Reklam anses vara lika gammal som mänskligheten och lika universell som kultur. Ur den synvinkeln är reklam en del av det sociala livet, där människor gör utbyten som gynnar båda parterna. Under de senaste decennierna har samma mänsklighet upplevt den digitala världens intensiva tillväxt, där idag nästan allt går att finna. Det har aldrig varit lättare för företag att inte enbart marknadsföra sig globalt men även ha omedelbara interaktioner med deras konsumenter. På andra sidan spektrumet spåras alla internetanvändare genom sin digitala resa med företag och organisationer som tittar på deras varje steg för att sedan presentera personligt anpassade annonser. Denna utveckling i teknik och annonser på internet har lett till att påträngande annonser har blivit ett frekvent klagomål kring internetmarknadsföring. Adblock är ett filtreringsverktyg (tillägg) som kan appliceras för att blockera reklam på webben. Verktyget kom till vid sekelskiftet och har snabbt blivit ett populärt tillägg till webbläsare. Många har kommit att ta del av dess fördelar med att blockera banderoller, pop-ups och videoannonser. Samtidigt som reklamundvikande inte enbart orsakar företagen enorma förluster kan det ytterligare skada webbplatserna samt alla andra parter inblandade. Dessutom kan en fortsatt ökning av annonsblockerare i slutändan leda till slutet av gratis digitalt innehåll. Vidare kan ett reklamundvikande ske kognitivt, beteendemässigt eller mekaniskt utan att nyttja annonsblockerare. Detta kan också resultera i kostnader för företag som producerar reklam på internet. Därav ansågs en studie utförd på icke-annonsblockerarnas synpunkt vara nödvändig för att förstå vilka faktorer det är som gör att man inte installerar och använder en annonsblockerare.   Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga och belysa individers bakomliggande faktorer till varför de inte installerar annonsblockerare. Teorigenomgången av denna studie omfattar ämnen om varför människor installerar eller avböjer från att installera applikationer, automaticity, approach-avoidance theory, inattentional blindness, och banner blindness theory. Den analyserade data i studien samlades in genom en kvalitativ metod med 18 semistrukturerade intervjuer med individer som har en kännedom om annonsblockerare och som även har medvetet valt att inte tillämpa tillägget på webben. Studien avgränsade sig till att undersöka människors uppfattning och upplevelse mot banderoller, pop-ups och videoannonser på endast datorer. Studien har upptäckt att respondenterna bland annat inte upplever reklam som störande, att de är tekniskt okunniga eller att reklam upplevs som intressanta. Vidare undviker dock respondenterna redan reklam genom en vana och erfarenhet. Dessutom att de fokuserar på sina behov som huvudändamålet när de besöker webbsidor. Vidare hade webbsidors design och miljö en påverkan i närmande och undvikande av reklam. Denna data tolkades och sedan analyserades vara faktorer till varför man inte blockerar reklam. Slutligen har studien även upptäckt att banderoller beroende på dess design eller budskap är den mest positivt mottagna annonstypen. / Advertisement is considered as old as mankind and as universal as culture. In that sense it is a part of social life itself, where mutually beneficial exchanges are made. During the last couple of decades that same mankind has experienced the intense growth of the digital world, where today almost anything and everything can be found. It has never been easier for companies to not only market themselves globally but have instant interactions with their consumers. On the other side of the spectrum, all internet users are tracked throughout their digital journey with companies and organizations watching their every move to then present personalized advertisement. Thus, intrusion have become a frequent complaint associated with online marketing. Adblock is a filtering tool (extension) that can be applied to block out advertisement on the web. This tool came to be at the turn of the century and have rapidly become a popular addition to browsers. Many have come to take part of its benefits of blocking out banners, pop-ups and video ads alike. While ad avoidance is not only causing companies tremendous amounts of loss, it could further harm the websites that carry them, and all other parties involved. Furthermore, a continued increase of ad blockers could ultimately lead to the end of free digital contents altogether. Moreover, ad avoidance can still take place cognitively, behaviourally or mechanically without the use of an adblocker. This can also cause losses for the companies producing ads on the internet. Thereof, a study executed upon the non-ad blockers’ point of view is deemed necessary in order to understand what factors prevent the installation or use of an adblocker.    The purpose of this study is to map out and highlight individuals’ underlying factors to why they do not install ad blockers. The literature review of this study covers the subjects of why people install or reject applications, automaticity, approach-avoidance theory, inattentional blindness, and banner blindness theory. The analysed data in the study was collected through a qualitative method with 18 semi-structured interviews with individuals who are not only aware of the existence of ad blockers but who have deliberately chosen not to make use of the extension. The study delimited itself to studying people’s perception and experience of banners, pop-ups and video ads through computers only. The study found that the respondents for instance do not experience ads as disruptive, that they are technologically inexpert or that ads are perceived as interesting. However, the respondents already do avoid ads through their habit and experience. Moreover, that they focus on their needs as their main purpose of visiting websites. Furthermore, websites’ design and environment did influence approaching or avoiding ads. This data was interpreted and analysed to be factors as to why people do not block ads. Finally, the study finds that banners depending on their design or message were the most positively received ad form.

