Background: The traditional view of leadership focuses on the role and responsibilities of the superior. This becomes problematic as sustainable leadership should focus on a shared process. Furthermore, the focus is often on economic sustainability before ecological and social sustainability. Over time, however, the focus has shifted more to the leadership process where both superiors and subordinates are in focus and where a holistic perspective of all three dimensions of sustainability has become important. However, the knowledge of bottom- up influence needs to be developed to gain a further understanding of the subject in its whole. This study is a further step towards this changed focus and contributes to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of influence. Research question: How do subordinates influence superiors in a sustainability context from a superior and subordinate perspective? Aim: The aim is to describe the bottom-up impact that exists within a sustainability context from a superior and subordinate perspective. Method: To answer the research question, an inductive research approach and qualitative method have been used. A comparative case study of a collective case of three superiors and a collective case of six subordinates has been conducted. The empirical data has been collected through qualitative interviews. Conclusions: The conclusions that this study arrives at are shown in model 4.3 where we get a description of how “leadership with a focus on sustainability” can be achieved. Furthermore, model 4.3 creates an understanding of how superiors can open up for a bottom-up influence and how subordinates can make it possible to be able to influence. Above all, through the relationship between superiors and subordinates, but also based on subordinates' knowledge, the possibility of a bottom-up influence is created. The study shows the importance of the interaction between superiors and subordinates and serves as a complement to previous research on leadership, influence and sustainability. / Bakgrund: Den traditionella synen på ledarskap fokuserar på den överordnades roll och ansvar. Detta blir problematiskt då hållbart ledarskap bör fokusera på en delad process. Vidare ligger fokusen ofta kring en ekonomisk hållbarhet före en ekologisk och social hållbarhet. Med tiden har fokusen dock gått över mer till ledarskapsprocessen där både överordnade och underordnade är i fokus och där ett helhetsperspektiv av alla tre dimensioner av hållbarhet har blivit viktigt. Emellertid behöver kunskapen om nedifrån-upp påverkan utvecklas för att få en förståelse för helheten. Denna studie är ett ytterligare steg mot denna ändrade fokus och bidrar till en djupare förståelse av fenomenet påverkan. Forskningsfråga: Hur påverkar underordnade överordnade inom en hållbarhetskontext utifrån ett överordnad och underordnad perspektiv? Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva den nedifrån-upp påverkan som finns inom en hållbarhetskontext utifrån ett överordnad och underordnad perspektiv. Metod: För att besvara forskningsfrågan har en induktiv forskningsansats och kvalitativ metod använts. En komparativ fallstudie av ett kollektivt fall av tre överordnade och ett kollektivt fall av sex underordnade har genomförts. Empirin kopplat till fallen har insamlats genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Slutsatser: Slutsatserna som denna studie kommer fram till visas i modell 4.3 där vi får en beskrivning av hur “ledarskap med fokus på hållbarhet” kan uppnås. Vidare skapar modell 4.3 en förståelse för hur överordnade kan öppna upp för en nedifrån-upp påverkan och hur underordnade kan möjliggöra för att kunna påverka. Genom framför allt relationen mellan överordnade och underordnade men även utifrån underordnades kunskap så skapas möjligheten för en nedifrån-upp påverkan. Studien visar vikten av samspelet mellan överordnade och underordnade och fungerar som ett komplement till tidigare forskning av ledarskap, påverkan och hållbarhet.

