With increasing demand placed on online accessibility, a tool that enables developers to more easily build accessible websites for colour vision deficient (CVD) internet users becomes a crucial consideration. An extension was developed for the web browser, Google Chrome, and issues for CVD internet users were identified. The identification was based on the luminance and colour contrast between different objects next to each other on a web page, such as fonts and their background. The extension calculated how a CVD internet user would experience the colours and then checked the contrast between them. The extension's calculations and reliability was assessed through a evaluation with CVD internet users and the results suggested that it would be possible to reliably detect issues related to CVD internet users with a algorithm implemented in a Chrome extension. / Med ökande krav på tillgänglighet på internet så ökar behovet av ett verktyg som underlättar för utvecklare att bygga hemsidor för personer med defekt färgseende. Ett tilläggsprogram utvecklades för webbläsaren Google Chrome, och problem för personer med defekt färgseende identifierades. Identifikationen baserades på luminanskontrast och färgkontrast mellan olika närliggande objekt på en hemsida, så som fonter och deras bakgrund. Tilläggsprogrammet beräknade hur en person med defekt färgseende upplever färgerna på hemsidan och kontrollerar kontrasten mellan dem. Tilläggsprogrammets tillförlitlighet bedömdes med hjälp av en utvärdering genomförd med personer med defekt färgseende. Utvärderingen indikerade att det är möjligt att tillförlitligt identifiera problem relaterade till personer med defekt färgseende med hjälp av en algoritm implementerad i ett Chrome tilläggsprogram.

Visual impairment/blindness is not often discussed in a media space, and the community is often left out and forgotten otherwise in the course of history. Through documentary filmmaking, Consider the View (La Vue) provides an artistic exploration of blindness by using the camera as optical power and other forms of art. Viewers experience a new perspective of what it means to be visually impaired.

When Thomas Edison applied for a patent for his phonograph, he listed the talking books for the blind as one of the benefits of his invention. Edison was correct in his claim about talking books or audio books. Audio books have immensely helped the blind to achieve their academic and professional goals. Blind and visually impaired people have also been using audio books for pleasure reading. But several studies have demonstrated the benefits of audio books for people who are not defined as disabled. Many nondisabled people listen to audio books and take advantage of speech based technology, such as text-to-speech programs, in their daily activities. Speech-based technology, however, has remained on the margins of the academic environments, where hegemony of the sense of vision is palpable. Dominance of the sense of sight can be seen in school curricula, class rooms, libraries, academic conferences, books and journals, and virtually everywhere else. This dissertation analyzes the reason behind such an apathy towards technology based on speech. Jacques Derrida's concept of 'metaphysics of presence' helps us understand the arbitrary privileging of one side of a binary at the expense of the other side. I demonstrate in this dissertation that both, the 'disabled' and technology used by them, are on the less privileged side of the binary formation they are part of. I use Derrida's method of 'deconstruction' to deconstruct the binaries of 'assistive' and 'main stream technology' on one hand, and that of the 'disabled' and 'nondisabled' on the other. Donna Haraway and Katherine Hayles present an alternative reading of body to conceive of a post-gendered posthuman identity, I borrow from their work on cyborgism and iii posthumanism to conceive of a technology driven post-disabled world. Cyberspace is a good and tested example of an identity without body and a space without disability. The opposition between mainstream and speech-based assistive technology can be deconstructed with the example of what Walter Ong calls 'secondary orality.' Both disabled and non-disabled use the speech-based technology in their daily activities. Sighted people are increasingly listening to audio books and podcasts. Secondary Orality is also manifest on their GPS devices. Thus, Secondary Orality is a common element in assistive and mainstream technologies, hitherto segregated by designers. The way Derrida uses the concept of 'incest' to deconstruct binary opposition between Nature and Culture, I employ 'secondary orality' as a deconstructing tool in the context of mainstream and assistive technology. Mainstream electronic devices, smart phones, mp3 players, computers, for instance, can now be controlled with speech and they also can read the screen aloud. With Siri assistant, the new application on iPhone that allows the device to be controlled with speech, we seem to be very close to "the age of talking computers" that William Crossman foretells. As a result of such a progress in speech technology, I argue, we don't need the concept of speech based assistive technology any more.

