No description available.

Three studies were conducted to assess if the ability of Enterococcus spp. surviving the ensiling process and bovine gastrointestinal tract could impact risk of bovine mastitis. The first study determined ability of enterococci to survive 3 wk ensiling. Grass and corn crops were divided into 3 treatments: 2 commercial silage inoculants, 1 negative control. After wk 1, 2, and 3 of ensiling, dry matter and bacterial enumeration were performed. Addition of silage inoculant led to greater levels of enterococci in grass silage compared with negative control levels, but showed less difference in inoculated corn silage. The second study quantified enterococci shedding rates in lactating dairy cows. Using a 4 x 4 Latin Square design, lactating, ruminally fistulated Holsteins were inoculated with enterococcal isolates from silage inoculants, ensiled forages, or clinical mastitis cases. Over the 4-period study, each period consisted of rumen and fecal sampling (2 wk) followed by a wash period (10 d). There were no significant differences in rumen or fecal enterococci levels between the 4 treatments. Both rumen and fecal enterococci levels showed significant differences between baseline and treatment periods (period 3, 4). The third study analyzed similarity in enterococcal isolates of silage and bovine origin using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns from SmaI restrictions. Dendogram analysis showed none of the isolates met or were greater than a 75% genetic similarity and produced a genetically diverse population. Results suggest Enterococcus spp. from silage inoculants are not likely to contribute to an increased risk of enterococcal bovine mastitis. / Master of Science

Orientador: Antonio Nader Filho / Banca: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Banca: Elisabeth Loshchagin Pizzolitto / Resumo: Estudou-se 94 estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus obtidas do leite de vacas com mastite subclínica em duas propriedades rurais no estado de São Paulo. Essas estirpes foram caracterizadas fenotipicamente quanto a produção de biofilmes pelos testes do agar vermelho congo e pelo teste de aderência em microplacas e também foram genotipicamente identificadas pela presença dos genes icaA e icaD responsáveis pela produção do polissacarídeo de adesão intercelular. Além disso, todas as estirpes foram também submetidas ao teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que 85% das estirpes produziram biofilmes "in vitro" para o teste do agar vermelho congo. No teste de aderência em placas foi verificado que 98,9% das estirpes produziram biofilme, devido a forte aderência nas placas de polietileno. A presença dos genes icaA e icaD foi encontrada em 95,7% das estirpes de S. aureus. No antibiograma foi observado que sete estirpes foram resistentes aos seguintes antimicrobianos: cloranfenicol, clindamicina, eritromicina, gentamicina, oxacilina e penicilinaG, sendo que as maiores resistências ocorreram frente a gentamicina (2,2%) e a penicilina G (6,6%). Na avaliação dos testes fenotípicos com os genotípicos o teste de aderência em microplacas foi o mais sensível (100%), sendo indicado para identificar estirpes produtoras de biofilmes. Todos os testes, com exceção do antibiograma, foram estatisticamente significativos (p<0,05). / Abstract: 94 Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from milk samples of cows suffering from subclinical mastitis in dairy herd, in two properties, in the state of São Paulo were evaluated. These strains were characterized by the in vitro slime production on the Congo red agar, biofilm formation and by the presence of icaA and icaD genes which are responsible for the intercellular adhesion. All strains were too subjected to in vitro susceptibility to 12 different antibiotics. The results revealed that 85% of isolates tested produced slime on the Congo red agar and 98,9% of the isolates produced biofilm in vitro by the adherence in sterile 96-well "U" bottom polystyrene tissue culture plates. 95,7% of isolates possessed the icaA and icaD genes. The results of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility assay to 12 different antibiotics revealed that seven isolates were resistance to follow antibiotics: clorphenicol, clindamicin, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin and penicillin, the higher resistance occurred to penicillin (6,6%) and gentamicin (2,2%). In the study of phenotypic tests compared with genotypic test, the 96-well polystyrene tissue culture plates assay was the most sensitivity (100%) and is recommended with genotypic test for the investigation biofilm formation in S. aureus. All the tests, exception of antibiotic susceptibility assay were statistically significant (p<005). / Mestre