The initiation, bloom, and bust of harmful Cyanobacteria and algae blooms (HAB) in lakes are controlled by top-down and bottom-up ecological controls. Excess phosphorous and nitrogen inputs from anthropogenic sources are primary to blame, but eukaryotic grazers may also promote or curb Cyanobacteria dominance. We tracked shifts in bacterial composition, lake chemistry, and eukaryotic grazing community weekly or bi-weekly through spring and summer and modeled the causes of specific Cyanobacterial species blooms and busts across three lakes in Utah, USA, with differing lake trophic states. Regardless of trophic status, all three lakes experienced blooms of varying composition and duration. Aphanizomenon strain MDT14a was the most dominant species in every bloom on Utah Lake, comprising up to 44.16% of the bacterial community. Utah Lake experienced a total of 18 blooms across all sites ranging in duration from one to six weeks. Phormidiaceae sp. (8.5  6.1%) and Microcystis sp. (9.7  4.7%) were the most abundant species in the Deer Creek bloom. Deer creek experienced one bloom at the beginning of fall. Nodularia sp. (9.7  2.1) dominated Great Salt Lake bloom. The Great Salt Lake experienced four separate blooms during the summer months that lasted one to three weeks. Phosphorous concentrations on Utah Lake varied across site and season. Nitrate concentrations on Deer Creek increased over season with a ten-fold increase in concentration. We characterized Cyanobacteria blooms as either bloom communities (growing populations of Cyanobacteria) or as bust communities (declining populations of Cyanobacteria). Using these designations, we modeled the growth and decline of the Cyanobacteria populations across season with top-down and bottom up-controls. Based on generalized least-squared modeling, eukaryotic grazing does not affect relative Cyanobacteria abundances as much as nutrient limitations. Aphanizomenom strain MDT14a was positively correlated with temperature (P < 0.028) and the concentration of K (P = 0.007) and negatively correlated with increases in conductivity (P = 0.0088). Microcystis was positively correlated with increasing levels of SRP (P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with higher Ca concentrations (P = 0.008) and PP (P = 0.008). Busts of Microcystis were related to decreases in nitrate (P = 0.06) and lower total lake depths (P = 0.03). Phormidiaceae sp. relative abundance was negatively correlated with higher levels of TDN (P = 0.01-0.001) and Mg (P = 0.01) and positively correlated with higher S concentrations (P = 0.007). Our findings suggest that micronutrients and more bioavailable forms of P may potentially allow Cyanobacteria to break dormancy and proliferate HAB communities.

Sample preparation is the most critical step in proteomics as it directly affects the subset of proteins and peptides that can be reliably identified and quantified. Although a variety of efficient and reproducible sample preparation strategies have been developed, their applicability and efficacy depends much on the biological sample. Here, three approaches were evaluated for the human milk and plasma proteomes. Protein extracts were digested either in an ultrafiltration unit (filter-aided sample preparation, FASP) or in-solution (ISD). ISD samples were desalted by solid-phase extraction prior to nRPC-ESI-MS/MS. Additionally, milk and plasma samples were directly digested by FASP without prior protein precipitation. Each strategy provided inherent advantages and disadvantages for milk and plasma. FASP appeared to be the most time efficient procedure with a low miscleavage rate when used for a biological sample aliquot, but quantitation was less reproducible. A prior protein precipitation step improved the quantitation by FASP due to significantly higher peak areas for plasma and a much better reproducibility for milk. Moreover, the miscleavage rate for milk, the identification rate for plasma, and the carbamidomethylation efficiency were improved. In contrast, ISD of both milk and plasma resulted in higher miscleavage rates and is therefore less suitable for targeted proteomics.

No description available.

No description available.

This study delves into the comparative operational effectiveness of non-coordinated, bottom-up, and top-down coordinated control models within Distributed Energy Storage Systems (DESS) and Electric Vehicle (EV) networks. Employing meticulous data analysis, this research evaluates power demand and supply dynamics within the infrastructure and buildings, aiming to optimize energy usage and storage. The analysis involves comprehensive steps: descriptive statistical breakdown, understanding energy patterns across buildings, and a comparative assessment of the control models. Visual representations and graphs aid in depicting energy patterns, emphasizing the distinctive characteristics and effectiveness of each control model. The findings reinforce the superiority of the top-down coordinated control model in managing supply-demand imbalances, echoing established literature.

