Le dimensionnement des liaisons boulonnées représente une part non négligeable du travail des bureaux d’études des industries aéronautiques. En effet leur nombre peut varier de plusieurs milliers à plusieurs millions selon le type d’avion. À l’heure actuelle la mise au point de ce type d’attache se fait grâce à des éléments finis en trois dimensions. La complexité des phénomènes mis en jeux par ce type de connexion tels que le contact le frottement et les jeux entraînent des calculs non linéaires très chronophages.L’objectif des travaux de thèse a été de proposer un connecteur élément fini remplaçant l’ensemble de la discrétisation 3D d’un boulon pour les calculs numériques de dimensionnement en étant basé sur des paramètres liés au comportement mécanique.La mise au point d’un algorithme prenant en compte le contact afin de modéliser le comportement global des parties assemblées fut le point de départ de la réflexion.Cet algorithme a été implémenté au sein du logiciel Samcef à travers une routine codée en Fortran 77.Des tests de qualifications du comportement normal et tangentiel ont été effectués afin de valider l’algorithme mis au point.Une méthode d’identification des paramètres du connecteur est ici proposée : certains peuvent être déterminés de manière analytique et d’autres de manière numérique.Enfin des cas tests de validation sur des assemblages industriels ont été effectués afin de mettre en évidence un gain en temps de calcul conséquent tout en maintenant une qualité suffisante pour le dimensionnement. / The design of bolted connections represents a significant part of the work of research department of aeronautical industries. Indeed, their number can vary from several thousands to several millions depending on the aircraft type. At the present time, the development of this type of attachment is done with finite elements in three dimensions. The complexity of concerned phenomena by this type of connection as the contact friction and gaps requires nonlinear computations which are very time consuming.The aim of the thesis was to propose a finite element connector for replacing the whole 3D discretisation of a bolt during the design computations while being based on parameters related to mechanical behaviour.The development of an algorithm taking into account contacts to model the overall behaviour of the parts was the starting point of the reflexion.Then this algorithm was implemented in the SAMCEF software through a routine coded in Fortran 77.Normal and tangential behaviour qualification tests were performed to validate the algorithm developed.A method for identifying connector parameters is proposed here, some of these parameters can be determined using an analytical approach, others need a numerical one.Finally, validations on industrial test cases were carried out to prove a substantial cpu time savings while maintaining a good level of quality.

This thesis deals with junction points of construction used in transport infrastructure, which are made of FRP composite material. Main focus is on bonded joints. The material and geometrical criteria od FRP material and there influence to junctions are analyzed. In sequential steps the development of the design of joints applicable to reference constructions - pedestrian walkways is documented. There are also presented practical experiences from the tests of joints of overlapped and single-sided joints, as well as experience from the design, production and testing of two types of pedestrian bridges on a real scale. Furthermore, extensive comparison of joints, in particular T-joints with closed profiles for selected types of fasteners, is provided. From a simple connection, screws and rivets or plain bonding to combined joints. These are assessed both in terms of bearing capacity and their deformation behavior. These tests are performed for two material combinations, FRP-FRP and FRP-steel.

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I Scanias elektriska och hybriddrivna fordon används elmotorer av typen P80 och P160. Båda motorer använder samma kontaktbrygga för elektrisk kontaktering mellan elmaskinen i motor-huset och växelriktaren. En tidigare utredning har kommit fram till att noggrannare analyser bör göras kring kontaktbryggans tillförlitlighet. I fokus står skruvförbanden som säkerställer kontakten mellan ingående kablar och elmotor. I det här arbetet görs teoretiska och empiriska undersökningar av de statiska förhållandena i dessa skruvförband och hur de påverkas av temperaturändringar. Undersökningen möjliggör tydliga slutsatser, och visar att temperaturvariation orsakar sättning och temporära förändringar av klämkraften. Förbanden är mycket känsliga för sättning och tem-peraturändringar. Det kan därför inte uteslutas att klämkrafterna i drift enligt kravspecifikation hamnar utanför gränserna av 1 till 10 kN. I ett sådant fall skulle kontaktbryggans strömöverförande funktion inte längre vara garanterad.Baserat på undersökningen tas fram sex alternativa koncept för kontaktbryggan. Två av dem är små förbättringar av den nuvarande lösningen, och fyra innebär nykonstruktioner med strömske-nor eller fjäderkontakter. Efter jämförelse av alternativen med den nuvarande lösningen rekom-menderas en nykonstruktion av kontaktbryggan med ingjutna strömskenor. Därutöver föreslås standardisering av materialegenskaper för koppar och mässing i skruvsammanhang. För en kort-siktig lösning bör mer väldefinierade åtdragningsmetoder komma till användning vid montering av skruvar på elkontakter. Detta kommer att minska klämkraftens spridning efter montering. / In Scania's electric and hybrid vehicles, P80 and P160 electric motors are used. Both motors use the same contact bridge for electrical connection between the electric machine in the engine housing and the inverter. A previous investigation has concluded that more accurate analyses should be made regarding the dependability of the contact bridge. The focus is on the screw connections that ensure the connection between the input cables and the electric motor. In this work, theoretical and empirical investigations of the static conditions in these screw connections are made and how they are affected by temperature changes. The examination allows clear conclusions, showing that temperature variation causes embedment and temporary changes in clamping force. The screw connections are very sensitive to embedment and temperature changes. Therefore, it cannot be precluded that the clamping forces end up outside the limits of 1 to 10 kN, when in operation according to the requirements specification. In such a case, the contact bridge's conducting function would no longer be guaranteed.Based on the examination, six alternative concepts for the contact bridge are presented. Two of them are small improvements to the current solution, and four involve new constructions with busbars or spring contacts. After comparing the alternatives with the current solution, a new construction of the connector bridge with overmolded busbars is recommended. In addition, the standardization of material properties for copper and brass in screw contexts is proposed. For a short-term solution, more well-defined tightening methods should be used when installing screws on electrical contacts. This is going to reduce the spread of clamping force after assembly.