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_pc_me_jabo.pdf: 445369 bytes, checksum: 73e845ad471abdc7d2224e3473891474 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Estudou-se 94 estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus obtidas do leite de vacas com mastite subclínica em duas propriedades rurais no estado de São Paulo. Essas estirpes foram caracterizadas fenotipicamente quanto a produção de biofilmes pelos testes do agar vermelho congo e pelo teste de aderência em microplacas e também foram genotipicamente identificadas pela presença dos genes icaA e icaD responsáveis pela produção do polissacarídeo de adesão intercelular. Além disso, todas as estirpes foram também submetidas ao teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que 85% das estirpes produziram biofilmes “in vitro” para o teste do agar vermelho congo. No teste de aderência em placas foi verificado que 98,9% das estirpes produziram biofilme, devido a forte aderência nas placas de polietileno. A presença dos genes icaA e icaD foi encontrada em 95,7% das estirpes de S. aureus. No antibiograma foi observado que sete estirpes foram resistentes aos seguintes antimicrobianos: cloranfenicol, clindamicina, eritromicina, gentamicina, oxacilina e penicilinaG, sendo que as maiores resistências ocorreram frente a gentamicina (2,2%) e a penicilina G (6,6%). Na avaliação dos testes fenotípicos com os genotípicos o teste de aderência em microplacas foi o mais sensível (100%), sendo indicado para identificar estirpes produtoras de biofilmes. Todos os testes, com exceção do antibiograma, foram estatisticamente significativos (p<0,05). / 94 Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from milk samples of cows suffering from subclinical mastitis in dairy herd, in two properties, in the state of São Paulo were evaluated. These strains were characterized by the in vitro slime production on the Congo red agar, biofilm formation and by the presence of icaA and icaD genes which are responsible for the intercellular adhesion. All strains were too subjected to in vitro susceptibility to 12 different antibiotics. The results revealed that 85% of isolates tested produced slime on the Congo red agar and 98,9% of the isolates produced biofilm in vitro by the adherence in sterile 96-well “U” bottom polystyrene tissue culture plates. 95,7% of isolates possessed the icaA and icaD genes. The results of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility assay to 12 different antibiotics revealed that seven isolates were resistance to follow antibiotics: clorphenicol, clindamicin, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin and penicillin, the higher resistance occurred to penicillin (6,6%) and gentamicin (2,2%). In the study of phenotypic tests compared with genotypic test, the 96-well polystyrene tissue culture plates assay was the most sensitivity (100%) and is recommended with genotypic test for the investigation biofilm formation in S. aureus. All the tests, exception of antibiotic susceptibility assay were statistically significant (p<005).

High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has revolutionized bacterial genomics. Its unparalleled sensitivity has opened the door to analyzing bacterial evolution and population genomics, dispersion of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and within-host adaptation of pathogens, such as Escherichia coli. One of the defining characteristics of intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC) pathotypes is a specific repertoire of virulence factors (VFs). Many of these IPEC VFs are used as typing markers in public health laboratories to monitor outbreaks and guide treatment options. Instead, extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) isolates are genotypically diverse and harbor a varied set of VFs -- the majority of which also function as fitness factors (FFs) for gastrointestinal colonization. The aim of this thesis was the genomic characterization of pathogenic and commensal E. coli with respect to their virulence- and antibiotic resistance-associated gene content as well as phylogenetic background. In order to conduct the comparative analyses, I created a database of E. coli VFs, ecoli_VF_collection, with a focus on ExPEC virulence-associated proteins (Leimbach, 2016b). Furthermore, I wrote a suite of scripts and pipelines, bac-genomics-scripts, that are useful for bacterial genomics (Leimbach, 2016a). This compilation includes tools for assembly and annotation as well as comparative genomics analyses, like multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), assignment of Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) categories, searching for protein homologs, detection of genomic regions of difference (RODs), and calculating pan-genome-wide association statistics. Using these tools we were able to