulina. For this study, quality control analyses were performed including physical, chemical, physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the different forms of presentation of Spirulina, fresh and dry. In addition, a study was made of the best powders stored for 60 days in the temperatures of 30 and 40 °C determined according to the analysis mentioned above. Finally, it was developed cookies with different concentrations of Spirulina, which were subjected to analyses: physical, chemical, physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory. It was found in investigations that fresh Spirulinahas a high moisture content (86.79%) and water activity (0.985); low concentration of proteins(5.87%) and high value of ascorbic acid (60.67 mg/100 g). The best method adjusted to kinetics curves of convective drying at three different temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C) was Midilli. The observation of images by scanning electron microscopy showedthat the biomass particles generated by drying methods in greenhouses and lyophilisation are not uniform when compared to the dried particles by spray drying. The model that best fit the experimental data of moisture adsorption isotherms to biomass, at 20, 30, and 40 °C, was Peleg. The isotherms were classified as type II and III. The physicochemical analyses with biomass showed that the method that best preserved the nutrients was by lyophilisation in view that presented the highest concentration of proteins, lipids, ascorbic acid, fiber and amino acids, and better results in the isotherms in the three mathematical models. Biomass obtained by this method was stored for 60 days and demonstrated stability for in terms of moisture content, a slight increase in water activity, reduction in brightness and yellowness, as well as increase in greenness. All microbiological analysis showed results that were within the existing national legislation. In the cookies, with the increase in the percentage of Spirulinain the formulation, there was an increased percentage of protein cookie, and mineral increase when compared to the biscuits produced only with the refined flour. Sensory analysis showed that the highest scores were attributed to the standard cookie with refined wheat flour. Standard cookie and cookie with 5% Spirulinawere preferred with the same intensity. It was conclude that the best drying method for conservation of Spirulina nutrients was lyophilisation. The characterization enrichment takes the biscuit added 15% Spirulinawhich the addition of 5% Spirulinacookie may be accepted by the public.

MACIEL, Leda Maria Braga. Utilização da farinha de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L.) no processamento de biscoito tipo "cracker": características físico-químicas, nutricionais e sensoriais. 2006. 114 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2007 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-14T12:42:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_lmbmaciel.pdf: 804159 bytes, checksum: 2b2647c88c25b89e0143d09c7da2e8e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-14T12:42:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_lmbmaciel.pdf: 804159 bytes, checksum: 2b2647c88c25b89e0143d09c7da2e8e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T12:42:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_lmbmaciel.pdf: 804159 bytes, checksum: 2b2647c88c25b89e0143d09c7da2e8e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / In the last decade the consumption of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is increasing and awaking the interest of many searchers because it contains functional compounds as alphalinolenic acid, lignans and fibers related to its beneficial potential for health. Several studies confirmed the benefits of food enriched with flaxseed in prevention and treatment of several diseases as vascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, lupus, symptoms of menopause and post menopause, constipation, etc. The purpose of this work was to develop biscuits like cracker, added 10%, 15% and 20% of flaxseed flour (CL10, CL15 and CL20) from the formulation without addition of flaxseed flour (CSL) and evaluate its physical, chemical, instrumental, rheological and sensory characteristics. The flaxseed flour provoked significant changes in rheology of dough, improving the thickness, length and width parameters of crackers. The Tuckey test showed that the humidity of sample CL10 didn’t differ to the level (p<0,5) of crackers CSL, CL15 and CL20, however the CSL cracker differed of CL15 and CL20 crackers. The most meaningful changes in the composition of crackers were verified in lipids and protein content. All crackers with addition of flaxseed flour showed darker than CSL cracker. 