Material flows in Urban Metabolism play a key role for the purpose of building urban areas and growing the economy. There is lack of standard method for accounting of material flows within and across the boundaries of urban systems. This thesis aims to assess the Urban Metabolism of small-scale urban area through the application of the Economic Wide Material Flow Analysis and enhance the scope of the method by adding water flows, which could potentially become a basis for the development of the method in the future. First, the application of the Economic Wide Material Flow Analysis in urban areas was studied through a literature review and then the enhanced Economic Wide Material Flow Analysis was applied to Stockholm Royal Seaport using bottom-up data. Using bottom-up data resulted in detailed information, however, full comparison between urban areas was not possible due to data gaps. The results showed the importance of the method for enhancing Urban Metabolism analysis and amending resource management. Spotting available secondary and recycled resources in the socioeconomic system as a part of application of the method is beneficial to sustain the natural resources use. Since still the method is developing for small-scale urban areas, a mixture of this method and other recommended methods by having focus on data collection is suggested for integrating databases and comprehensive analysis. / Under de senaste decennierna har stadsområden expanderat snabbare än tidigare. Genom att öka människors tendens att bo i stora städer kommer naturresurser att behövas för att tillgodose stadsområdens växande behov. Materialflöden i stadsmetabolismen spelar en nyckelroll för att bygga miljövänligt och växande ekonomin. Det saknas en standardmetod för redovisning av materialflöden inom och över gränserna för stadssystem. Denna avhandling syftar till att utvärdera stadsmetabolismen genom att använda tillämpning av bred ekonomisk materialflödesredovisning och förbättra metodens omfattning genom att lägga till vatten- och genomströmningsflöden som potentiellt kan bli bas för utvecklingen av metoden i framtiden. Först studerades tillämpningen av ekonomiskt bred materialflödesredovisning i urbana områden genom litteraturöversikt och sedan tillämpades den förbättrade analysen av ekonomiskt bred materialflöde på Norra Djurgårdsstaden med hjälp av bottom-up data. Att använda bottom-up-data resulterade i detaljerad information, men fullständig jämförelse mellan stadsområden var inte möjlig på grund av dataklyftan Resultaten visade vikten av materialflödesredovisning för att förbättra urban metabolismanalys och ändra resurshantering. Att hitta tillgängliga sekundära och återvunna resurser i det socioekonomiska systemet som en del av tillämpningen av metoden är fördelaktigt för att upprätthålla användningen av naturresurser. Eftersom metoden fortfarande utvecklas för småskaliga stadsområden föreslås en blandning av denna metod och andra rekommenderade metoder såsom, livscykelbedömning, genom att fokusera på datainsamling för att integrera databas och omfattande analys.

L2 listening research has moved toward a focus on understanding the process of listening. However, there are still few detailed studies of L2 listening that reveal learners’ comprehension processes when listening to scripted and unscripted listening texts. Studies in which such processing has been discussed have lacked detailed diagnoses of how bottom-up and top-down processing interactively affect listeners’ comprehension. This study was designed to show how listeners’ process and comprehend texts, with a focus on how their bottom-up and top-down processing either assist or impede their comprehension. In this study, a group of 30 L1 Japanese university English language learners’ listening abilities were diagnosed. The 30 participants were at three listening proficiency levels—high, mid, and low—based on TOEIC listening proficiency scores. The diagnostic procedure involved participants listening to two scripted and two unscripted listening texts and then reporting what they comprehended through three tasks—L1 oral recalls, L2 repetitions, and verbal reports. Other data was also collected in the study to relate the comprehension of listening texts to other important listening-related variables including listening proficiency, lexical knowledge, listening anxiety, study abroad experience, short-term phonological memory, and working memory. The main finding of the study was that miscomprehension of listening texts was invariably multi-causal, with a combination of both bottom-up and top-down factors leading to comprehension difficulty. Although not a new finding, the study offered more detail than current research about how bottom-up and top-down processing occur interactively. Regarding the overall difficulty of the listening texts, unscripted texts were more difficult to comprehend than scripted texts, and high-proficiency participants had fewer listening difficulties overall than mid- and low-proficiency participants. Quantitative and qualitative results revealed common processing difficulties among all participants due to L1-related phonological decoding issues (e.g., /l/ vs. /r/), connected speech, unknown lexis, and a lack of familiarity with unscripted speech hesitation phenomena (e.g., um, like). Qualitative transcript examples showed how top-down knowledge influenced misinterpretations of words and phrases interactively with bottom-up information, making inaccurate understandings of listening difficult to overcome. In addition to revealing participants’ difficulties and the severity of their comprehension difficulties, the diagnostic procedure showed common strengths—key words and phrases understood well by participants. High-frequency vocabulary and shorter utterances were both shown to be comprehended well. Finally, quantitative results in the study revealed relationships of participants’ listening comprehension with other important listening related variables. Listening proficiency and listening anxiety had strong relationships with listening comprehension of the listening texts. Working memory and short-term phonological memory had no relationship with listening text comprehension. Finally, study abroad experience showed a relationship with comprehension, but with many caveats, and listening vocabulary knowledge was not related with comprehension, but again, with numerous caveats to consider. Based on the results, theoretical and pedagogical implications were posed. Theoretical implications from the study relate to the understanding of four concerns in L2 listening research. Mainly, data in the study will aid researchers’ understanding of how L2 English listeners process speech interactively (i.e., with bottom-up and top-down information) for comprehension, how L2 English listeners experience connected speech, how L2 listeners deal with unknown lexis, and how L2 listeners experience difficulties with features of unscripted speech. Pedagogical implications of the study include the need for increased teacher and learner awareness of the complexity of L2 listening, the need to have learners to track their own listening development, and the need for teachers to expose learners to unscripted listening texts and make them familiar with features of unscripted speech. Finally, suggestions for further research are posed, including conducting diagnostics assessments of L2 listening with listeners of different L1s and with more varied proficiency levels, using different diagnostic procedures to examine L2 listening comprehension, and using more instruments to understand listening-related variables’ relationships with L2 listening comprehension. / Teaching & Learning