To investigate the possibility that chronic diabetes mellitus was related to specific neuropsychological deficits, cognitive functioning was measured in subjects with diabetic retinopathy (without secondary disabilities), and in subjects classified as normal blind adults (also without secondary disabilities). The scores for the two groups were then compared.

The blind have generally been considered to be a homogeneous population whose deficits arise from an interaction of loss of vision, age of onset and socialization. Sequelae are posited to exist merely due to the limiting effects of blindness on experience. This is believed to affect all blind persons equally regardless of cause of blindness provided that independent secondary disabilities do not exist. This study investigated the possibility that different causes of blindness are related to specific neuropsychological deficits which cannot be explained by the mere presence of blindness. It was found that neuropsychological differences existed among specific sub-populations of blind persons. These results suggested that the cause of blindness may be a marker for specific Central Nervous System involvement.

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As at 2014, 19 million children aged < 16 years were visually impaired, 1.4 million of these children were blind and needed visual rehabilitation interventions. Surveys, mostly utilizing key informants (KI), have suggested that the prevalence of blindness in children in Sub Saharan Africa ranges between 2 -8 per 10,000 children. Childhood eye disease is rare and conditions are difficult to detect; thus, surveys to estimate the prevalence of blindness requires rigorous, costly and difficult methods to obtain reasonable estimates among children. Key informant programs, which engage the community in case finding, have been shown to be a reasonable alternative to large scale surveys and were used in Madagascar in 2014 by four regional eye care programmes. I propose to analyse the data generated from the programmes to quantify the prevalence of eye conditions among children and how the KIs performed. Method: The analysis will use data collected in a cross sectional approach. Statistical analysis will be conducted using Stata (15.0) statistical software. Data from all of the KI registers will be pooled and overall magnitude estimates calculated. KI productivity and sub-group analyses will include assessment of demographic characteristics of the children and the KI by age and sex. Ethical approval will be provided by the UCT Health Research and Ethics Committee and the Madagascar Ministry of Health. Discussion: The results from this study will help child eye health programmes to determine how best to use KI to better serve children with vision loss, and guide in the provision of eye services for children care.

The presence of disabled characters like blind Gobbo in The Merchant of Venice and epileptic Othello are handy physical metaphors for the failures of epistemology that occur in both plays. Disability is often construed as a sort of saboteur of knowledge—disability of all kinds inhibiting the ability to perceive the world as an abled person would. But disability also produces a new, necessary sort of knowledge in order to survive and thrive in an unaccommodating world. A disabled epistemology suggests that knowing is contingent on individual, specific experience of the world. Tied to this issue of disabled epistemology is the issue of care—the field's emphasis on issues of relationality and reciprocity gels with disability's concerns about autonomy, self-determination, and accommodation. The ways in which care succeeds or fails informs us of the ways that disability intersects with class, race, and embodied knowledge. Gobbo is operating within a system that cares about him. Disabled beggars are subject to suspicion but expected to receive charity, and the embodied knowledge required to perform disability to an audience grants him access to that charity. On the other hand, because epilepsy and Otherness are compounded in Othello's society, to embrace embodied knowledge of his epilepsy is to become too foreign. To openly acknowledge and work with his disability would make him more socially vulnerable than he already is, but in ignoring it, Othello makes himself physically vulnerable. The dominant ideology cannot allow Othello to understand himself as disabled.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in early intervention (EI) referral and service frequency for children with blindness or visual impairment (BVI) and gather information about the practices and experiences of vision professionals across the United States. The study focused on obtaining data from certified teachers of students with visual impairment (CTVI) and certified orientation and mobility specialists (COMS) in the United States. Information collected included descriptive statistics and professional information about EI for children with BVI, and information about the referral process and service frequency for children with BVI during EI. Thirty-three states were represented in the collected data. Of these states, 26 had responses from four or more professionals, the criteria for inclusion in the analyses. Participants provided information based on a researcher-developed survey requesting information related to the procedures used to provide EI services for children with BVI. Questions were adapted from established instruments where possible. Across states, there were some statistically significant differences in CTVIs and COMS reports of procedures regarding the role of professional collaboration, parent/caregiver participation in IFSP meetings, strengths/resources utilized by vision professionals, and challenges parents/families encountered when accessing EI services for their child with BVI. No statistically significant differences were identified across states for type of referral method, most commonly initiated by health care professionals, or method by which service frequency was determined. Results will be used to inform future research to further examine EI for children with BVI in the United States.

