Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_paula_finger.pdf: 729110 bytes, checksum: fe15bb22f0abb92bf1b2938fd6dcdfc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / The chickens infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious viral disease which causes predominantly respiratory lesions manifested clinically and invariably by sneezing and tracheo-bronchial rales, which may lead to more severe signs, with a decrease in fertility and reduction of eggs production. The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) encodes four major structural proteins: N (nucleocapsid protein), S (spike protein), E (envelope protein) and M (membrane protein) being the S protein is cleaved into S1 and S2. The 1 subunit (S1) is found exposed in the viral envelope, which makes it an important or main inducer of neutralizing antibodies against the IBV, the main target for the host s immune system. The variations in two regions of the envelope s S1 subunit, called hypervariables regions, may originate to new serotypes. The IBV s mutation and recombination capacity and the selection pressure exerted by the prolonged use of live vaccines contribute to the appearance of a wide variety of serotypes and subtypes of IBV. The objective of this study was to express, in Pichia pastoris, the gene that encodes the surface protein S1 of IBV strain M41 and, in Escherichia coli, to express the S1 of the synthetic gene designed from consensus sequences of national and international field samples, as an interesting alternative for the production of antigen that can be used for monitoring vaccination of birds and also an antigen that is suitable for the use in serological diagnostic. The cloning and expression of glycoprotein S1 in both heterologous expression systems was successfully performed. The process of expression using E. coli was simple and quick when compared to the use of P. pastoris. The P. pastoris was able to express the entire S1; however, it showed difficulty in secreting the glycoprotein. The results will be evaluated for use in immunodiagnostic kit for monitoring the disease in poultry, being more affordable than the ones existing currently. / A bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (IB) é uma enfermidade viral altamente contagiosa que causa predominantemente lesões respiratórias que se manifestam clinicamente e invariavelmente por espirros e estertores tráqueo-bronquiolares, podendo levar a sinais mais severos, com diminuição na fertilidade e redução da produção de ovos. O vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (IBV) codifica quatro proteínas estruturais importantes: N (proteína do nucleocapsídeo), S (proteína de superfície), E (proteína do envelope) e M (proteína da membrana), sendo a proteína S subdividida em S1 e S2. A subunidade 1 (S1) encontra-se exposta no envelope viral, o que torna-a um importante, ou principal, indutor da produção de anticorpos neutralizantes frente ao IBV, sendo o principal alvo para o sistema imune do hospedeiro. As variações em duas regiões da subunidade S1 do envelope, chamadas regiões hipervariáveis, podem dar origem a novos sorotipos. A capacidade de mutação e recombinação de IBV e a pressão de seleção exercida pelo uso prolongado de vacinas vivas contribuem para o aparecimento de uma grande variedade de sorotipos e subtipos de IBV. O objetivo deste trabalho foi expressar em Pichia pastoris o gene que codifica a proteína de superfície S1 da estirpe M41 do IBV e, em Escherichia coli, expressar a S1 de um gene sintético elaborado a partir de sequências consenso de amostras de campo nacionais e internacionais, como uma alternativa interessante para a produção de antígeno que possa ser utilizado para monitoramento vacinal das aves e também um antígeno que seja adequado para utilização em diagnóstico sorológico. A clonagem e a expressão da glicoproteína S1 em ambos os sistemas heterólogos de expressão foi realizada com sucesso. O processo de expressão usando E. coli foi rápido e simples quando comparado ao uso da P. pastoris. A P. pastoris foi capaz de expressar a S1 inteira, porém, apresentou dificuldade em secretar a glicoproteína. Os resultados obtidos deverão ser avaliados para uso em Kit de imunodiagnóstico para monitoramento da enfermidade na avicultura, sendo de custo mais acessível do que os existentes no mercado.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

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Le déoxynivalénol (DON) est l'une des mycotoxines trichothécènes les plus abondantes et les plus importantes produites par les espèces de Fusarium. Les aliments contaminés par les mycotoxines peuvent affecter négativement la santé des poulets de chair. La présente étude a été menée pour évaluer les effets du déoxynivalénol (DON) sur les performances des poulets de chair, le poids des organes, les paramètres biochimiques sériques, la réponse immunitaire et l'histologie intestinale. L’expérience a permis d’évaluer l'efficacité d'un additif alimentaire commercial, basé sur les synbiotiques (SFA), et ayant la capacité d'oxyder le DON. Au total, six cents poussins mâles d'un jour d'une souche commerciale (Ross 308) ont été vaccinés avec un vaccin