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As a valuable asset in human augmentation and medical rehabilitation, exoskeletons have become a major area for research and development. They have shown themselves to be effective tools for training and rehabilitation of individuals suffering from limited mobility. However, most exoskeletons are not capable of balancing without the assistance of crutches from the user. Leveraging technology and techniques developed for force controlled humanoid robots, a project was undertaken to develop a fully self-balancing, compliant lower-body robotic exoskeleton. Due to their many beneficial features, series elastic actuators were utilized to power the joints on the exoskeleton. This thesis details the development of four linear series elastic actuators (LSEA) as part of this project. All 12-degrees of freedom will be powered by one of these four LSEA's. Actuator requirements were developed by examining human gait data and three robot-walking simulations. These four walking scenarios were synthesized into one set of power requirements for actuator development. Using these requirements, analytical models were developed to perform component trade studies and predict the performance of the actuator. These actuators utilize high-efficacy components, parallel electric motors, and liquid cooling to attain high power-to-weight ratios, while maintaining a small lightweight design. These analyses and trade studies have resulted in the design of a dual-motor liquid-cooled actuator capable of producing a peak force 8500N with a maximum travel speed of 0.267m/s, and three different single-motor actuators capable of producing forces up to 2450N continuously, with a maximum travel speeds up to 0.767m/s. / Master of Science / Patients who suffer a severe back injury that results in paralysis from the waist down (paraplegia) commonly regain mobility in their daily lives by using a wheelchair. However, staying in a seated position for long periods can cause serious medical issues to arise. In order to address these issues, lower-body exoskeletons have been developed to help patients walk again. Exoskeletons are mechanical devices a person can wear to enhance their physical strength or endurance beyond their normal capability. These exoskeletons have shown themselves to be effective tools for training and rehabilitation of individuals suffering from limited mobility. However, most exoskeletons are not capable of balancing the user while they walk. In order to maintain balance, the user must hold themselves up with crutches. As with a wheelchair, heavy dependence on crutches can lead to new medical issues for the patient. To solve this problem, technology and techniques created for humanoid robots were used to develop a fully self-balancing exoskeleton. This exoskeleton is known as the Orthotic Lower-body Locomotion Exoskeleton. This thesis details the development of four actuators to power all twelve joints of the exoskeleton. These actuators utilize high-efficiency components, multiple electric motors, and liquid cooling to maintain a small lightweight design and while obtaining very high-power outputs.

L'accroissement des performances des équipements de Traction ferroviaire, reposait essentiellement jusqu'à maintenant, sur l'intégration des innovations dans le domaine des composants électriques et des matériaux diélectriques mais la standardisation de sous-ensembles réutilisables nous conduit à reconsidérer les assemblages structuraux des coffres de traction (convertisseurs de puissance). Ces coffres de traction sont assemblés actuellement avec des éléments de fixation mécanique (boulon, rivet), le but est donc d'améliorer la connaissance des comportements mécaniques de ces types d'assemblages à travers d'une étude expérimentale basée sur des essais statiques et dynamiques sur des joints boulonnés et rivetés. Ces essais nous ont permis de valider des modèles numériques par des éléments finis en utilisant les codes de calcul ABAQUS et ANSYS. La deuxième partie de la thèse concerne les assemblages par collage structural. Nous avons étudié la possibilité de remplacer les assemblages mécaniques classiques par l'assemblage par collage structural. La première phase de notre travail a été de recenser et sélectionner des adhésifs structuraux susceptibles de répondre à notre cahier de charge. Dans cette partie les travaux suivants ont été réalisés : - Etude des comportements des adhésifs en tant que matériau, ce qui a nécessité de réaliser des éprouvettes massiques. - Réalisation d'essais expérimentaux en statique et en dynamique sur des joints collés avec l'adhésif sélectionné. - Création des modèles numériques non linéaires en 3D sur ABAQUS pour les joints collés. - Etude hygrothermique accélérée afin d'étudier l'effet du vieillissement sur les assemblages collés en fonction de l'humidité et de la température. / Increased performance of railway traction equipment, until now relied primarily on the integration of innovations in the field of electrical and dielectric materials, but the standardization of subassemblies reusable us to reconsider the structural assemblies of the traction cubicles (power converters). These cubicles are assembled now with mechanical fasteners (bolts, rivets), the first goal is to improve knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of these types of joints through an experimental study based on statics and dynamics tests of bolted and riveted joints. These tests have allowed us to validate numerical models of finite elements by using the computer codes ABAQUS® and ANSYS®. The second part of the thesis deals with the structural adhesive joints. We studied the possibility of replacing conventional mechanical assembly structural bonding. The first phase of our work was to identify and select structural adhesives that could meet our specifications. In this section the following work has been made: - Study of thermo-mechanical behaviour of the adhesive with the bulk Adhesive Test Specimens. - Statics and dynamics test in the bonded joint. - Non-linear 3D finite elements models. - Hygrothermal accelerated to study the effect of aging on the adhesive according to the humidity and temperature.