O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o tratamento dado à arbitragem comercial institucional internacional pelas leis de Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China. A aproximação entre estes países, deflagrada principalmente após a criação do grupo BRIC, culminou num aumento considerável das suas relações comerciais. O aumento das relações pressupõe, também, um aumento na possibilidade da ocorrência de conflitos. Pela arbitragem ser, reconhecidamente, o meio de solução de controvérsias mais adequado e mais utilizado em litígios internacionais, a informação sobre como este instituto é regulado pelos sistemas jurídicos dos BRICs pode ser útil àqueles que tenham interesse em atuar nos mercados destes países. Utilizando-se dos postulados do Direito Comparado, o presente trabalho compara o padrão internacional de regulação da arbitragem comercial, consubstanciado nos textos da Lei Modelo da UNCITRAL e na Convenção de Nova Iorque de 1958, com as leis de arbitragem instituídas em cada um dos BRICs, para verificar eventuais similaridades e diferenças relevantes. A metodologia é a pesquisa comparada, em que se comparam as leis, dotrinas e decisões judiciais relevantes sobre o tema, em cada um dos sistemas jurídicos estudados. Os resultados apontam para o fato de que o padrão internacional é, em linhas gerais, seguido por todos os BRICs, embora os sistemas chinês e russo sejam menos liberais, no que diz respeito à influência estatal na efetividade da arbitragem comercial internacional. Por fim, sugere-se uma maior aproximação entre os sistemas jurídicos destes quatro países, mas que os próprios também fomentem, nos foros multilaterais, que a comunidade internacional discuta mais o tema e promova, se necessário, eventuais reformas ao padrão adotado atualmente, para que sua aceitação e implementação sejam amplas entre as nações. / This work studies the treatment given by Brazilian, Russian, Indian and Chinese laws to international commercial arbitration. Mainly triggered after the creation of the BRICs, these countries proximity ended up by significantly increasing their commercial relations. This increase in commercial relations also implies an increase in the possibility of conflicts. Because arbitration is recognized as the most suitable and used means of conflict resolution in international litigations, the information on how it is regulated by the BRICs legal systems may be useful to those interested in operating in these countries markets. By using the fundamental principles of comparative jurisprudence, this work compares the international standard of regulation of commercial arbitration, set forth in UNICITRAL Model Law and in the 1958 New York Convention, to arbitration laws established in each country composing the BRICs, aiming at identifying any relevant similarities and differences. The methodology used is compared research, in which laws, relevant precedents and jurisprudence are compared within the legal systems studied in this work. The results show that the international standard is, at least in general, followed by all BRICs, although Chinese and Russian systems are less liberal, concerning public influence on the effectiveness of international commercial arbitration. Finally, it is presented a suggestion to enclose the regulation of international commercial arbitration among those four countries, but also indicating that this movement shall be made within the multilateral system, promoting the discussion with tha international community, in order to review, if necessary, the legal standard in force, aiming it´s major acceptance and implementation by other nations worldwide.

