This project honors and recognizes the art and activism of four Black woman--Nina Simone, Nikki Giovanni, Elizabeth Catlett, and Ntozake Shange that contributed to the revolutionary movements of the 1960s through the early 1980s. This thesis examines the works and political challenges of Black women by asking what elements in their artistry/activism addressed issues specifically related to Black women's unique position in America during the Black Revolution and feminist movements? Both primary and secondary sources such as literature from advocates of the Black Arts Movements and the lyrics, poetry, and visual art of the four Black women artists were used to gain perspectives to answer the thesis major questions. The creative visions and activism of these Black women expressed the dire need for the issues of Black women to be heard and also to address all forms of oppression that Black women experience with race, gender, social or economic status, and even cultural identity. The works of these Black women were radical and were also cultural reflections of Black women embracing their idiosyncratic position as Black women despite the climate of perpetual deceptions used either by White Western ideologies or Black male chauvinism. This thesis concluded that when the concerns of Black women are attended to by their own strengths of character and merits, they are also able in return to contribute to their own self-empowerment as well as to the development of racial, gender, and community uplift.

A pesquisa apresenta um inventário das obras literárias produzidas por romancistas negras afro-americanas e afro-brasileiras, publicadas no mercado editorial brasileiro. Investiga como autoras afro-americanas Maya Angelou e Zora Neale Hurston e as afro-brasileiras Carolina Maria de Jesus e Conceição Evaristo, representam em suas obras as suas escolhas afetivas. Examina as experiências individuais das autoras, analisa como o tema da afetividade é tratado em suas produções usando como eixo central o trabalho comparativo entre as autoras escolhidas e investiga sobre a relação de gênero, raça x autoria na construção de intelectuais negras, tendo como fio condutor a perspectiva comparatista na narrativa literária / The research summarizes the works of some African-American female writers published in Brazil, in Brazils editorial market, and compares them to some Afro-Brazilian female writers. It analyzes how authors Maya Angelou and Zora Neale Hurston, on the one hand, and Carolina Maria de Jesus and Conceição Evaristo, on the other, introduce their affective choices in their writings. It looks at each authors experiences and how affection as a subject is dealt with in their literary work. The author does so by using comparative literature theory and by exploring how gender and race influence authorship in the making of black female intellectuals

abstract: The number of interracial marriages and multiracial individuals continues to increase rapidly in the United States (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). Black Female (BF) /White Male (WM) marriages are increasing, but not as quickly as other interracial marriages (Wang, 2012) leaving this population void in social science literature available to social workers. Consequently, there is a lack of information available to understand factors that contribute to these couple identities and how they navigate in the monoracialized systems they encounter. This qualitative study explored how BF/WM partners married in different generational cohorts experience and navigate race and identity as a couple through video recorded interviews where couples shared their narrative as a dyad. The secondary data analyzed was originally collected through snowball and convenient sampling to find BF/WM married couples that were married different generational cohorts living in the Phoenix area. Couples were asked to respond to starter questions (Linhorst, 2002) that encouraged them to share experiences as a couple interacting with community, social, and family systems. Ecological systems framework and social construction were used to guide analysis. Results from the multimodal transcript analysis and detailed review of the video data found themes of invisibility of the couples' relationships from community and family. Differences between cohorts were identified with movement from separation of racial identities within the couple identity to an infusion of both identities represented within the couple. Additionally, insights into the benefits of videography as a data collection method and its usefulness in to connecting social work research to practice were identified and align with the NASW Cultural Competence standards (NASW, 2001). / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Social Work 2014

As indagações que orientam este trabalho tiveram início quando, observando o universo da Educação Infantil na Rede Municipal de São Paulo, não encontrei documentos suficientes que atestassem a presença das mulheres negras neste nível de ensino. A partir de uma investigação de campo em todas as trinta escolas municipais de Educação Infantil, em uma das treze diretorias de Educação da cidade, localizada em região considerada periférica, tive contato com estas mulheres, que se declararam negras, classificadas racialmente através de questionários enviados às mesmas. Realizei entrevistas com oito delas, colhendo material para o registro de suas histórias de vida e trajetórias profissionais. Apresento as experiências sensíveis das mulheres negras entrevistadas, suas relações com o trabalho pedagógico, bem como suas percepções sobre o racismo, o sexismo e o conhecimento. A partir de suas falas, a compreensão compartilhada ao final desta pesquisa, afirma a importância do magistério para as mulheres negras na atualidade, este sendo mais um lugar possível de atuação para as mesmas, naturalmente vinculadas a trabalhos vistos como inferiores na escala de prestigio social, a saber, empregadas domésticas ou lavadeiras. Esta pesquisa assinala a importância de, apesar de o racismo colaborar para o confinamento de mulheres negras em posições consideradas como subalternas em nossa sociedade, tornar-se professora de crianças pequenas, guarda outros significados, possíveis de serem entendidos somente quando mulheres negras falam sobre suas próprias vidas. Este trabalho ousa reivindicar o poder ainda presente nesta profissão, para a população negra de baixa renda, sendo este um modo possível de dar sentido à vida destas mulheres que, a despeito da falta de oportunidades, seguem sobrevivendo e negociando como podem sua existência. / The questions that oriente this work first started when, observing the universe of Childhood Education in the Municipality of São Paulo, I did not find sufficient documents that attested the presence of black women at that level of education. From a field research in all thirty municipal schools of Childhood Education, in one of the thirteen directories of Education of the city, located in an area considered in the periphery, there was a contact with these women who declared themselves black, racially classified through questionnaires that had been sent to them. I realised interviews with eight of them, collecting material for the record of their life stories and professional trajectories. I introduce the sensible experiences of the black women interviewed and their relations to pedagogical work, as well as their perceptions about racism, sexism, and knowlegde. From their words, the shared understanding at the end of this research states the real importance of professorship, this being an additional possible area of performance for them, \'naturally\' linked to jobs seen as inferior in the scale of social prestige, namely, domestic or cleaning employment. This research notes the importance of, despite the knowledge of how much racism contributed to the confinment of black women in positions considered as subordinate in our society, becoming a teacher for young children keeps other possible meanings to be understood only when black women talk about their own lives. This work dares revindicating the power still present in this profession, for a black population of low income, which is a possible way to give sense to the life of these women who, regardless of the lack of opportunities, follow surviving and negociating life how the can.