This thesis examines the marketing of Malmö’s kulturljudzon (cultural sound zone) in the context of recent neoliberal planning practices in the city, with a focus on how the experiences of do-it-yourself (DIY) cultural actors compare to the kulturljudzon’s promotion and how they navigate relationships with municipal and economic representatives. Culture’s heightened role in current urban planning processes globally has transformed how participants in the cultural scenes of cities experience their environments, making it necessary to understand the ways that this has occurred in Malmö. Two qualitative methods, a functional documentary analysis of public texts about the kulturljudzon and a thematic qualitative text analysis of interviews with cultural actors, a property owner, and municipal employees are utilized to explore the manner in which the kulturljudzon has been marketed, how this marketing compares and differs to perspectives found within Malmö’s music scene, and the lived realities of DIY musicians and organizers in connection to the kulturljudzon. The analysis has revealed that the kulturljudzon has been presented as being a result of collaborative, participatory, and bottom-up planning processes, at times where culture and business are said to have shared interests, and promoted as a means for the city to grow its attractiveness. Additionally, once interviews were incorporated, DIY cultural actors expressed their limitations in the kulturljudzon, such as the pressure to produce profit from their work, their difficulties in finding and keeping rental spaces, and the feeling that the municipality cared about the symbolism of the kulturljudzon and what it meant for the city’s economy more than the substance of the culture within it. Interviews with a property owner and municipal employees deepened this discussion by providing insight as to the roles that different types of values play in their decision-making, their relationships to culture and cultural actors, and their goals for the kulturljudzon, its surrounding neighborhood, and Malmö as a whole. The data revealed sharp differences in power and alignments of stakeholders in this area, with the municipality and property manager combining their interests more readily than either were able to align with the cultural actors interviewed. The results of this study have implications for future research that prioritizes perspectives from urban DIY music scene members and cultural actors in understanding urban transformations, as this research can highlight shortcomings and misguidedness in planning processes. Further, this study exemplifies a need for planning officials to educate themselves on DIY cultural practices if they wish to create truly informed and participatory policies that promote all levels of cultural production and expression in their cities.