determine the prevalence of 18 autotransporters (ATs) in a large, phylogenetically heterogeneous strain panel and demonstrate that many AT proteins are not associated with E. coli pathotypes. According to multivariate analyses and statistics the distribution of AT variants is instead significantly dependent on phylogenetic lineages. As a consequence, ATs are not suitable to serve as pathotype markers (Zude et al., 2014). During the German Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) outbreak in 2011, the largest to date, we were one of the teams capable of analyzing the genomic features of two isolates. Based on MLST and detection of orthologous proteins to known E. coli reference genomes the close phylogenetic relationship and overall genome similarity to enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) 55989 was revealed. In particular, we identified VFs of both STEC and EAEC pathotypes, most importantly the prophage-encoded Shiga toxin (Stx) and the pAA-type plasmid harboring aggregative adherence fimbriae. As a result, we could show that the epidemic was caused by an unusual hybrid pathotype of the O104:H4 serotype. Moreover, we detected the basis of the antibiotic multi-resistant phenotype on an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) plasmid through comparisons to reference plasmids. With this information we proposed an evolutionary horizontal gene transfer (HGT) model for the possible emergence of the pathogen (Brzuszkiewicz et al., 2011). Similarly to ExPEC, E. coli isolates of bovine mastitis are genotypically and phenotypically highly diverse and many studies struggled to determine a positive association of putative VFs. Instead the general E. coli pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is implicated as a deciding factor for intramammary inflammation. Nevertheless, a mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) pathotype was proposed presumably encompassing strains more adapted to elicit bovine mastitis with virulence traits differentiating them from commensals. We sequenced eight E. coli isolates from udder serous exudate and six fecal commensals (Leimbach et al., 2016). Two mastitis isolate genomes were closed to a finished-grade quality (Leimbach et al., 2015). The genomic sequence of mastitis-associated E. coli (MAEC) strain 1303 was used to elucidate the biosynthesis gene cluster of its O70 LPS O-antigen. We analyzed the phylogenetic genealogy of our strain panel plus eleven bovine-associated E. coli reference strains and found that commensal or MAEC could not be unambiguously allocated to specific phylogroups within a core genome tree of reference E. coli. A thorough gene content analysis could not identify functional convergence of either commensal or MAEC, instead both have only very few gene families enriched in either pathotype. Most importantly, gene content and ecoli_VF_collection analyses showed that no virulence determinants are significantly associated with MAEC in comparison to bovine fecal commensals, disproving the MPEC hypothesis. The genetic repertoire of bovine-associated E. coli, again, is dominated by phylogenetic background. This is also mostly the case for large virulence-associated E. coli gene cluster previously associated with mastitis. Correspondingly, MAEC are facultative and opportunistic pathogens recruited from the bovine commensal gastrointestinal microbiota (Leimbach et al., 2017). Thus, E. coli mastitis should be prevented rather than treated, as antibiotics and vaccines have not proven effective. Although traditional E. coli pathotypes serve a purpose for diagnostics and treatment, it is clear that the current typing system is an oversimplification of E. coli's genomic plasticity. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed many nuances of pathogenic E. coli, including emerging hybrid or heteropathogenic pathotypes. Diagnostic and public health microbiology need to embrace the future by implementing HTS techniques to target patient care and infection control more efficiently. / Eines der definierenden Charakteristika intestinal pathogener E. coli (IPEC) Pathotypen ist ein spezifisches Repertoire an Virulenzfaktoren (VFs). Viele dieser IPEC VFs werden als Typisierungsmarker benutzt. Stattdessen sind Isolate extraintestinal pathogener E. coli (ExPEC) genotypisch vielfältig und beherbergen verschiedenartige VF Sets, welche in der Mehrheit auch als Fitnessfaktoren (FFs) für die gastrointestinale Kolonialisierung fungieren. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war die genomische Charakterisierung pathogener und kommensaler E. coli in Bezug auf ihren Virulenz- und Antibiotikaresistenz-assoziierten Gengehalt sowie ihre phylogenetische Abstammung. Als Voraussetzung für die vergleichenden Analysen erstellte ich eine E. coli VF-Datenbank, ecoli_VF_collection, mit Fokus auf Virulenz-assoziierte Proteine von ExPEC (Leimbach, 2016b). Darüber hinaus programmierte ich mehrere Skripte und Pipelines zur Anwendung in der bakteriellen Genomik, bac-genomics-scripts (Leimbach, 2016a). Diese Sammlung beinhaltet Tools zur Unterstützung von Assemblierung und Annotation sowie komparativer Genomanalysen, wie Multilokus-Sequenztypisierung (MLST), Zuweisung von Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) Kategorien, Suche nach homologen Proteinen, Identifizierung von genomisch unterschiedlichen Regionen (RODs) und Berechnung Pan-genomweiter Assoziationsstatistiken. Mithilfe dieser Tools konnten wir die Prävalenz von 18 Autotransportern (ATs) in einer großen, phylogenetisch heterogenen Stammsammlung bestimmen und nachweisen, dass viele AT-Proteine nicht mit E. coli Pathotypen assoziiert sind. Multivariate Analysen und Statistik legten offen, dass die Verteilung von AT-Varianten vielmehr signifikant von phylogenetischen Abstammungslinien abhängt. Deshalb sind ATs nicht als Marker für Pathotypen geeignet (Zude et al., 2014). Während des bislang größten Ausbruchs von Shiga-Toxin-produzierenden E. coli (STEC) im Jahre 2011 in Deutschland waren wir eines der Teams, welches die genomischen Eigenschaften zweier Isolate analysieren konnte. Basierend auf MLST und Detektion orthologer Proteine zu bekannten E. coli Referenzgenomen konnte ihre enge phylogenetische Verwandschaft und Ähnlichkeit des gesamten Genoms zum enteroaggregativen E. coli (EAEC) 55989 aufgedeckt werden. Im Detail identifizierten wir VFs von STEC und EAEC Pathotypen, vor allem das Prophagen-kodierte Shiga-Toxin (Stx) und ein Plasmid des pAA-Typs kodierend für aggregative Adhärenz-Fimbrien. Die Epidemie wurde demnach durch einen ungewöhnlichen Hybrid-Pathotyp vom O104:H4 Serotyp verursacht. Zusätzlich identifizierten wir die Grundlage für den multiresistenten Phänotyp dieser Ausbruchsstämme auf einem Extended-Spektrum-beta-Laktamase (ESBL) Plasmid über Vergleiche mit Referenzplasmiden. Mit diesen Informationen konnten wir ein horizontales Gentransfer-Modell (HGT) zum Auftreten dieses Pathogenen vorschlagen (Brzuszkiewicz et al., 2011). Ähnlich zu ExPEC sind E. coli Isolate boviner Mastitiden genotypisch und phänotypisch sehr divers, und viele Studien scheiterten am Versuch eine positive Assoziation vermeintlicher VFs nachzuweisen. Stattdessen gilt Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) als entscheidender Faktor zur intramammären Entzündung. Gleichwohl wurde ein mammärer pathogener E. coli (MPEC) Pathotyp vorgeschlagen, der mutmaßlich Stämme umfasst, welche eher geeignet sind eine bovine Mastitis auszulösen und über Virulenz-Merkmale von Kommensalen abgegrenzt werden können. Wir sequenzierten acht E. coli Isolate aus serösem Eutersekret und sechs fäkale Kommensale (Leimbach et al., 2016). Bei zwei Mastitisisolaten wurden die Genome vollständig geschlossen (Leimbach et al., 2015). Anhand der genomischen Sequenz des Mastitis-assoziierten E. coli (MAEC) Stamms 1303 wurde das Gencluster zur Biosynthese seines O70 LPS O-Antigens aufgeklärt. Wir analysierten die phylogenetische Abstammung unserer Stammsammlung plus elf bovin-assoziierter E. coli Referenzstämme, aber konnten weder MAEC noch Kommensale bestimmten Phylogruppen innerhalb eines Core-Genom Stammbaums aus Referenz-E. coli eindeutig zuordnen. Eine ausführliche Gengehalt-Analyse konnte keine funktionelle Konvergenz innerhalb von Kommensalen oder MAEC identifizieren. Stattdessen besitzen beide nur sehr wenige Genfamilien, die bevorzugt in einer der beiden Pathotypen vorkommen. Weder eine Gengehalt- noch eine ecoli_VF_collection-Analyse konnte zeigen, dass eine signifikante Assoziation von bestimmten Virulenzfaktoren mit MAEC, im Vergleich zu bovinen fäkalen Kommensalen, besteht. Damit wurde die MPEC Hypothese widerlegt. Auch das genetische Repertoire von Rinder-assoziierten E. coli wird durch die phylogenetische Abstammung bestimmt. Dies ist überwiegend auch bei großen Virulenz-assoziierten Genclustern der Fall, die bisher mit Mastitis in Verbindung gebracht wurden. Dementsprechend sind MAEC fakultative und opportunistische Pathogene, die ihren Ursprung als Kommensale in der bovinen gastrointestinalen Mikrobiota haben (Leimbach et al., 2017). Obwohl traditionelle E. coli Pathotypen in der Diagnostik und Behandlung einen Zweck erfüllen, ist es offensichtlich, dass das derzeitige Typisierungs-System die genomische Plastizität von E. coli zu sehr vereinfacht. Die Gesamtgenom-Sequenzierung (WGS) deckte viele Nuancen pathogener E. coli auf, einschließlich entstehender hybrider oder heteropathogener Pathotypen. Diagnostische und medizinische Mikrobiologie müssen einen Schritt in Richtung Zukunft gehen und HTS-Technologien anwenden, um Patientenversorgung und Infektionskontrolle effizienter zu unterstützen.