96 panelists as for appearance, color, flavor, texture, global acceptance, purchase intent and ideal scale for texture assessed the acceptability of crackers. There was a meaningful difference among the formulations (p<0,5) in all attributes, excepting CSL and CL20 crackers. The results of purchase intent suggested that the consumers had a major interest on acquisition of CL15 crackers. The addition of flaxseed flour provoked significant increases on protein, mineral salts and fibers contents of crackers, transforming them in a product with high content of alimentary fibers. / Na última década o consumo de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L.) vem aumentando e despertando o interesse de muitos pesquisadores, porque ela contém combinações funcionais como o ácido linolênico (ALA), lignanas e fibras que estão relacionados ao seu potencial benéfico à saúde. Vários estudos comprovaram os benefícios da alimentação suplementada com linhaça na prevenção e tratamento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas: doenças vasculares, câncer, diabetes, artrite, lúpus, sintomas da menopausa e pósmenopausa, constipação, entre outros. Assim o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver biscoitos tipo cracker, adicionados de 10%, 15% e 20% de farinha de linhaça (CL10, CL15 e CL20) a partir de uma formulação sem adição de farinha de linhaça (CSL) e avaliar suas características físicas, químicas, instrumentais, reológicas e sensoriais. A farinha de linhaça provocou mudanças significativas na reologia da massa, melhorando os parâmetros de espessura, comprimento e largura dos biscoitos. O teste de Tuckey mostrou que a umidade da amostra CL10 não diferiu ao nível de 5% de significância dos biscoitos CSL, CL15 e CL20, entretanto o CSL diferiu (p<0,05) da CL15 e CL20. As modificações mais significativas na composição dos biscoitos foram verificadas nos teores de lipídios e proteínas. Todos os crackers com adição de farinha de linhaça apresentaram-se mais escuros que o CSL. A aceitabilidade dos crackers foi avaliada por 96 provadores, quanto à aparência, cor, sabor, textura, aceitação geral, intenção de compra e escala do ideal para dureza. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para todos os atributos, entre as formulações, com exceção das formulações CSL e CL20. Os resultados de intenção de compra sugeriram que os consumidores tiveram maior interesse na aquisição dos crackers com adição de 15% de farinha de linhaça. A adição de farinha de linhaça provocou aumento significativo nos teores de proteínas, sais minerais e fibras, tornando os biscoitos em um produto com alto teor de fibra alimentar.

Orientador: Jaime Amaya-Farfan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-29T04:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcilio_Roberto_M.pdf: 6541964 bytes, checksum: b91b4bce4bb28c3f375e616c8ef63f68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: O único tratamento efetivo para as pessoas celíacas é a remoção total da dieta de produtos contendo glutén, ou seja, elaborados com grãos considerados tóxicos. Essa remoção é tarefa dificil devido à grande quantidade de produtos industrializados e caseiros preparados através desses cereais / Abstract: The only effective treatment to people celiacs is the total removal of the diet of products containing gluten, which is made with grains considered toxic. This removal is difficult task because of the large amount of manufactured goods and homemade prepared by the batch / Mestrado / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-12T13:56:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna de Oliveira Tavares - 2014.pdf: 1252047 bytes, checksum: 5ac42551628afe8edb2fb4003ca5ed29 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-12T13:58:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna de Oliveira Tavares - 2014.pdf: 1252047 bytes, checksum: 5ac42551628afe8edb2fb4003ca5ed29 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-12T13:58:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna de Oliveira Tavares - 2014.pdf: 1252047 bytes, checksum: 5ac42551628afe8edb2fb4003ca5ed29 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cookie is a product consumed internationally for all social classes, obtained by mixing flour(s), starch(s) with other ingredients, undergo the process of kneading and cooking, fermented or not. The present study aimed to use of co-products from rice and soybeans, the cookies donut type production for celiac patients, also adding more value commodities (rice bran, grits and okara) that in most industries are discarded. First, we performed experiments with mixtures (Simplex) and evaluated physical and chemical analysis of the experimental and commercial