vivant combiné contre le virus de la maladie de Newcastle (NDV) et le virus de la bronchite infectieuse (IBV) et ont été répartis de façon aléatoire entre 6 traitements (100 oiseaux dans chaque groupe) pour 5 semaines. Ces groupes ont été nourris avec la même nourritures naturellement contaminés par DON mais à des concentrations différentes : < 0,5 (régime témoin), 1,5 et 3 mg/kg avec et sans SFA à 250 g/tonne. Les paramètres, y compris le poids corporel, la consommation d'aliments, et le taux de mortalité, ont été enregistrés sur une base hebdomadaire. De plus, des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur quatre oiseaux de chaque groupe pour déterminer les caractéristiques biochimiques sériques, et les titres d'anticorps contre NDV et IBV. Au cours de la semaine 5, quatre des poulets sélectionnés ont été euthanasiés, et les organes, coeur, foie, rate, bourse de Fabricius, ont été pesés. Des tissus de l'intestin, segments de 2 cm du duodénum, du jéjunum, de l'iléon et du cæcum, et de la bourse de Fabricius et thymus ont été prélevés pour des examens histologiques. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que les oiseaux dont l’alimentation était contaminée au DON présentaient une diminution (P < 0,05) du poids moyen aux jours 28 et 35 par rapport aux groupe témoin et groupes traités avec le SFA. De plus, l'inclusion de DON dans l'alimentation a réduit le titre d'anticorps contre le NDV (P < 0,05) et l'IBV (P < 0,001). Les paramètres biochimiques sériques, et le poids des organes pendant toute la période expérimentale (P > 0,05) n’ont pas montré de différences significatives. De plus, chez les oiseaux nourris avec des aliments contaminés, le DON a provoqué un processus de nécrose au niveau des villosités du duodénum et du thymus. Cependant, cela n'a pas modifié la morphométrie du tissu intestinal et de la bourse de Fabricius. Il a été conclu que les performances des poulets de chair, ainsi que la réponse vaccinale et paramètres histologiques, étaient négativement affectées par une alimentation contaminée par le DON. La supplémentation alimentaire avec un additif alimentaire à base de synbiotiques, serait une alternative pour atténuer les effets causés par cette mycotoxine chez les oiseaux. / Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most abundant and important trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species. Mycotoxin-contaminated feeds may negatively affect broiler chickens’ health, a sustainable approach to achieve mycotoxin elimination is necessary. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the performance of broilers, organ weights, serum biochemical parameters, immune response, and intestinal histology and to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial feed additive, based on synbiotics (SFA), with the ability to deepoxidize DON. In total, six hundred 1-d-old male broiler of a commercial strain (Ross 308) were vaccinated with combined live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine and were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments (100 birds in each group) for 5 wk. These groups were fed 3 diets naturally contaminated with DON at concentrations of < 0.5 (control diet), 1.5, and 3 mg/kg with and without SFA at 250 g/ton. The parameters including body weight, feed intake, and mortality rate were recorded on a weekly basis. In addition, weekly blood samples were collected from four birds in each group to determine serum biochemical characteristics and antibody titers to NDV and IBV. In week 5, four selected chickens were euthanized, and organs (heart, liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius) were weighed. Tissues from intestine (2-cm segments of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caecum) and immune system (bursa of Fabricius and thymus) were collected for further histological examinations. The results indicated that DON-challenged birds had decreased (P < 0.05) average body weight (ABW) at days 28 and 35 as compared to control and treated groups with SFA. Furthermore, the inclusion of DON in the diet reduced antibody titer against NDV (P < 0.05), and IBV (P < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in serum biochemical parameters and organs weight during the whole experimental period (P > 0.05). Moreover, in birds fed contaminated diets, DON caused necrosis in duodenum villus and in the thymus but did not alter the intestinal or the immune system morphometrics. It was concluded that broiler performance, histological, and immunological parameters were adversely affected by feeding diets contaminated with DON. However, the dietary supplementation with Synbiotics as a detoxifying agent would be an alternative to alleviate adverse effects on birds.

The diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections in ambulatory adults is challenging. The prevalence of these conditions outstrips the medical profession's efficiency and effectiveness in dealing with them. However, selecting diagnostic techniques that identify causative organisms and therapeutic agents targeted to those organisms should lead to a reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with these illnesses.