A mastite representa um grande desafio na pecuária leiteira, visto que é uma das afecções que mais acometem o rebanho bovino ocasionando grande impacto econômico. As bactérias são importantes agentes associados à enfermidade, sendo que as mais comumente encontradas são as do gênero Staphylococcus, associadas tanto às manifestações clínicas quanto subclínicas. A terapia antimicrobiana é usualmente requerida como tratamento, auxiliando as defesas do animal para a eliminação do agente invasor, sendo assim, de suma importância monitorar a sensibilidade dos patógenos aos antimicrobianos. Visto que a resistência aos medicamentos utilizados tem se tornado frequente, há a necessidade de estudos mais abrangentes sobre o assunto. Desta forma, o presente estudo avaliou 300 isolados de Staphylococcus provenientes de amostras de leite de bovinos com mastite clínica e/ou subclínica de propriedades de exploração leiteira. A espécie mais detectada nas análises foi S. aureus, e dentre os genes que codificam para adesinas e biofilmes os mais frequentes foram (eno, fib e fnbA) e (bap, icaA, icaD). A combinação mais frequente no tocante às adesinas foi eno-fib-fnbA, e para os biofilmes foram bap e bap-icaD. Os maiores índices de resistência foram verificados para os antimicrobianos betalactâmicos (amoxicilina, ampicilina e penicilina). Identificou-se as maiores frequências de sensibilidade para cefalotina, seguida pela oxacilina e gentamicina, e não foi detectada relação de concordância da oxacilina com os betalactâmicos. Avaliou-se a concentração mínima inibitória (MIC) para ampicilina, gentamicina, oxacilina e penicilina, para todas as cepas resistentes no antibiograma. Posteriormente, investigou-se os genes responsáveis pela codificação de resistência antimicrobiana, com os genes femA e femB sendo os mais comuns, porém o gene femA não foi detectado em todas as cepas de S. aureus. Os genes mecA e bla<//i>Z foram identificados, porém em baixa frequência, e o homólogo de mecA, o mecALGA251, somente em duas cepas. As informações obtidas podem ajudar em diferentes aspectos acerca dos perfis dos microrganismos no tocante aos fatores de virulência dos mesmos, permitindo novas abordagens relativas a terapias e medidas de prevenção à mastite. / Mastitis represents a major challenge in dairy farming, since it is one of the affections that most impact the cattle herd, causing great economic distress. Bacteria are important agents associated with the disease, and the most commonly found are those of the genus Staphylococcus, associated with both clinical and subclinical manifestations. Antimicrobial therapy is usually required as a treatment, assisting the animal\'s defenses to eliminate the invading agent, and it is therefore of paramount importance to monitor the susceptibility of pathogens to antimicrobials. Since resistance to drugs commonly used has become frequent, there is a need for more comprehensive studies on the subject. Thus, the present study evaluated 300 isolates of Staphylococcus from samples of dairy cattle from dairy farms. The most prevalent species in the analyses were S. aureus, and among the genes coding for adhesins and biofilms the most frequent combinations were (eno, fib and fnbA) and (bap, icaA, icaD). The most frequent combination for adhesins was eno-fib-fnbA, and for biofilms they were bap and bap-icaD. The highest resistance indices were verified for betalactam antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin). The highest frequencies of sensitivity were identified for cephalothin, followed by oxacillin and gentamicin, and no concordance relationship was found between oxacillin and betalactam. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ampicillin, gentamicin, oxacillin and penicillin were performed for all strains resistant to the antibiogram. Subsequently, the genes responsible for the encoding of antimicrobial resistance were investigated, with the femA and femB genes being the most common, but the femA gene was not detected in all strains of S. aureus. The mecA and blaZ genes were identified, but at low frequency, and the mecA homolog, mecALGA251, was only found in two strains. The information obtained can help in different aspects about the microorganisms\' profiles regarding their virulence factors, allowing new approaches to therapies and mastitis prevention measures.