Denna studie utgår från fenomenet plant blindness och hur det kan förebyggas med hjälp av undervisning om växter. Studien undersöker vilka kritiska aspekter elever i förskoleklassen måste urskilja för att lära sig se skillnader mellan olika växtarter. De frågeställningar som besvarades var vilka kritiska aspekter eleverna behövde urskilja för att se skillnad på gran och tall, hur undervisningen kan utformas för att eleverna ska på syn på dessa kritiska aspekter, samt vilka sorter växter elever i förskoleklassen kan berätta om. För att svara på detta har jag genomfört lektioner och intervjuer med elever i förskoleklass. Studien utgick från variationsteori och sociokulturell teori. Genom att använda och rikta elevernas uppmärksamhet mot variationsmönstret kontrastering kunde eleverna urskilja skillnaden mellan kottarna och barrens längd, kottens struktur samt hur barren sitter fast på grenen. Eleverna i förskoleklassen kunde berätta om två olika kategorier av växter, växter i hemmet/ätbara växter samt vanligt förekommande växter. Dessa resultat visar hur variationsteori kan användas i undervisning om växter i förskoleklassen.

This study evaluated the potential of using Passive Radiofrequency Identification [RFID] Technology as basis for a Real Time Location Tracking System [RTLTS] to assist an individual with a visual impairment participating in physical activities, such as basketball. While RTLTSs exist based upon other technologies, Passive RFID Technology had yet to be examined for its potential in such an application. In this study, a system was designed and modified, for Passive RFID Technology, in order to enhance the performance of the RTLTS. More specifically, the first iteration of the software code employed the use of multiple RFID antennas to cooperatively designate unique zones, which allowed for the identification of a user’s general position. A series of tests were then conducted to assess the system’s accuracy. In addition, it was determined whether or not factors, such as the addition of multiple tags identifying an object, change in the attenuation level and height level of the antenna, or the position of the tag, had a significant effect on the accuracy of the system. This study showed that the system’s greatest accuracy was obtained when six distinct Passive RFID tags were used to identify the object and when the antenna had a direct line of sight to the tags. Results also showed that these read accuracy rates were indeed comparable to other technologies. Therefore, there exists optimism in using Passive RFID technology as a basis for a RTLTS to assist an individual with a visual impairment.

This paper presents findings from a study designed to identify skills and strategies students with visual impairments have developed to aid their social integration into higher education campus life. Attending college provides numerous learning opportunities outside the classroom. The study explores the process by which students at two universities in the Commonwealth of Virginia were able to identify, navigate, and participate in extra-curricular activities. Previous research by Roy & MacKay (2002) and Hodges & Keller (1999) provides a quantitative framework from which a qualitative tapestry was woven. A secondary purpose of the study was to verify the validity of Roy & MacKay's finding that the age that individuals first experience visual disability and the visibility of their visual impairment (the variance in their ability to appear sighted) are valid predictors of social integration of visually impaired students among college students. This study is important for several reasons, including, (a) to help develop a more inclusive campus environment, (b) to identify factors that have influenced the selection of post-secondary educational experiences by visually-impaired students, and (c) to give a voice to visually impaired students to help administrators understand their needs and desires (Henderson, 2001). / Ph. D.