This study is an empirical research that is set to examine to what extent culture affects the performance of Swedish managers when doing business with their Russian customers. The authors aim is to find out how important cultural awareness is when doing business between Sweden and Russia as well as what factors Swedish managers should consider before doing business with a Russian customer. The purpose of this study has been set in relation to empirical evidence based on a qualitative research approach with semi structured in-depth interviews as a method. Seven in-depth interviews has been conducted in order to fulfil the research questions and the purpose of this study, all interviewees has got at least three years of business related experience towards the Russian market. One of the main objectives of this study is to create a road map that will unveil hidden rules and provide a practical approach in order to avoid apprehensions and hesitations concerning the Russian culture, before arriving and while already in Russia. This study reveals that factors such as language, non-stereotyping, and a rigorous research about the Russian culture are needed for a Swedish businessman before doing business in Russia. When a Swedish businessman has arrived in Russia, considerations and efforts should be put on factors such as the importance of a formal dress code, practice status, as well as a strict leadership style.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work aims, at first, to determine the relationship between export basket and income per capita worldwide, seeking to understand if what a country exports is relevant to its economic performance. For this, it has been used the calculation of PRODYX index and the results obtained shows that exports of different products have different associated average income per capita, corroborating with the hypothesis that what a country produces and exports is important for its economic performance. In a second moment, this work aims to monitor and characterize quantitatively and qualitatively, the evolution of trade flows of the countries members of BRIC in the 2000s. For this, it has been analyzed the growth, the relative composition and the trade balance of the commercial flows of BRIC, and calculated the indicators of external trade (Market-Share, Revealed Comparative Advantages, Index of Contribution to the Trade Balance and Index of Intra-Industry Trade) and the obtained results were that, on the one hand, Brazil and Russia not only maintained a pattern of rigid specialization, keeping with the existing pattern in the early 2000s, but also deepened this pattern, with an increase in the dynamics of primary products and intensives in natural resources. On the other hand, India and mainly China showed changes in the period, converging to a pattern of specialization based on products with higher added value and greater diversification. / O presente trabalho busca, em um primeiro momento, averiguar a relação entre pauta exportadora e renda per capita mundial, visando compreender se o que um país exporta é relevante para o seu desempenho econômico. Para isso, utiliza-se o cálculo do índice PRODYX e os resultados obtidos comprovam que as exportações de diferentes produtos apresentam renda média per capita associada diferentes, corroborando a hipótese de que o que um país produz e exporta é importante para o seu desempenho econômico. Em um segundo momento, o trabalho busca acompanhar e caracterizar, quantitativa e qualitativamente, a evolução dos fluxos de comércio nos anos 2000 dos países integrantes do BRIC. Para isso, analisa-se o crescimento, a composição relativa e o saldo comercial dos fluxos de comércio do BRIC e calculam-se os indicadores de comércio exterior (Market-Share, Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas, Índice de Contribuição ao Saldo Comercial e Índice de Comércio Intraindustrial) e os resultados gerados foram que, por um lado, o Brasil e a Rússia não apenas mantiveram um padrão de especialização rígido, com continuidade do padrão existente no inicio dos anos 2000, como também se aprofundaram neste padrão, com aumento do dinamismo em produtos primários e intensivos em recursos naturais. Por outro lado, a Índia e, principalmente, a China apresentaram modificações no período, convergindo para um padrão de especialização pautado em produtos de maior valor agregado e com maior diversificação. / Mestre em Economia

The primary objective of this work is to comprehensively evaluate the capacity of the BRICS to achieve its objectives by mutual cooperation, based on the confrontation of the declared aims of the group itself during its annual summits with real achievements. The secondary aim of the study is to estimate the direction in which the cooperation between the BRICS will be heading in the future and to define possible challenges threatening its success. The thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part the author describes the genesis of the term "BRICS", and then continues by describing the essential characteristics of individual BRICS countries and their mutual similarities and differences. In the second, main part, the author evaluates the extent of fulfillment of individual goals set during the BRICS summits, taking place annually since 2009. The author evaluates seven selected key goals by analyzing the reasons for their implementation, proposed methods of implementation, the steps taken for their fulfillment, the effectiveness of these steps and the current status. Subsequently, in a similar manner author evaluates several sub-targets. In the third part, the author presents the expectations for the forthcoming BRICS summit, outlines possible directions that will be taken by BRICS in the future and identifies the weaknesses threatening their successful cooperation.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / This study investigated the relationship between economic complexity and the three mac-roeconomic variables in a comparative setting between selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) and BRICS countries. Economic complexity as a development index reveals how sophisticated a country is as shown by its exports structure through the Product Com-plexity Index (PCI) and Economic Complexity Index (ECI). The three macroeconomic var-iables are gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita), current account and fixed investment (gross fixed capita formation) for the period 1994 to 2018.The first three set study objectives were investigated on whether there exists a short and long-run relation-ship through a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL). The the fourth objective was to test for causality through a standard Granger causality, and fifth, to forecast the macroeconomic variables for the foreseeable future utilising the Impulse Response Func-tion (IRF) and the variance decomposition techniques, these are complementary