biscuit, biscuit being chosen for the sensory analysis that came closest commercial biscuit. Upon sensory evaluation, only one formulation was evaluated for 10 months during the storage test. The results showed that the biscuit developed with okara and rice bran showed no significant difference (p> 0.05), with the commercial biscuit, as to the questions of appearance, color, flavor and aroma; the moisture, ash, lipids and energy value of both biscuits, were significantly influenced by the factors type interactions of biscuit and storage time (p <0.05), whereas protein and carbohydrates suffered influence, significantly, only the time factor alone (p <0.05); in relation to protein digestibility, there was a significant difference (p <0.05) between the two product reviews (experimental Cookie - 71.64% and commercial biscuit - 73.24%), which does not mean that the cookie does not have good experimental in vitro digestibility. Therefore, the experimental cookie, using the co-products of rice and soybean was feasible from a technological and nutritional standpoint, being a product that caters to the public in patients with celiac disease. / O biscoito é um produto consumido, internacionalmente, por todas as classes sociais, obtido pela mistura de farinha(s), amido(s) e/ou fécula(s), com outros ingredientes, submetidos a processos de amassamento e cocção, fermentados ou não. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, o aproveitamento dos co-produtos do arroz e da soja, na elaboração de biscoitos tipo rosquinha para pacientes celíacos, agregando, também, maior valor as matérias primas (farelo de arroz, quirera e okara) que, na maioria das indústrias, são descartadas. Primeiramente, foi realizado delineamento de misturas (Simplex) e avaliadas análises físicas e químicas do biscoito experimental e comercial, sendo o biscoito escolhido para a análise sensorial os que mais se aproximaram do biscoito comercial. Após análise sensorial, apenas uma formulação foi avaliada, durante 10 meses, no decorrer do ensaio de armazenamento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o biscoito desenvolvido com okara e farelo de arroz não mostraram diferença significativa (p>0,05), com o biscoito comercial, quanto aos quesitos aparência, cor, sabor e aroma; os teores de umidade, cinzas, lipídeos e valor energético, de ambos os biscoitos, foram influenciados, significativamente, pelas interações dos fatores tipo de biscoito e tempo de armazenamento (p < 0,05), enquanto que o teor de proteínas e carboidratos sofreu influência, significativa, somente do fator isolado tempo (p < 0,05); em relação a digestibilidade protéica, houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os dois produtos avaliados (biscoito experimental – 71,64% e biscoito comercial – 73,24%), o que não significa que o biscoito experimental não possua boa digestibilidade in vitro. Portanto, o biscoito experimental, utilizando os co-produtos do arroz e da soja, foi viável do ponto de vista tecnológico e nutricional, sendo um produto que atende ao público de portadores de doença celíaca.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Na Ãltima dÃcada o consumo de linhaÃa (Linum usitatissimum L.) vem aumentando e despertando o interesse de muitos pesquisadores, porque ela contÃm combinaÃÃes funcionais como o Ãcido linolÃnico (ALA), lignanas e fibras que estÃo relacionados ao seu potencial benÃfico à saÃde. VÃrios estudos comprovaram os benefÃcios da alimentaÃÃo suplementada com linhaÃa na prevenÃÃo e tratamento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas: doenÃas vasculares, cÃncer, diabetes, artrite, lÃpus, sintomas da menopausa e pÃsmenopausa, constipaÃÃo, entre outros. Assim o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver biscoitos tipo cracker, adicionados de 10%, 15% e 20% de farinha de linhaÃa (CL10, CL15 e CL20) a partir de uma formulaÃÃo sem adiÃÃo de farinha de linhaÃa (CSL) e avaliar suas caracterÃsticas fÃsicas, quÃmicas, instrumentais, reolÃgicas e sensoriais. A farinha de linhaÃa provocou mudanÃas significativas na reologia da massa, melhorando os parÃmetros de espessura, comprimento e largura dos biscoitos. O teste de Tuckey mostrou que a umidade da amostra CL10 nÃo diferiu ao nÃvel de 5% de significÃncia dos biscoitos CSL, CL15 e CL20, entretanto o CSL diferiu (p<0,05) da CL15 e CL20. As modificaÃÃes mais significativas na composiÃÃo dos biscoitos foram verificadas nos teores de lipÃdios e proteÃnas. Todos os crackers com adiÃÃo de farinha de linhaÃa apresentaram-se mais escuros que o CSL. A aceitabilidade dos crackers foi avaliada por 96 provadores, quanto à aparÃncia, cor, sabor, textura, aceitaÃÃo geral, intenÃÃo de compra e escala do ideal para dureza. Houve diferenÃa significativa (p<0,05) para