Trees play an important role for humans and other living organisms. Trees provide us, as humans, with the oxygen we breathe, materials for tools and protection, medicine, improve our health, habitat for wildlife and mitigate climate change. Despite this, many people ignore and underestimate the trees around us. This suggests that some people develop what can be called plantblindness, which is a sign of not perceiving plants and trees as significant or even alive. This indicates how important it is to pay attention to plants and trees already in preschool.This study therefore aims to depict the variation in ways preschoolers conceptualize trees. The focus is on how children think and reason about the conceptions of the trees as living or non-living organisms. A phenomenographic approach is used to analyze the interviews with 25 four to six years old children from two different preschools in Sweden. There was a wide range in the children's answers, which were both completely compatible with a biological description, but also a series of misunderstandings, and even an incipient plant blindness.This emphasizes the crucial role of introducing trees and plants in preschool education with a focus on biological accuracy. To capture children’s interest, it is essential for educators to present information in a scientifically accurate manner. This approach not only imparts knowledge about the distinctive biological features and functions of trees and plants but also ensures that learning about trees and other biological organisms is enjoyable and fun for the children. / Träd spelar en viktig roll för människor och andra levande organismer. Träd ger oss, som människor, det syre vi andas, material för verktyg och skydd, medicin, förbättrar vår hälsa, livsmiljö för vilda djur och mildrar. Trots detta ignorera och nedvärderar många människor träden omkring oss. Detta tyder på att vissa människor utvecklat vad som kan kallas för växtblindhet, vilket är ett tecken på att vi inte uppfattar växter och träd som betydelsefulla eller ens levande (Amprazis m.fl., 2021). Detta indikerar hur viktigt det är att uppmärksamma växter och träd redan i förskolan. Denna studie syftar därför till att skildra variationen i hur förskolebarn uppfattar träd. Fokus ligger på hur barn tänker och resonerar kring sina föreställningar om träden som levande eller icke-levande organismer. Studien bygger på denfenomenografiska ansatsen som använts för att analysera intervjuerna med 25 fyra till sexåriga barn från två olika förskolor i Sverige. Det fanns en stor spännvidd i barnens svar, som både var helt förenliga med en biologisk beskrivning, men också en rad missförstånd och till och med en begynnande växtblindhet. Resultatet understryker betydelsen av att introducera träd och växter i förskoleundervisningen med fokus på biologisk noggrannhet. Det är viktigt att pedagoger fångar barns intresse och presenterar information på ett vetenskapligt korrekt sätt. Detta tillvägagångssätt ger inte bara kunskap om trädens och växternas utmärkande biologiska egenskaper och funktioner utan säkerställer också att det är lustfyllt och roligt för barnen att lära sig om träd och andra biologiska organismer.