tech-niques. The last two objectives were to draw a comparative analysis upon the findings, and to relate on the product complexities and economic landscape in the selected SSA and BRICS. Reporting on the ECI-GDP per capita nexus, the PARDL estimates revealed a positive and significant association between ECI and GDP per capita in both the se-lected SSA and BRICS in the long-run. There was no Granger causal effect between ECI and GDP per capita for both set of countries. The concern was in relation to forecasting GDP per capita due to a shock in ECI. The selected SSA GDP per capita response to a shock in ECI was neutral when adopting the IRF technique, and the variance decompo-sition also revealed small estimates in both the short and long-run, below 1%. In the BRICS economies, there was a meaningful positive reaction from a shock in ECI when deploying the IRF technique, while the variance decomposition had a 3% response in the long run when seen through the variance decomposition. On the current account-ECI relationship, the PARDL estimates exposed that there was a positive and significant impact from ECI on the current account in both the groups in the long-run significant while short-run results were insignificant. Granger causality could not detect any causal effect between ECI and current account in the selected SSA, while in the BRICS countries there was a unidirectional causal effect from ECI to current account. When forecasting the current account, the selected SSA reacted negatively to a shock in v ECI seen through the IRF, and the variance decomposition also revealed a small reaction in any period. In the BRICS case, current account’s response was a positive and explo-sive reaction from a shock in ECI when applying the IRF technique. The VD revealed a higher change in current account was explained by a shock in ECI. On the ECI-Fixed Investment, the PARDL estimates showed that there was a long-run positive and signifi-cant effect between ECI and fixed investment in bothgroups. However, the Granger causal results revealed no presence of causality in the selected SSA, while there was causal unidirectional effect from ECI to fixed investment. The IRF technique revealed a negative fixed investment reaction from a shock in ECI, and the variance decomposition results revealed a small reaction in fixed investment in the selected SSA. In the BRICS case, there was a positive and explosive fixed investment emanating from a shock in ECI. Utilising the variance decomposition fixed investment in BRICS was explained by inno-vative shocks in ECI in the long run. On the last two objectives, comparatively the selected SSA countries are disadvantaged as they are concentrated in negative ECI as seen in the descriptive statistics, reflecting that they are still much less developed. This tells us that they are less industrialised as compared to the BRICS nations who are better off. These selected SSA economies are not developed enough as compared to the BRICS nations. The SSA region needs to learn from the leading BRICS countries by creating a conducive environment for a better de-velopment of innovation that improves the domestic value chain that produces knowledge-based products for the export market. The rest of the selected SSA region should form part of economic integrations with the more developed countries that offer mutual beneficiation like South Africa to fast track the developmental of their states. There is a need to modernise the agricultural and agro-industries. The region should harness the full potential of its agricultural sector. This will create a large global market share and perhaps increase the current account outlook through trade with more efficient agro-pro-cessed products. Africa needs to scale up investment in many fronts from government to private investment to improve infrastructure, more so that the scale of needs is so much in the continent.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Matias Filho.pdf: 2247216 bytes, checksum: 9f58a8acab229af1da81ea011f6e8bd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-14 / The economic growth is close linked with the growth of the companies. There is a great expectation that the countries of the supposed block BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India and China presented a vigorous growth in the coming decades. The capital structure of these companies will have a key role in providing more financial resources for the increased activity, necessary for this expected growth. The present study investigated the capital structure of the companies in this supposed economic block, in order to identify its determinants, the influence of governmental policies in their training and the alignment with the main theories of capital structure currently discussed in the literature: agency costs, trade-off, asymmetric information and pecking order. Made a comparison with U.S. companies, the leading country in the world economy, and calculate the level of debt off of the sample. The results identified several variables as determinants of capital structure of companies of the sample, with predominance for the variables at the firm level, and to a lesser degree in the macro-economic level. Strongly corroborated the assumptions of the theories discussed, and provided robust evidence of being aligned with U.S. companies. They also showed a reasonable debt off for countries in the sample, which can be applied to increase de activity of enterprises, except Russia. / O crescimento econômico está intimamente ligado com o crescimento das empresas. Existe uma grande expectativa que os países do BRIC: Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China apresentem um crescimento vigoroso nas próximas décadas. A estrutura de capital dessas empresas terá um papel fundamental na oferta de mais recursos financeiros para o aumento da atividade, necessário a esse crescimento esperado. O presente estudo investigou a estrutura de capital das empresas desse suposto bloco econômico, buscando identificar suas determinantes, a influência das políticas governamentais na sua formação e o alinhamento com as principais teorias de estrutura de capital discutidas atualmente na literatura: custos de agência, trade-off, assimetria de informação e pecking order. Efetuou uma comparação com empresas dos EUA, país líder da economia mundial, além de calcular o nível de folga de endividamento das empresas da amostra. Os resultados identificaram diversas variáveis como determinantes da estrutura de capital das empresas da amostra, com predominância para as variáveis no nível da empresa, e em menor grau no nível macro-econômico. Corroboraram fortemente as premissas das teorias discutidas, e forneceram indícios robustos de estarem alinhadas com as empresas dos EUA. Mostraram também uma folga de endividamento razoável para os países da amostra, que pode ser aplicada no aumento da atividade das empresas, com exceção da Rússia.

