This thesis focus lies on the topic of business ecosystems and their use for digital firms in their internationalisation. The aim is to investigate the value creation and capture process for digital firms through the perspective of business ecosystems. For this endeavour, different concepts such as the born digital theory, key interlinked internationalisation process theories and business ecosystems theory are described throughout the literature review. Other models of previous researchers are used as a foundation to render an own created framework that is more applicable to the scenario and combination of the three aspects this paper investigates. The knowledge gap defined by the authors is about adding new insights on the ecosystem perspective in international businesses by exploring the value creation and capture process of born digitals. Furthermore, it will display the bottlenecks and benefits deriving from a business ecosystem. This leads to the research questions investigating the utilisation of business ecosystems for value creation and capture in internationalisation of digital firms, as well as the bottlenecks and benefits that come with it. For the empirical data collection to receive insights on the research questions and successfully draw conclusions, semi-structured interviews were conducted within the scope of a multiple case study. In addition, secondary data from various authors and experts in the respective research areas were used to bedrock the findings.As the results of the study showed, business ecosystems are greatly appreciated and utilised by digital firms. Moreover, they create value for them and let them strive in many ways, such as focusing on their core business, to succeed and be able to enter new markets. This is only possible with the cooperation of the various actors in the business ecosystem. Nevertheless, there are also severe bottlenecks that have been brought to light that reach beyond what has been present in the literature and considered by other scholars, as well as benefits that keep them competitive. Furthermore, this study provides managerial implications on how to deal with the liability of outsidership and smallness, and for the policy implications, that policymakers should be aware of global and political issues, and their impact on businesses.

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We discuss the physical problem of a molecule interacting with an electromagnetic field pulse and model the problem using a time-dependent perturbation of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to the Schrodinger equation. Using previous results that develop asymptotic series solutions in the Born-Oppenheimer parameter ε, we derive a formal Dyson series expansion in the perturbation parameter μ, which is proportional to the electromagnetic field strength. We then prove that this series is asymptotically accurate in both parameters, provided that the Hamiltonian for the electrons has purely discrete spectrum. Under more general hypotheses, we show that the series is accurate to first order in μ, and that it is accurate to one higher order if we place conditions on the abruptness of the EM pulse. We also show how this series development provides a justification for the Franck-Condon factors in the case of a diatomic molecule. / Ph. D.

For the past decade, Sweden has been reinforced as a multicultural society, and immigrant integration policy has been a hotly debated topic. During the election campaigns in 2022, preschool was an important political issue, the government arguing that early interventions can be the key to the successful integration of immigrants. Subsequent amendments to the Education Act, which entered into force on 1 July 2023, require all municipalities to actively promote increased participation in preschool by means of different methods. The municipalities must provide information to parents and legal guardians and offer preschool enrollment to children who need learning Swedish, without the parents or legal guardians applying for it. The outreach activities are aimed at children who are not currently enrolled in preschool but who are entitled to be. The purpose of the present thesis is to investigate the experiences among preschool staff of the requirement to take active measures to offer preschool enrollment to the children of foreign-born parents. Through a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews and a street level bureaucrats theoretical perspective, the study has focused on two municipalities which have charged preschool staff with the aforementioned task. With the analytical terms street level bureaucrats and discretion, it has been possible to investigate how the policy is implemented and how the preschool staff feels about being a fellow human being as well as an agent for a government authority. The results of the study indicate a consensus among preschool staff that they understand the purpose of, and need for, active measures, and their good intentions and ambitions are visible, despite being insufficiently prepared for the task by their employers.

The global market place is becoming ever more accessible. Internet and communication technologies are opening up new opportunities for firms of all configurations. Based on that, this research will focus on Born Global business-to-business (B2B small, medium enterprises (SME) entering in the German market. The aim is to answer the following two research questions: ‘What does a Born Global B2B SME’s internationalization process look like?’ and ‘Which adaptations should a Born Global B2B SME make to acquire customers in the German market?’ A review of internationalization literature, complemented by company participation and interviews furthers the body of academic research in this subject area. Qualitative research is applied through a company case study and primary interviews are conducted. A case study is employed to further understand and practically apply adaptations a firm can make to increase its chance of success in a foreign market environment, once internationalizing. The conclusions drawn that a Born Global B2B SME entering a foreign market should make adaptations in its online presence to cater to the new market. Specifically, language adaptations are required to the native tongue. This research concludes with both practical and theoretical suggestions. The key findings from the interviews show that the Born Global B2B SME’s studied have taken an ‘accidental’ internationalization process.