todos os atributos, entre as formulaÃÃes, com exceÃÃo das formulaÃÃes CSL e CL20. Os resultados de intenÃÃo de compra sugeriram que os consumidores tiveram maior interesse na aquisiÃÃo dos crackers com adiÃÃo de 15% de farinha de linhaÃa. A adiÃÃo de farinha de linhaÃa provocou aumento significativo nos teores de proteÃnas, sais minerais e fibras, tornando os biscoitos em um produto com alto teor de fibra alimentar. / In the last decade the consumption of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is increasing and awaking the interest of many searchers because it contains functional compounds as alphalinolenic acid, lignans and fibers related to its beneficial potential for health. Several studies confirmed the benefits of food enriched with flaxseed in prevention and treatment of several diseases as vascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, lupus, symptoms of menopause and post menopause, constipation, etc. The purpose of this work was to develop biscuits like cracker, added 10%, 15% and 20% of flaxseed flour (CL10, CL15 and CL20) from the formulation without addition of flaxseed flour (CSL) and evaluate its physical, chemical, instrumental, rheological and sensory characteristics. The flaxseed flour provoked significant changes in rheology of dough, improving the thickness, length and width parameters of crackers. The Tuckey test showed that the humidity of sample CL10 didnât differ to the level (p<0,5) of crackers CSL, CL15 and CL20, however the CSL cracker differed of CL15 and CL20 crackers. The most meaningful changes in the composition of crackers were verified in lipids and protein content. All crackers with addition of flaxseed flour showed darker than CSL cracker. 96 panelists as for appearance, color, flavor, texture, global acceptance, purchase intent and ideal scale for texture assessed the acceptability of crackers. There was a meaningful difference among the formulations (p<0,5) in all attributes, excepting CSL and CL20 crackers. The results of purchase intent suggested that the consumers had a major interest on acquisition of CL15 crackers. The addition of flaxseed flour provoked significant increases on protein, mineral salts and fibers contents of crackers, transforming them in a product with high content of alimentary fibers.

Orientador: Juliana Azevedo Lima-Pallone / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T21:26:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rebellato_AnaPaula_M.pdf: 1287593 bytes, checksum: 661e828d074dab6ac68c3fad61029313 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: No Brasil a ANVISA através da Resolução nº 344 de 2002, instituiu a obrigatoriedade do enriquecimento de farinhas de trigo e milho com ácido fólico e ferro. A deficiência de ferro é apontada como a principal causa da anemia ferropriva. A fortificação de alimentos com ferro é a estratégia indicada pelas instituições que atuam na área de saúde como a mais eficiente para o combate à anemia. Entretanto, a ingestão excessiva deste mineral está associada a danos oxidativos e tem sido relacionada com a manifestação de várias doenças. Dessa forma, o alcance dos objetivos dos programas de fortificação de alimentos está relacionado à garantia da ingestão recomendada para os nutrientes adicionados e aos atributos físico-químicos, que devem ser monitorados no veículo utilizado e no produto final. Este trabalho teve como objetivos adequar e validar uma metodologia para a determinação de ferro em amostras de biscoitos elaborados com farinha de trigo fortificada, utilizando a técnica de Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com chama e acompanhar os parâmetros físico-químicos (umidade, acidez, índice de peróxido e teor de lipídeos) durante o período de estocagem (150 dias). O método para determinação do teor de ferro em biscoitos foi validado para os parâmetros precisão, seletividade, recuperação, sensibilidade, linearidade, limite de detecção (LD) e limite de quantificação (LQ) e se mostrou adequado. O teor médio de ferro presente nos biscoitos tipo cream cracker, água e sal, maisena e amanteigado foram: 5,0 a 8,6; 5,3 a 7,8; 2,5 a 6,8; 3,7 a 5,7 mg 100 g-1, respectivamente. Foi verificada diferença significativa entre lotes de mesma marca e entre marcas do mesmo tipo, através da ANOVA e do Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Para os parâmetros físico-químicos, os valores obtidos ao longo do período de estocagem variaram; umidade de 1,8 a 6,3%; acidez de 1,5 a 7,4 mg NaOH 0,1 mol L-1 100g-1; índice de peróxido de valor não detectado (nd) a 95,1 meq Kg-1 de gordura. Para o teor de lipídeos e ferro, o menor e o maior valor encontrado foram 9,8 e 18,0% e 2,1 e 9,2 mg 100 g-1, respectivamente. Foi possível verificar que existe diferença