Michel Maffesoli and Zygmunt Bauman add the traits of Benjamin's flâneur to the (neo-)nomad, namely his "flâneur" gaze and his relation to commodities. But in the concept of nomad these traits gain specific nature - on the field of fashion they transform nomad into migrant, who is capable of creative work with vanitas. Nomad as a travelling flâneur is a stranger-guest and becomes a tourist, willingly getting lost in the city and voluntarily being surprised by unexpected encounters. Tourists relation to his memories could be described with Benjamin's description of mémoire involontaire as a revived punctum. A tourist prepares his memories like a nicely descending ruins. Souvenir is his materialised memory. It's not only a duplicated plastic Eiffel tower, but a magic artifact. It's a collective aura, what's on Benjamin's mind when he writes about aura regression. The private aura comes instead, turning things to talismans, reenchanting the world. The era of postmechanical reproduction reminds one, that there is a way to reproduce not just mechanically but biologically: a bricolage remix is made. Souvenirs descend and take shape of hommogenic rummage which reveals the fundamental form of postmodern metamorphosis: recyclation. This metamorphosis can finally be used when analyzing the settler turn into nomad...

Submitted by Fernando Mistura (f.mistura@gmail.com) on 2011-10-10T19:43:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-10-10T19:48:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-10-10T19:48:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-10-11T12:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / This dissertation has sought to identify the role of BRIC country governments in the internationalization of their firms. Drawing upon an exploratory comparative analysis of BRIC OFDI trends and policies, it contributes to further an initial understanding of this phenomenon by shedding light on how and why BRIC governments have been promoting their multinationals. For this, it analysed specific OFDI-related policies implemented by BRIC countries as a way of highlighting policy-gaps and the effects of institutional set-ups in the development of internationalized companies. The rapid rise of MNCs from BRIC countries is quite a recent phenomenon. Although they had invested abroad before, only since the early 2000s OFDI by BRIC MNCs has become substantial. BRIC MNCs are becoming major players in many industries, taking-over competitors in both developed and developing countries, and reshaping competition in many industries. In this process, BRIC governments have played an important role. While until the early 1990s, BRIC governments restricted OFDI because of a negative perspective on its effects on home economies (e.g., reduction in investments at home, exports of jobs, and constraints to the balance-of-payments), in the 2000s their perception of OFDI changed. They have become more aware of the importance of OFDI for the competitiveness of their firms and industrial upgrade. While China, and to a lesser extent India, are one step further, having already put in place a comprehensive set of specific OFDI promoting policies, Brazil and Russia have yet to take further steps in order to create an enabling environment for their companies to fully exploit the advantages of global expansion / Esta dissertação procurou identificar o papel dos governos na internacionalização produtiva de empresas dos países BRIC. Por meio de uma análise comparativa do comportamento dos investimentos diretos no exterior (IDE) destes países e dos mecanismos existentes de suporte à internacionalização das empresas, foi possível identificar as diferentes maneiras de envolvimento desses governos na internacionalização produtiva de suas empresas e apontar lacunas de políticas públicas nestes países. Destarte, esta dissertação contribui à compreensão inicial sobre como e por que os governos destes países têm promovido o desenvolvimento de multinacionais. A rápida ascensão das multinacionais dos países BRIC é um fenômeno recente. Apesar de terem investido no exterior anteriormente, apenas a partir do início dos anos 2000 que o IDE de empresas destes países tornou-se significativo. Desde então, as multinacionais dos países BRIC estão se tornando importantes players em diversas indústrias, adquirindo competidores de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, e redesenhando a concorrência em muitas indústrias globais. Neste processo, os governos dos países BRIC têm desempenhado um papel importante. Até o início dos anos 1990, o IDE era restringido porque era associado a efeitos negativos sobre as economias domésticas (como por exemplo, à redução de investimentos no país de origem, à exportação de empregos, e a problemas na balança de pagamentos). Desde o início dos anos 2000, entretanto, os governos dos países BRIC mudaram de percepção e passaram a adotar políticas favoráveis à internacionalização produtiva de empresas domésticas. Eles perceberam a importância da internacionalização para a manutenção ou expansão da competitividade das empresas domésticas em um mundo globalizado. A China, e em menor grau a Índia, estão um passo adiante, tendo já posto em prática um conjunto de instrumentos específicos que facilitam a internacionalização de suas empresas. O Brasil e a Rússia ainda têm de tomar novas medidas para criar um ambiente propício para que suas empresas possam mais facilmente explorar as vantagens da expansão global.

