Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den främst förekommande cancerformen som drabbar kvinnor i Sverige. Den primära behandlingsmetoden vid sjukdomen utgörs av kirurgi, varav i vissa fall hela bröstkörteln måste opereras bort via så kallad mastektomi. Tidigare forskning har åskådliggjort att förlusten av ett bröst kan påverka kvinnors kroppsbild och sexualitet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur kvinnor med bröstcancer upplever kroppsbild och sexualitet efter att ha genomgått mastektomi. Metod: Studien är en allmän litteraturstudie baserad på 10 kvalitativa artiklar och en kvantitativ. Samtliga artiklar kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades därefter utifrån likheter och skillnader i resultaten. Resultat: Analysen utifrån de två domänerna upplevd kroppsbild och upplevd sexualitet resulterade i 7 kategorier: förändrad kroppsbild, att känna sig stympad, förändrad kvinnlig identitet, kroppsbilden i relation till omgivningen, att vara mer än sitt bröst, sexuell aktivitet och lust och den sexuella relationen. Slutsats: Mastektomin upplevdes som en attack mot den egna kroppsbilden. Kvinnorna upplevde att de förlorat sin kvinnliga identitet och att förlusten av ett bröst påverkade sexualiteten och resulterade i störningar i den sexuella relationen. Klinisk betydelse: Litteraturstudien bidrar till att öka sjuksköterskors kunskap och förståelse för hur kvinnor med bröstcancer upplever sin kroppsbild och sexualitet efter ha genomgått mastektomi / Background: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer amongst women in Sweden. Surgery is the primary treatment for breast cancer, in some cases the entire breast tissue is removed by so called mastectomy. Current research suggest that the loss of a breast affects women’s body image and sexuality. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe how women diagnosed with breast cancer experience their body image and sexuality after mastectomy. Method: A literature study based on ten qualitative articles and one quantitative. All articles were quality controlled and were then analyzed based on the similarities and differences found in the results. Result: The analyze based on the two domains experienced body image and experienced sexuality led to 7 categories: changed body image, to feel mutilated, changed female identity, the body image in relation to the surroundings, to be more than a breast, sexual activity and desire and the sexual relationship. Conclusion: The mastectomy was experienced as an attack on one's own body image. The women felt that they lost their female identity and the loss of a breast influenced sexuality and resulted in disturbances in the sexual relationship. Clinical significance: The literature review contributes to increasing nurse’s knowledge and understanding of how women with breast cancer experiences their body image and sexuality after having undergone mastectomy.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how the emotional wellbeing of female adolescents is influenced by constructions of femininity in a single-sex high school environment. From one single-sex high school, four young women aged 17 and 18 years of age and two teachers were asked to be a part of this study. A qualitative approach was used in this study to elicit thick description of participants’ constructions of femininity and emotional wellbeing. Underpinning this research is an interpretivist and social-constructivist methodology, whereby social-constructivist researchers attempt to build understanding of phenomena by accessing the meaning that participants assign to themselves through the experiences they have with the world around them. Qualitative data tools were therefore used, including semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups. Analysis of the data involved a qualitative strategy called thematic analysis. This enabled categories and themes to be taken from the data as they emerged. Key themes from this study demonstrated that the school curriculum, teachers, religious expectations, family experiences and peer group pressures directly influenced student feminine gender constructions. Alongside this, peer pressures to be feminine, negative perceptions of self body image, confusion of self and gender-identity, inadequate school health education and negative stigma surrounding mental and emotional health negatively affected student emotional wellbeing. From these results, various implications have emerged. First, single-sex schools and its teachers should work to eliminate gendered stereotypes that restrict young women’s interests and opportunities. Second, teachers and schools need to be aware of female peer dynamics and seek ways to facilitate healthy relationships and identity development of its students. Further, health education personnel should factor in female peer group dynamics when implementing emotional wellbeing programmes, curriculum and policy initiatives aimed at female adolescents. Finally, students need realistic and relevant health education that supports understandings and coping strategies for self-esteem, identity confusion and perceptions of body image. Health education also needs to promote a positive view of mental and emotional health and encourage the use of the school’s mental health service.