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ABSTRACT This master thesis examined the impact of digitalization on the speed of internationalization and explores the various foreign market entry options for a company that would like to expand from a developed market to an emerging market as part of its internationalization.  The case study analyzed in this paper is Arctic Space Technologies, a unique satellite operator company offering an all-in-one solution for sustainable satellite data handling and processing. The firm’s founders have a niche market (satellite operators) and have established business in Sweden and would like to enter an emerging market (South Africa). The firm can be classified under the high-tech industry and the study obtained valuable information that could be useful to other similar firms. The nature of technology for adoption is easily transferable for such firms regardless of geographical location. Digitalization is instrumental in facilitating earlier and faster internationalization through digitalized knowledge, network creation and decision-making processes (Coviello et al., 2017). The digitalization of new foreign market development helps such firms to efficiently identify new market opportunities in global markets and with this approach, they save resources while developing the most attractive markets (Neubert, 2018a). Qualitative research was applied through a company case study, where primary interviews and a survey were used to collect data. A case study was employed to further understand and practically apply adaptations a firm can make to increase its chances of success in a foreign market environment. The researcher also obtained information from desktop and literature review. The study findings suggested that business networking, business models, culture and geographical distance, market size are key factors that influence the choice of foreign market entry mode for a high-tech firm internationalization process from a developed market to an emerging market. In addition, the main challenges faced by born-global firm in entering an emerging market includes, lack of financial resources, management transitions and lack of proper market information for the internationalization process. The firm may need to identify information related to the market size, competitors, financial costs and entry barriers of the emerging market.  The study insight was that despite the born global firms’ nature of technology enabling faster adoption in terms of digitalization being instrumental in facilitating their internationalization process through the digitalized knowledge, network creation and decision-making processes, they still face the challenges of entry into unfamiliar emerging markets. The researcher identified the institutional voids faced, liability of foreignness and noted that it would be crucial for the firm to conduct a proper environmental analysis. This may include political and legal forces, economic forces, social-cultural forces and technological forces.  Arctic Space Technologies may need to create relevant business networks and the study identified that the ideal foreign market entry mode would be Joint venture/Partnership.  Since the South African government is keen on foreign investors/entrepreneurs entering into their market through partnership with a local business entity. The firm could establish a good network with South African National Space Agency (SANSA) and other space firms in the country. SANSA is keen on fostering international partnerships to enable unlock opportunities for the national space sector.   Further studies could investigate the time frames for high-tech firms internationalization processes. Further research is needed to analyze connections between software firms’ business models and selected entry modes by using a quantitative research method. The study could also be extended to other emerging countries in Africa and new business opportunities in the global markets for high-tech firms especially with the changing dynamics of international business in the wake of the current pandemic.

With the intention of understanding the opportunities, challenges, and construction of identity that foreign teachers encounter through their work in France, my study is grounded in the theory that identity is changeable, ongoing, and influenced by both past and current living situations. Furthermore, the professional, social and cultural theories propose that identity is constructed through our work and our place within a group or a culture.   Six foreign- born teachers, who are active at university level as foreign language teachers in France, were interviewed with the aim of answering the following research questions: “Which challenges and opportunities do foreign born teachers acknowledge in their work with the French students? “and “How do foreign born teachers construct their identity within the French classroom? “. The interviews were conducted one-on-one and the data was analyzed and compared to former studies. The participants were both native speakers and non- native speakers.    The findings of my study proposed that the challenges in the French univeristy classroom contain a reluctance to speak as well as a preference for written and marked exams over communication skills within the student body. An inclination to use American English was also noticed. Shame of accent but especially the group dynamic was mentioned as factors. Conversely the students showed a positive attitude and appreciation towards foreign teachers.    The study established that the participants shaped their identity through a dual process: firstly, by encouraging their students to acclimate to their teaching approach, incorporating subjects and techniques from their countries of origin, and secondly, by adapting to their student body. This adaptation involved mastering the cultural codes and adjust to the expectations of the students. Although it was noted a challenge to find a balancing act between the two cultures, it appears that the link to the country of origin was rather reinforced than replaced. In order to demonstrate an understanding of their students' circumstances, many participants downplayed their proficiency in French as a means of connecting with their students' experiences.

Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att undersöka internationaliseringsstrategier för svenska startups inom den expansiva rymdindustrin, specifikt internationalisering genom branschspecifika företagsinkubatorer, med fokus på den Europeiska Rymdorganisationens Företagsinkubator, ESA BIC. Forskningsmetodiken innefattar genomförandet av semistrukturerade intervjuer med deltagare som representerar ledningen för fyra svenska entreprenörsledda företag inom rymdindustrin, där de får möjlighet att utveckla sina tankar kring företagets internationaliseringsstrategi. Uppsatsens slutsats belyser företagsinkubatorers viktiga roll i att stödja startups internationaliseringsprocess, särskilt när det gäller tillgång till nätverk, finansiering och affärsplanering. Den påvisar även hur entreprenörens egna erfarenhet, existerande nätverk, och förutsättningar påverkar behovet av en inkubator.  Den belyser också utmaningar och strategiska hinder som startups möter i den konkurrenskraftiga rymdindustrin, både inom och utanför inkubatorer. Rymdindustrin är underutforskad inom detta område och därmed ger avhandlingen värdefulla insikter om företagsinkubatorers roll i internationaliseringsprocessen för startups inom rymdindustrin, och framhäver fördelar och utmaningar som är förknippade med detta.