no / The optimal operation policy of flexible RO systems is studied in this work. The design and operation of RO process is optimized and controlled considering variations in water demands and changing seawater temperature throughout the day. A storage tank is added to the system layout to provide additional operational flexibility and to ensure the availability of freshwater to customer at all times. A steady state model for the RO process is developed and linked with a dynamic model for the storage tank. The membrane modules are divided into a number of groups to add flexibility in operation to RO network. The total operating cost of the RO process is minimized in order to find the optimal layout and operating variables at discreet time intervals for three design scenarios. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This thesis focuses on the implementation of species-specific isotope dilution (SSID) methodology and stable isotope tracers to determine mercury species occurrence and transformation processes in-situ and during sample treatment. Isotope enriched tracers of methyl-, ethyl- and inorganic mercury were synthesised and applied in different combinations to marine and biological samples. Experimental results were obtained using gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS). Mercury methylation and methylmercury demethylation processes in surface sediments were studied in the brackish Öre River estuary, Bothnian Bay. Uni- and multivariate data evaluation identified the organic material content and mercury methylation potential in the sediments as important factors controlling incipient methylmercury levels. Mercury species distribution in mice treated with the pharmaceutical preservative Thimerosal (ethylmercurithiosalicylate) was studied. The ethylmercury moiety of Thimerosal was observed to rapidly convert to inorganic mercury in the mice during the treatment period as well as during sample treatment, hence necessitating SSID methodology for accurate ethylmercury determinations in biological samples. To facilitate the introduction of SSID as a routine quantitative method in mercury speciation, a methylmercury isotopic certified reference material (ICRM) was produced. Prior to certification, the stability of the material was examined in conventional and isochronous stability studies spanning 12 months, which permitted uncertainty estimation of the methylmercury amount content for two years of shelf-life. Finally, a field-adapted SSID method for methylmercury determinations in natural water samples was developed. The proposed analytical protocol significantly simplified sample storage- and treatment procedures without sacrifices in analytical accuracy.

Dynestadsjön in Gamleby, Västervik municipality, has a history of collapses due to lack ofoxygen and high levels of salt, nitrogen and phosphorus. The high levels of nutrients havegiven rise to deteriorating living conditions for aquatic organisms. At the times when a collapsehas occurred, the upper water layer has become oxygen-free, which has led to a large part oflife in the water being lost. During the collapses, a powerful stench of sulfur was spread. Theaccumulated amounts of nutrients in the lake are assumed to have arisen due to the inflow ofbrackish water that occurs at regular intervals from Gamlebyviken. In recent years, numerousmeasures have been taken to reduce the nutrient load in the lake in order to improve its waterquality. A more innovative, and thus less proven measure, has been to pump water from thebottom layer of Dynestadsjön and use these volumes to irrigate crops. The volumes that arepumped contains significant amounts of the undesirable nutrients and thereby reduce thestress of the lake and its organisms. In order to perform this and other possible measures ona larger scale, it is necessary to be aware of the mass balance of salt and nutrients that existsin the lake. The aim of this study has been to map out the various flows that make up the massbalance and recreate it in the form of a simulation model in the programs MATLAB andSimulink. Also, an evaluation of the effects of the withdrawn volumes through pumping hasbeen performed and a discussion of what affects the inflow and outflow from Dynestadsjön'soutlet has been made.From the results it can be stated that the exchange of water that takes place at the lake's outletstrongly affects the mass balance of salt and nutrients in Dynestadsjön. It can also be statedthat the change in the amount of nutrients in the lake largely follows the same pattern as itsvolume. When inflow of brackish water from Gamlebyviken occurs, the amount of saltincreases and thus also the salinity. The runoff which contains a relatively low salinitycontributes to a diluting factor of salinity. This flow, on the other hand, supplies the lake withundesirable amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus as a result of a catchment area where theland use mainly consists of forestry and agriculture. The volumes extracted from the bottomlayer have contributed with a clearly reduced amount of nutrients relative to the startingamounts. The amounts that have been added to the layer through sedimentation and stratifyingis however unknown. High levels of salt are pumped out with the irrigation water. If theseamounts are enriched in the soil, it may cause problems in future harvests. The constant shiftsin the direction of flow at the outlet of Dynestadsjön are assumed to be due to so-called wateroscillation arising on the coast because of strong winds. The deep, long, narrow Gamlebyvikenwith its open inlet towards the sea is considered to have great potential for this phenomenonto occur. Variations in air pressure are also considered to affect the flow. For the time periodexamined, the variations of the air pressure have been evaluated. These variations correspondto large changes in the water level compared with the lake's location above sea level. / Dynestadsjön i Gamleby, Västerviks kommun, har en historia av kollapser till följd av syrebristsamt höga halter havssalt, kväve och fosfor. De höga halterna näringsämnen har gett upphovtill försämrade levnadsförhållanden för fisk och andra vattenlevande organismer. Då sjönkollapsar stiger syrefritt bottenvatten upp till ytskiktet och orsakar fiskdöd. Vid kollapserna haräven en kraftfull stank av svavel spridit sig intill sjön. De ackumulerade mängderna salter i sjönantas uppkommit på grund av inflöde av bräckt vatten från Gamlebyviken till Dynestadsjön.Flertalet åtgärder har utförts för att minska näringsbelastningen från land till sjön för attförbättra vattenkvaliteten. Dessa åtgärder har främst varit anläggning av fosfordammar,tvåstegsdiken samt våtmarker. En mer nytänkande, och därmed mindre beprövad åtgärd äratt pumpa vatten från sjöns bottenskikt för att sedan använda detta näringsrika vatten tillbevattning av grödor. Tanken är att volymerna som pumpas upp ska återföra näringsämnentill land och skapa en återcirkulation av det näringsrika vattnet. För att kunna utföra detta samtandra eventuella åtgärder i större skala krävs det förståelse om den massbalans avnäringsämnen som råder i sjön. Syftet med arbetet har varit att utföra mätningar för attkartlägga de olika flödena som utgör massbalansen och återskapa denna i form av en modelli programmen MATLAB och Simulink. En utvärdering kring effekten av de uttagna volymernagenom pumpning har utförts samt en diskussion kring vad som påverkar in- och utflödet urDynestadsjöns utlopp har genomförts.Resultatet visar att det utbyte av vatten som sker vid sjöns utlopp kraftigt påverkarmassbalansen av salt, kväve och fosfor i Dynestadsjön. Vid inflöden av bräckt vatten frånGamlebyviken till Dynestadsjön ökar mängden salt. Tillrinningen från land och andravattendrag har en relativt låg salthalt och bidrar med en utspädande faktor. Flödet förserdäremot sjön med oönskade mängder kväve och fosfor som ett resultat av ettavrinningsområde där markanvändningen till största del består av skogs- och jordbruk.Simuleringarna visar att de uttagna volymerna från bottenskiktet har bidragit till att minskamängden näringsämnen med 25 % relativt de ursprungliga mängderna. Hur stora mängdersom tillkommit skiktet genom sedimentation och skiktning är dock oklart. Höga halter av salthar pumpats upp med bevattningsvattnet. Om mängderna anrikas i marken kan det påverkamarkbördigheten och orsaka problem vid framtida skördar. De ständiga skiftningarna avflödets riktning vid Dynestadsjöns utlopp antas delvis bero av vattenpendling uppkommen vidkusten som ett resultat av kraftiga vindar. Den djupa, långsmala Gamlebyviken anses ha godpotential för att detta fenomen ska kunna inträffa. Även variationer i lufttrycket anses påverkaflödet. För den undersökta tidsperioden har variationerna av lufttrycket utvärderats. Dessavariationer motsvarar förändringar av vattenståndet av samma storleksordning som sjönsbelägna nivå över havet.

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From the Proceedings of the 1975 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 11-12, 1975, Tempe, Arizona / A direct osmosis plant can reclaim twenty to thirty thousand acre feet of Wellton-Mohawk brackish drainage water using no more nitrogen fertilizer than is normally used in the Yuma, Coachella valley, Imperial Valley and the bordering Mexican areas. On a per-acre basis ammonium sulfate-driven direct osmosis can reclaim about one percent of the total irrigation requirement from 3000 ppm brackish water. In addition to the ammonium sulfate-driven direct osmosis efficiency, the by-product energy recovery of the manufacture of the fertilizer and the low technology inherent in direct osmosis processes make direct osmosis an appealing water reclaiming process.