La reconnaissance d’objets est une tâche complexe au cours de laquelle le cerveau doit assembler de manière cohérente tous les éléments d’un objet accessible à l’œil afin de le reconnaître. La construction d’une représentation corticale de l’objet se fait selon un processus appelé « bottom-up », impliquant notamment les régions occipitales et temporales. Un mécanisme « top-down » au niveau des régions pariétales et frontales, facilite la reconnaissance en suggérant des identités potentielles de l’objet à reconnaître. Cependant, le mode de fonctionnement de ces mécanismes est peu connu. Plusieurs études ont démontré une activité gamma induite au moment de la perception cohérente de stimuli, lui conférant ainsi un rôle important dans la reconnaissance d’objets. Cependant, ces études ont utilisé des techniques d’enregistrement peu précises ainsi que des stimuli répétitifs. La première étude de cette thèse vise à décrire la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’activité gamma induite à l’aide de l’électroencéphalographie intracrânienne, une technique qui possède des résolutions spatiales et temporelles des plus précises. Une tâche d’images fragmentées a été conçue dans le but de décrire l’activité gamma induite selon différents niveaux de reconnaissance, tout en évitant la répétition de stimuli déjà reconnus. Afin de mieux circonscrire les mécanismes « top-down », la tâche a été répétée après un délai de 24 heures. Les résultats démontrent une puissante activité gamma induite au moment de la reconnaissance dans les régions « bottom-up ». Quant aux mécanismes « top-down », l’activité était plus importante aux régions occipitopariétales. Après 24 heures, l’activité était davantage puissante aux régions frontales, suggérant une adaptation des procédés « top-down » selon les demandes de la tâche. Très peu d’études se sont intéressées au rythme alpha dans la reconnaissance d’objets, malgré qu’il soit bien reconnu pour son rôle dans l’attention, la mémoire et la communication des régions neuronales distantes. La seconde étude de cette thèse vise donc à décrire plus précisément l’implication du rythme alpha dans la reconnaissance d’objets en utilisant les techniques et tâches identiques à la première étude. Les analyses révèlent une puissante activité alpha se propageant des régions postérieures aux régions antérieures, non spécifique à la reconnaissance. Une synchronisation de la phase de l’alpha était, quant à elle, observable qu’au moment de la reconnaissance. Après 24 heures, un patron similaire était observable, mais l’amplitude de l’activité augmentait au niveau frontal et les synchronies de la phase étaient davantage distribuées. Le rythme alpha semble donc refléter des processus attentionnels et communicationnels dans la reconnaissance d’objets. En conclusion, cette thèse a permis de décrire avec précision la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’activité gamma induite et du rythme alpha ainsi que d’en apprendre davantage sur les rôles potentiels que ces deux rythmes occupent dans la reconnaissance d’objets. / Recognizing objects is a complex task requiring the brain to assemble visual information in such a way that coherent perception can happen. Building a visual cerebral representation is done through a bottom-up process, involving mainly occipital and temporal areas. A top-down mechanism from parietal and frontal areas, is thought to facilitate recognition by taking into account expectations and generating possible candidates. However, the precise mechanisms by which all these processes are done are still unclear. Studies investigating induced gamma response were able to link this activity to coherent perception of objects, suggesting a significant role of this activity in object recognition. However, these studies used imprecise recording techniques and stimuli repetition. The first study of this thesis aimed at describing with more precision the induced gamma activity using intracranial encephalography and a fragmented images paradigm in which only new stimuli are presented. Moreover, the task was presented again 24 hours later to circumscribe top-down mechanisms. Results show that the induced gamma activity is highest at recognition in regions involved in bottom-up processes. Top-down mechanism involved occipito-parietal areas when images were presented for the first time. When images were presented again 24 hours later, frontal areas mediated top-down facilitation, suggesting that top-down mechanisms vary according to task demand. Alpha rhythm has been less clearly related to visual perception, but is nevertheless well known to be involved in attention, memory and long-distance brain communication. The second study of this thesis investigated the role of alpha rhythm in object recognition, using the same technique and task as in the first study. Time-frequency analysis revealed a strong alpha activity unspecific to recognition, which was propagating from posterior to anterior regions. Phase coherence analysis, however, showed significant phase synchronisation specific to recognition. A similar pattern of alpha activity was found 24 hours later. However, the activity was stronger in frontal regions and the phase synchronisation was more distributed. Alpha rhythm is thus thought to be involved in attentional and communicational mechanisms of object recognition. In conclusion, this thesis was able to describe the precise spatio-temporal dynamics of induced gamma and alpha activity and suggest potential roles of these rhythms in response to object recognition.