During the last two decades, there have been a number of policy and legislative changes in respect of South Africa’s intellectual property (IP) and the national system of innovation (NSI). In 2012, a Ministerial Review of the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) landscape in South Africa made recommendations to improve the STI landscape and effectively the national system of innovation. The study provides a critical review of drafts of the national IP policy published in 2013 as well as the IP Framework released in 2016 for public comment. The review of the IP and the NSI are within the context of the National Development Plan (NDP), which outlines South Africa’s desired developmental goals. South Africa is part of the BRICS group of countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). The South African economy is characterised by a desire to move away from being dependent on resources and commodities, to becoming a more knowledge based and innovation driven economy. It is hoped that such a move would assist the country to address some of the social and economic development challenges facing South Africa, as captured in the NDP. South Africa has a functioning IP system, but its relationship with South Africa’s development trajectory is not established. More particularly, the extent to which the IP system relates to the innovation system and how these two systems must be aligned to enable South Africa to transition successfully from a country based on the production of primary resources and associated commodity-based industries to a viable knowledge-based economy is unclear. The Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) provides that IP must contribute to innovation and to transfer of technology and knowledge in a manner that is conducive to social and economic welfare. Certain provisions set out the foundations of intellectual property systems within the context of each member state. This study has thus explored the complex, complementary and sometimes contested relationships between IP and innovation, with particular emphasis on the potential of an intellectual property system to stimulate innovation and foster social and economic development. The study has also analysed the interconnectivity of IP and innovation with other WTO legal instruments, taking into account South Africa’s positioning within the globalised economy and in particular the BRICS group of countries. The research involved a critical review of South Africa’s IP and innovation policies, as well as relevant legislation, instruments, infrastructure, IP and innovation landscape, and relationship with international WTO legal instruments, in addition to its performance, given the developmental priorities and the globalised economy. The research documents patenting trends by South Africans using European Patent Office (EPO), Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), United States Patents and Trademarks Office (USPTO) databases over the period 1996-2015. A comparative analysis of patenting trends amongst BRICS group of countries has also been documented. The study also documents new findings, observations and insights regarding South Africa’s IP and innovation systems. Some of these, particularly in relation to higher education and research institutions, are directly attributable to the Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act. More particularly, the public institutions are becoming relevant players in the NSI and are responsible for growth of certain technology clusters, in particular, biotechnology. At the same time, the study makes findings of a decline of private sector participation in patenting as well as R&D investment over the 20-year period. Recommendations are included regarding specific interventions to ensure coherence between the IP and innovation systems. Such coherence and alignment should strengthen the systems’ ability to stimulate innovation and foster inclusive development and competitiveness, which are relevant for addressing South Africa’s socio-economic development priorities. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.