A pesquisa apresenta um inventário das obras literárias produzidas por romancistas negras afro-americanas e afro-brasileiras, publicadas no mercado editorial brasileiro. Investiga como autoras afro-americanas Maya Angelou e Zora Neale Hurston e as afro-brasileiras Carolina Maria de Jesus e Conceição Evaristo, representam em suas obras as suas escolhas afetivas. Examina as experiências individuais das autoras, analisa como o tema da afetividade é tratado em suas produções usando como eixo central o trabalho comparativo entre as autoras escolhidas e investiga sobre a relação de gênero, raça x autoria na construção de intelectuais negras, tendo como fio condutor a perspectiva comparatista na narrativa literária / The research summarizes the works of some African-American female writers published in Brazil, in Brazils editorial market, and compares them to some Afro-Brazilian female writers. It analyzes how authors Maya Angelou and Zora Neale Hurston, on the one hand, and Carolina Maria de Jesus and Conceição Evaristo, on the other, introduce their affective choices in their writings. It looks at each authors experiences and how affection as a subject is dealt with in their literary work. The author does so by using comparative literature theory and by exploring how gender and race influence authorship in the making of black female intellectuals

Nesta tese de doutorado, apresentamos e examinamos memórias de escritoras negras brasileiras e moçambicanas. Além disso, fazemos uma aproximação entre temas enfrentados por depoimentos e por textos literários das escritoras. As entrevistadas, a pesquisadora e os autores eleitos para a pesquisa emergem ali como diferentes vozes, mas de mesma dignidade comunicativa, todas participando do diálogo estabelecido na tese. Foram, portanto, duas nossas fontes de dados. De um lado, a pesquisa organizou-se pela análise conteudista de obras literárias, quatro livros de contos As andorinhas (Paulina Chiziane), Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres (Conceição Evaristo), Malungos e milongas (Esmeralda Ribeiro) e Ninguém matou Suhura (Lilia Momplé) , aí privilegiando a atenção ao quadro social dos textos tal como se deixou apanhar no interior de cada obra (o contexto político, cultural e histórico das tramas) e aos seguintes temas: a pobreza, a condição dos negros, a subordinação da mulher, as respostas de mulheres a eventos ou circunstâncias de racismo e sexismo (respostas ao rebaixamento econômico-político longamente formado contra mulheres negras, o que necessariamente incluiu respostas à opressão e reificação da mulher negra, respostas à subordinação e aos atributos de coisa que lhe foram historicamente impingidos). Por outro lado, a pesquisa recorreu a entrevistas semidirigidas e ao exame de depoimentos: os mesmos temas, primeiro tirados da literatura, foram retomados em conversas diretas com cada uma das quatro escritoras / In this Doctorate thesis, we present and examine memories of Brazilian and Mozambican black female writers. Furthermore, we make an association between themes faced by the authors testimonies and literary pieces. The interviewees, the researcher and the authors chosen for the research emerge as distinct voices, but of equal communicative dignity, all of whom taking part in the dialogue established in the thesis. Therefore, there were two data sources. On one hand, the research was organized by content analysis of literary works, four short-story books As andorinhas (Paulina Chiziane), Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres (Conceição Evaristo), Malungos e milongas (Esmeralda Ribeiro) and Ninguém matou Suhura (Lilia Momplé) , favoring attention to the texts social picture as apprehended from within each work (the political, cultural, and historical context of the plots) and to the following themes: poverty, the condition of the black people, womens subordination, womens responses to events or circumstances of racism and sexism (responses to the economic and political demotion long formed against black women, which necessarily included responses to the oppression and reification of black women, responses to the subordination and to the thing attributes that were historically imposed on them). On the other hand, the research resorted to semi-guided interviews and to the examination of testimonies: the same themes, first taken from the literature, were recovered in direct conversation with each of the four writers

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