Bakgrund: Varje år får närmare 8000 kvinnor i Sverige diagnosen bröstcancer. Den vanligaste behandlingsmetoden är det kirurgiska ingreppet mastektomi som innebär antingen avlägsnande av hela bröstet eller att endast en del av körtelvävnaden tas bort. Bröst har sedan urminnes tider förknippats med kvinnlighet och att genomgå en mastektomi upplevs ofta av kvinnor som ett trauma. Mastektomi är inte bara ett enkelt ingrepp utan det medför fysiska och psykiska konsekvenser som påverkar kvinnors vardagsliv. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av att förlora ett bröst efter mastektomi. Metod: En litteraturöversikt av nio kvalitativa samt en kvantitativ artikel från olika delar av världen som belyser kvinnors upplevelser efter en mastektomi. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades, diskuterades för att hitta likheter och olikheter och därefter sammanställdes resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet visade sex olika kategorier: en stympad kropp, acceptans av den förändrade kroppen, förlust av kvinnlig identitet, socialt behov, närhet och stöd i relationen, professionellt stöd/information och terapi. Slutsats: Majoriteten av alla kvinnor som genomgått en mastektomi upplever en förlust av sin identitet och sexualitet. Studien visar även att nästan alla kvinnor upplever en brist på information och stöd efter genomförd mastektomi från sjukvård och sociala nätverk. Klinisk Betydelse: Studieresultatet visar att kvinnor efter mastektomi ingrepp saknar stöd från vårdpersonalen. Vårdgivare kan därför genom en bättre uppföljning efter behandling erbjuda en mer optimal vård. Detta kan exempelvis ske genom relevant information, KBT eller massageterapi. / Background: Every year nearly 8000 women in Sweden are diagnosed with breast cancer. The most common treatment method is surgery by ways of mastectomy where either the entire breast or parts of the tissue is removed. Breasts have since ancient times been associated with womanhood and to undergo mastectomy as a women is often experienced as a trauma. Mastectomy is not just a simple procedure, but it also causes physical and psychological consequences that affect women’s everyday lives. Aim: To describe women’s experiences of losing a breast after mastectomy. Method: A literature overview of nine qualitative articles as well as one quantitative article from different parts of the world that highlights women’s experiences after a mastectomy. The articles were reviewed for quality then discussed for finding similarities and differences and thereafter compiled. Result: The result showed six different categories; a mutilated body, acceptance of the changed body, absence of female identity, social needs, closeness and support in relations, professional support/information and therapy. Conclusion: The majority of all women who have undergone a mastectomy experience a loss of their identity and sexuality. The study shows that almost all women experience a lack of information and support from health care and social networks. Clinical Implication: The study result shows that women after mastectomy procedure feel lack of support from the healthcare. With a better follow up after the treatment, the healthcare givers can offer an optimal care. This can be established with relevant information, KBT or massage therapy.

I dagsläget finns effektiv behandling för cervixcancer med en god överlevnadsstatistik i Sverige och delar av västvärlden. All typ av behandling för cervixcancer kan medföra olika konsekvenser som kan leda till sexuell dysfunktion och en påverkad kroppsbild. SYFTE: Att identifiera vilka faktorer som bidrar till sexuell dysfunktion och en negativt påverkad kroppsbild hos kvinnor som behandlats för cervixcancer. METOD: Polit och Beck (2012) niostegsmodell följdes för att systematiskt utföra denna litteraturstudie. CINAHL och PubMed användes som databaser för att hitta relevanta artiklar. Artiklarna granskades och resulterade i totalt 14 stycken som användes i resultatet. Tre olika huvudteman urskildes i artiklarna och dessa var: Kroppsbild efter behandling, Sexuell dysfunktion efter behandling samt Behandlingsspecifika samband. RESULTAT: Resultatet visade att sexuell dysfunktion och kroppsbild påverkades negativt av både fysiska och psykiska faktorer så som dysparenui, minskad lust, blödningar och flytningar från vagina, rädsla att samlag skulle skada vagina efter behandling, förminskad och trång vagina. Behandlingsmetoden hade en stor betydelse för hur allvarliga dessa faktorer blev . SLUTSATS: Det är av stor vikt att som sjuksköterska och vårdpersonal uppmärksamma de problem och komplikationer som uppstår efter behandling av cervixcancer för att kunna bemöta patienterna och främja deras hälsa.

Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancersjukdomen bland kvinnor i Sverige. Mastektomi är ett kirurgiskt ingrepp där hela bröstet opereras bort och detta är en vanlig behandling vid bröstcancer. Att förlora ett bröst kan innebära stora förändringar i kvinnans kroppsbild och identitet. Syftet med denna litteraturbaserade studie var att beskriva hur kvinnor upplever att identiteten och kroppsbilden påverkas efter mastektomi. Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ litteraturbaserad metod baserad på 11 artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultaten visar att kvinnor som genomgått mastektomi upplever att de förlorat mer än ett bröst. Kvinnan saknar en viktig markör för kvinnlighet och upplever sin kropp som stympad och deformerad. Kroppen ses som främmande och kvinnans sexualitet blir påverkad, kvinnan kan även uppleva en social avvikelse på grund av sin förändrade och främmande kropp. I samband med att kvinnans identitet och kroppsbild påverkas upplever hon ett svårt lidande. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan har kunskap kring de upplevelser som kan uppstå efter en mastektomi då det är sjuksköterskans uppgift att möta och vägleda kvinnan genom förloppet så att en förståelse och acceptans kring den förändrade kroppen lättare kan infinna sig / Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women in Sweden. Mastectomy is a common treatment for breast cancer. It is a surgical procedure where the whole breast is removed. Losing a breast can affect a woman’s body image and identity. The aim of this literature-based study was to describe how women treated with mastectomy experience themselves after the surgery, regarding body image and identity. The method used is a qualitative literature-based study based on eleven articles with qualitative approach. The results show that women undergoing mastectomy feel a loss of more than a physical body part. The women misses a significant marker for femininity and experienced that their altered bodies becomes deformed. Their body becomes estranged and their sexuality will be affected, the women may also experience a social deviation due to their changing body. The study shows that when the woman's identity and body image is affected, she experiences severe suffering. It is important that the nurse has knowledge of the experiences that can occur after a mastectomy. The nurse has a key responsibility when meeting women, to guide her through the treatment process so that the woman can find an understanding and acceptance about the changing body.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that occurs almost exclusively in women, with its prominent features being caloric restriction, excessive exercise, and emaciation. Research has found that women with anorexia nervosa generally have less sexual experience and more negative sexual attitudes when compared to "normal" women. There has been little research, however, on the potential relationship between sexuality and anorexic-like symptoms among women who do not meet diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder. Therefore, this study employed a population of college women to investigate the hypothesis that anorexic-like symptoms would be related to less sexual experience and more negative sexual attitudes. The correlations that were obtained did not support the hypotheses. Results are discussed with regard to directions for future research. / Department of Psychological Science

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 10-week physical fitness program on the fitness profiles, levels of self-concept, and body-esteem in 3rd- and 4th-grade low-fit children. The participants were 17 children (9 boys/8 girls) who failed to meet the Physical Best fitness standards in at least 2 of 3 fitness profile components, including cardiovascular endurance (one-mile run/walk), muscular strength and endurance (situps/min), and flexibility (sit and reach). All participants were pre and posttested in each of the three fitness profile components. Self-concept and bodyesteem were also pre and posttested using a shortened version of Harter's Self-Perception profile for children (SPPC) and the Body-Esteem Scale for Children (B-ESC).The treatment group (n = 10) participated 3 days/week for 60 min/day in a vigorous physical activity program designed to maintain heart rates corresponding to 60-80% of each individual's V02 max. An Analysis of Covariance revealed that the treatment group scored significantly higher (p < .05) on the posttest than the control group in two of the four self-concept dimensions (athletic competence and global self-worth) and on two of the three fitness profile components (muscular strength and endurance and flexibility). In light of the problems associated with increasing children's physical activity levels, offering after school programs such as this one appears to be an effective strategy. / Institute for Wellness

The purpose of the study was to better understand nutrition knowledge, disordered eating and body dissatisfaction among middle school females, in hopes of disseminating this information to parents, teachers, and others with an interest in the well-being of young women. The design of the study determined prevalence of disordered eating and body dissatisfaction, and the level of nutrition knowledge among middle school females. 134 subjects completed a 66-item questionnaire. Descriptive statistics along with an independent t-test, chi square, and Pearson product moment correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Prevalence of disordered eating among 7th graders was 18.8%, and 15% for 8" graders. High levels of body dissatisfaction were observed in 35% of 7"' graders and 26% of 8t' graders. A significant relationship was found between nutrition knowledge and disordered eating (r=-.309). There was no statistically significant difference between 70' and 8th graders for either disordered eating or body dissatisfaction. / Department of Physiology and Health Science

This study was designed to explore the effects of high school sport participation on female adolescent body image and self-esteem. This study also explored differences in body image and self-esteem among upperclassmen and underclassmen. The sample consisted of two adolescent female groups: 47 athletes (20 upperclassmen and 27 underclassmen) and 34 nonathletes (18 upperclassmen and 16 underclassmen). All participants took the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ), Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and a Demographic Questionnaire. All data were analyzed by conducting t-tests. Results indicated nonathletes had significantly higher scores on body image avoidance than athletes, and underclassmen had significantly higher scores on body image avoidance than upperclassmen. There were no significant differences found on the self-esteem measure. Implications for research and practice are discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

This study was designed to examine the effect amount of exercise has on men's self-esteem and body satisfaction. It was hypothesized that there would be a negative relationship between the amount of exercise performed weekly and an individual's self-esteem and a negative relationship between the amount of exercise performed weekly and body satisfaction which were measured by Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction. Data were analyzed by conducting a multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that there was no relationship between the amount of exercise and self-esteem and body satisfaction in college men. Implications of this study for research and practice are discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services