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option neuropsychologie clinique (Ph.D) / Selon les dernières estimations mondiales, plus de 43,3 millions d’individus seraient atteints d’une privation visuelle. Autrement dit, l’aptitude de ces individus à percevoir visuellement le monde et les détails qui le composent est presque ou totalement nulle. Bien que privés de l’un des sens les plus importants, ces derniers parviennent à s’adapter et interagir, de façon remarquable, avec l’environnement, et ce, en s’appuyant principalement sur leurs sens préservés. La navigation dans l’espace, la localisation et l’identification d’objets ou de personnes ainsi que la lecture ne sont que quelques exemples permettant d’illustrer la compensation comportementale réalisée par l’entremise des autres canaux sensoriels chez les individus atteints de cécité. L’accomplissement fructueux de telles activités nécessite certes un apprentissage chez les individus aveugles, mais permet également de mettre en lumière qu’au-delà d’une différence de perception visuelle, l’adaptation à une existence vécue dans l’obscurité la plus complète occasionne des changements dans le traitement de l’information en provenance des autres modalités sensorielles. Ces transformations comportementales, issues principalement de la réorganisation cérébrale occasionnée par un déficit perceptif, constitue un sujet d’intérêt pour la communauté scientifique depuis de nombreuses années. Bien que l’apparition des techniques d’imagerie cérébrale non-invasives a permis d’élucider jusqu’à présent de nombreux mystères concernant l’incroyable capacité du cerveau à se modifier sous l’effet de l’expérience, de nombreuses questions demeurent sans réponse. Ainsi, les articles composant cette thèse ont pour objectif principal de contribuer à l’état des connaissances actuelles concernant la réorganisation cérébrale chez les individus atteints de cécité, tant au niveau fonctionnel que structurel, et ce, afin de mieux saisir les répercussions de ces changements cérébraux sur le comportement des non-voyants. Plus particulièrement, nous avons souhaité investiguer l’impact de la privation visuelle précoce sur les régions cérébrales impliquées dans traitement des informations chimiosensorielles (olfactives et trigéminales). Pour ce faire, nous avons d’abord souhaité préciser les mécanismes de réorganisation cérébrale de type structurel prenant place au sein des régions traitant l’information de nature olfactive auprès d’aveugles congénitaux, et ce en comparaison à leurs pairs voyants. L’article 1 de cette thèse révèle que les individus aveugles présentent de multiples altérations cérébrales dans les régions composant le système olfactif. Bien que les aveugles congénitaux inclus dans notre étude présentent des volumes significativement réduits au niveau des bulbes olfactifs, du cortex orbitofrontal et du complexe parahippocampique, leurs performances olfactives, mesurées à l’aide d’épreuves standardisées, demeurent comparables à celles obtenues chez leurs pairs voyants. Nos résultats supportent ainsi la présence d’une réorganisation intramodale au sein du système olfactif chez les aveugles congénitaux, laquelle n’ayant aucune incidence mesurable sur leurs performances olfactive. D’autre part, nous avons souhaité explorer, par le biais de l’imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle, si, tout comme pour le traitement de stimuli auditifs et tactiles, les régions habituellement dévolues au traitement visuel participaient, chez l’individu atteint cécité au traitement particulier d’une odeur. Plus précisément, l’article 2 de cette thèse révèle que les aveugles congénitaux sollicitent davantage leur cortex occipital que leurs pairs voyants lors d’une tâche de localisation d’odeurs. Toutefois, lorsque ces mêmes odeurs doivent être identifiées, aveugles et voyants présentent des niveaux d’activité cérébrales comparable dans les régions occipitales. Nos résultats supportent ainsi la présence d’un recrutement intermodal lors du traitement chimiosensoriel de différentes odeurs. Mis ensemble, ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure appréciation des changements cérébraux à la suite d’une privation visuelle, notamment en ce qui concerne les régions impliquées dans le traitement des informations de nature chimiosensorielle. Cette thèse doctorale s’inscrit de façon intéressante au sein des théories de la compensation comportementale présente chez l’individu aveugles, de même que les mécanismes sous-tendant la neuroplasticité structurelle et fonctionnelle des systèmes sensorielles. / According to the latest global estimates, more than 43.3 million people suffer from visual deprivation. In other words, the ability of these individuals to visually perceive the world and the details that compose it is almost or totally absent. Although deprived of one of the most important senses, they manage to adapt and interact with their environment, and this, by relying mainly on their remaining senses. Navigating in space, locating and identifying objects or people, and reading are just few examples that illustrate the behavioral compensation achieved through other sensory channels among individuals living with blindness. The successful accomplishment of such activities certainly requires learning or adaptation. However, it also highlights that beyond a difference in visual perception, adaptation to an existence lived in complete darkness causes changes in the processing of information from other sensory modalities. These behavioral transformations, resulting from the cerebral reorganization caused by a perceptual deficit, have been a subject of interest in the scientific community for many years. Although the emergence of non-invasive brain imaging techniques has, so far, elucidated many mysteries concerning the incredible capacity of the brain to change under the effect of experience, many questions remain unanswered. Thus, the articles included in this thesis have the main objective of contributing to the current knowledge of cerebral reorganization found in individuals living with blindness. More specifically, we wanted to investigate the impact of early visual deprivation on brain regions involved in the processing of chemosensory information (olfactory and trigeminal). To do this, we first evaluated the structural cerebral reorganization taking place among congenitally blind individuals within the olfactory regions. The first study of this thesis reveals that blind individuals present multiple cerebral alterations in the regions composing the olfactory system. More precisely, we found that congenitally blind individuals present significantly reduced olfactory bulb volume, as well as reduction in grey matter density in the orbitofrontal cortex and the parahippocampal complex. Despite this, their olfactory performances, measured using standardized tests, remain comparable to those obtained by their seeing counterparts. Therefore, our results support the presence in congenitally blind individuals of an intramodal reorganization within the olfactory system, which has no measurable impact on their olfactory performance. Through functional magnetic resonance imaging, we wanted to explore if regions that are usually devoted to visual processing are in congenitally blind individuals engaged for the processing of different components of an odor (i.e. olfactory and trigeminal components). More specifically, compared to their sighted counterparts, we found stronger activation in the occipital cortex of blind individuals during our odor localization task. However, when identifying the same odorants, blind and sighted individuals show comparable levels of brain activity in the occipital regions. Our results thus support the presence of cross-modal recruitment during the chemosensory processing of odors. Taken together, these results contribute to a better appreciation of cerebral changes following visual deprivation, particularly in regions involved for the processing of chemosensory information. In an interesting way, the results of this doctoral thesis fit some of the theories stated for blind individuals, such as the structural and functional neuroplasticity of sensory systems.

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This study examines the everyday racism (as defined by Essed, 1991) experiences of Swedes adopted from Korea, through a narrative analysis of two autobiographical novels by adoptees, Lundberg’s Gul utanpå (2013) and Trotzig’s Blod är tjockare än vatten (1996). It also discusses the role and implications of everyday racism.The study suggests that everyday racism is a constant feature in the adoptee’s life, with much of it relating to the adoptee being racially categorised as Chinese. This paper argues that racism against adoptees is used by white Swedes to maintain boundaries of privileged white space, and stems from a fear that adoptees, Swedish in everything but skin colour, threaten to blur the boundaries of white Swedishness. The covert nature of everyday racism, combined with Sweden’s colour-blind discourse and a national myth of tolerance and anti-racism, means that such racism is often denied or goes unrecognised, and is thus legitimised.

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