significativa entre os valores obtidos para cada lote de mesma marca ao longo do período de estocagem. Nenhum tipo de correlação entre a umidade e os valores de acidez presentes nas matrizes, foi observado, da mesma forma que não foi verificada nenhuma correlação entre o índice de peróxido e o teor de ferro. Notou-se que há necessidade de melhorar a qualidade dos ingredientes utilizados no preparo dos biscoitos a fim de manter um padrão de qualidade uniforme durante todo o período de validade. As variações observadas no teor de ferro indica a necessidade de uma legislação mais específica, estabelecendo concentrações (mínima e máxima) para o mineral utilizado na fortificação de farinha de trigo que estará presente em alimentos prontos para o consumo, a fim de garantir o sucesso da campanha de fortificação / Abstract: Through the resolution no. 344 of 2002, ANVISA (Brazilian Regulatory Institute) assigned the obligation of enriching wheat and corn flours with folic acid and iron. Iron deficiency is pointed out as the main cause of anemia, so food fortification with this mineral is the most efficient strategy indicated by the health institutions that work towards the combat of anemia. However, excessive ingestion of this mineral is associated with oxidative damages and has also been related to the occurrence of several diseases. So the fortification programs must guarantee the recommended intake, and not more than that, as well as to maintain the physicochemical attributes, by monitoring both the vehicle of fortification and the final product. This work redesigned and validated one methodology for iron determination in samples of biscuits produced with fortified wheat flour, by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). It also measured physicochemical parameters (moisture, acidity, peroxide index and fat content) during the storage period (150 days). The method for iron determination in biscuits is shown to be adequate and was validated for the parameters precision, sensibility, selectivity, recovery, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). The iron content in biscuits of the types cream cracker, salt and water, cornstarch cookies (maizena) and butter cookies were, respectively: 5.0 to 8.6, 5.3 to 7.8, 2.5 to 6.8, and 3.7 to 5.7 mg 100 g-1. ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0,05) were applied to verify if there was significant difference between batches of the same brand and among the brands of the same type of biscuits. For the physicochemical parameters, all the values obtained throughout the storage period varied. Moisture was from 1.8 to 6.3%; acidity was from 1.5 to 7.4 mg NaOH (0,1 mol.L-1) 100 g-1; peroxide index was form non-detectable (nd) to 95.1 meq Kg-1 of fat. The lowest and the highest values for fat content were 9.8 and 18% the range for iron was from 2.1 to 9.2 mg 100 g-1 for iron. There was significant difference between the values obtained for each batch of the same brand throughout the storage period. But there was no correlation between the moisture present in the matrix and the acidity values, neither there was between the peroxide index and iron content. It is necessary for the industries of biscuits to improve the stability of the ingredients to maintain uniformity during all the storage period. The observed variation of iron content indicates the need for a more specific legislation, which establishes minimum and maximum concentrations for the mineral added to fortify wheat flour, aiming to guarantee the success of the fortification campaign / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos

The main aims of this diploma thesis were to analyze the biscuits market at in-store area and to give some recommendations to Kraft Foods company, how to communicate in this media type in future. The diploma thesis consists of theoretical and methodological part and practical part. In the theoretical and methodological part, there are described terms related to the market, analysis of the market, customers' behaviour - its types, process and influencing factors. Also in this part the in-store communication, the subject, process and methods of marketing research are explained. The practical part is based on the theoretical and methodological part. It includes information about the biscuits market, Kraft Foods company, their competitors and customers. The Nielsen, Admosphere, MML, U&A data analyzes and author's own research, were realized and their results are summarized in this part. Author's own research was done by monitoring in-store areas in 6 hypermarkets and supermarkets. The results of all analyzes and of author's own research are summarized in the chapter Conclusion. Also the recommendations for Kraft Foods company are to be found there.