Foram submetidas a prova do \"California Mastitis Test\"(CMT), 468 vacas leiteiras pertencentes a seis propiedades rurais produtoras de leite tipo B, localizadas na região do Município de Barretos, SP. Das 56 (12,0 por cento ) fêmeas reagentes a esta prova, 48 (1O,3 por cento ) foram confirmadas através do isolamento e identificação do agente etiológico. A elevada concordância (85,71 por cento ) verificada entre, a prova do CMT e o exame bacteriológico, confirma a eficiência desta prova na detecção de transtôrnos da glândula mamária não perceptíveis clínicamente, uma vez que nenhuma das fêmeas analisadas apresentou sinais da enfermidade. A contagem leucocitária e a pesquisa do teor de cloretos efetuadas nas 56 fêmeas reagentes a prova do CMT, apresentaram concordâncias de 87,5 por cento e 50,0 por cento , respectivamente, em relação ao exame bacteriológico. O Staphylococcus aureus foi o agente etiológico mais frequente (52,08 por cento ) nos casos de mastite bovina. O estudo comparativo entre a contagem padrão em placas e a prova da redução do azul de metileno, efetuado nas 56 amostras reagentes a prova do CMT, revelou que 30 (53,57 por cento ) amostras apresentaram tempo de redução não condizente com o número de microrganismos determinado, isto é, tempo de redução menor que 3 l/2 horas e contagem total de microrganismos inferior a 500.000 microrg/ml. Observou-se, ainda, que destas 30 amostras, 26 (86,67 por cento ) apreesentaram contagens leucocitárias superiores a 2.500.000 leucócitos/ml., sugerindo deste modo, uma provável interferência dos leucócitos quando em número elevado, na prova da redução do azul de metileno. O estudo comparativo entre a contagem padrão em placas e a prova da redução do azul de metileno, efetuado nas 30 amostras negativas a prova do CMT, revelou que 27 (90,0 por cento ) amostras apresentaram o tempo de redução condizente com o número de microrganismos determinado, o que confirma a importância de sua utilização na rotina do Serviço de Inspeção. A provãvel interferência dos leucócitos não compromete a eficiência desta prova, pois as variações observadas ocorrem no sentido de abreviar o tempo de redução, sendo muito pequena a probabilidade de aceitação de um produto com o número de microrganismos superior ao permitido pelo Ministério da Agricultura. Dentre as provas utilizadas pelo Serviço de Inspeção na detecção da mastite bovina a nível de Estabelecimentos Industriais a prova de Whiteside foi a que apresentou maior sensibilidade e especificidade, capaz de revelar a presença de leite anormal em rebanhos cuja prevalência desta doença foi igual ou superior a 7,0 por cento das fêmeas ou 1,4 por cento dos quartos analisados. A pesquisa do teor de cloretos apresentou menor sensibilidade e especificidade, incapaz de revelar a presença de leite anormal em todos os rebanhos analisados. Entretanto, este fato não invalida a utilidade de sua aplicação, pois esta prova pode ser de fundamental importância na detecção de fraudes no leite. A prevalência da mastite bovina em até 20,0 por cento das fêmeas leiteiras ou em ate 5,0 por cento dos quartos examinados, não foi suficiente para colocar os quesitos analisados nas amostras de leite, fora dos padrões normais. Acredita-se que estes padrões devam ser objeto de estudos posteriores. / Four-hundred and sixty-eigth milk cows, belonging to six type B milk producing dayry farms, located in the region of Barretos, SP, Brazil were submitted to \"California Mastitis Test\", of the fifty-six (12,0 per cent ) cows positive to the mentioned test, forty eigth (10,31) had the diagnosis confirmed throght isolation and identification of the etiologic agent. High agreement (85,7 per cent ) was obtained between CMT and bacteriologic examination, which confirms the efficiency of CMT in the detection of diseases of the mammary glands, not perceptible by clinical examination, as none the animals examined presented signs of disease. Leucocyte count and determination of chloride level performed on the fifty-six reactors presented agreement of 87,5 per cent and 50,0 per cent , respectively, with bacteriological examination. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated bacterium (52,08 per cent of cases). Comparison between total plate count and reductase test, performed on thirty samples negative to CMT, showed that twenty-seven samples (90,0 per cent ) presented a reduction time compatible with the number of microorganisms present, confirming the importance of reductase test regarding inspection. The theoretical interference of leucocytes was not important in practice, as variations observed were abreviation of reduction time, rendering the propability of accepting a product with a number of microorganisms over legal limits very small. Considering tests used by the Inspection Service for detection of bovine mastitis, the Whiteside test presented highest sensivity and specificity, as it was capable of reveling abnormal milk when prevalence was 7,0 per cent and over, considering animals and 1,1 per cent considering quarters. Chloride level presented lower sensitivity and specificity as it was unable to detect abnormal milk in all dairy farms. However it is very important in the detection of frauds. Prevalence of mastitis of up to 20,0 per cent of animals or of 5,0 per cent of quarters was not sufficient to bring the total milk produced below standards.

Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos extratos de algumas plantas endêmicas do Cerrado, tais como Baccharis dracunculifolia, Cochlospermum regium, Croton antisyphiliticus, Eugenia dysenterica e Lippia sidoides, frente a estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de leite de vacas com mastite e de fontes de contaminação envolvidas na epidemiologia da mastite bovina. Os extratos foram preparados a partir das partes aéreas e sistema radicular das plantas, utilizando os solventes metanol, hexano e clorofórmio, por processo de maceração estática. Para avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foram aplicadas as técnicas de difusão em disco, microdiluição em caldo para determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (MBC). Dentre os extratos que apresentaram atividade bacteriostática, o extrato hexânico de Baccharis dracunculifolia destacou-se com CIM de 10 mg/mL sobre 45% das estirpes. Enquanto o extrato clorofórmico de Croton antisyphiliticus, com atividade bactericida, inibiu a multiplicação de 100% das estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus, com CIM variando entre 1,03mg/mL e 4,15 mg/mL. O estudo demonstra ainda, que tais extratos vegetais apresentaram resultados superiores aos obtidos com a gentamicina, princípio ativo muito utilizado no combate à mastite bovina, reforçando a importância das plantas medicinais como recurso terapêutico. / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extracts of certain endemic plants in the Brazilian Cerrado, such as Baccharis dracunculifolia, Cochlospermum regium, Croton antisyphiliticus, Eugenia dysenterica and Lippia sidoides, against strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the milk of cows with mastitis and sources of contamination involved in the epidemiology of bovine mastitis. The extracts were prepared by using aerial parts and radicular systems of the plants, using methanol, hexane and chloroform as solvents, extracted with static maceration. Techniques of disc diffusion, broth microdillution for the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were used for the assessment of antimicrobial activity. Among the extracts with bacteriostatic activity, the hexanic extract of Baccharis dracunculifolia had a 10 mg/mL MIC against 45% of the strains, whereas the chloroformic extract of Croton antisyphiliticus, with bactericidal activity, inhibited the multiplication of 100% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains, whose MIC varied between 1.03mg/mL and 4.15 mg/mL. The study also demonstrated that the results of these plant extracts are superior to the results obtained with gentamicin, an active principle commonly used against bovine mastitis, reinforcing the importance of medicinal plants as a therapeutic resource. / Orientador:Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Coorientadora: Ana Maria Soares Pereira / Banca: Bianca Waléria Bertoni / Banca: Oswaldo Durival Rossi Junior / Mestre