O litoral norte de São Paulo é caracterizado por registros de uma história geológica relacionada à amalgamação e fragmentação do Supercontinente Gondwana Ocidental, sua evolução está relacionada à formação da Serra do Mar e a abertura do Oceano Atlântico Sul. Trata-se de uma região potencialmente atraente para o desenvolvimento de atividades geoturísticas e de divulgação científica, sendo as formas da paisagem, resultantes de fenômenos geológicos, importantes atrativos turísticos concentrados principalmente nas praias. A região possui uma rica herança cultural advinda das comunidades tradicionais. Com base nesses aspectos e visando a relevância científica e cultural dessa região verifica-se a necessidade de realizar um estudo de forma a descrever e identificar aspectos relevantes da geodiversidade e da cultura, e elaborar um mapa geoturístico integrado para o litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo inventariar e avaliar quantitativamente o patrimônio geológico de Caraguatatuba e os sítios da geodiversidade do litoral norte de São Paulo; inventariar os sítios do patrimônio construído no litoral norte de São Paulo; e integrar todos os sítios inventariados para elaborar o mapa geoturístico do litoral norte de São Paulo, propondo-o como uma estratégia de geonconservação para a região. Este estudo utilizou métodos pré-existentes e desenvolveu métodos de seleção de sítios da geodiversidade e do patrimônio construído para alcançar o resultado obtido. O mapa geoturístico resultante neste trabalho consiste em um produto que fundamenta a importância do geoturismo para a conservação da geodiversidade. O presente trabalho oferece uma alternativa para a descentralização do turismo na região, com uma abordagem geológica levando em conta o turismo sustentável e destaca a importância da percepção e compreensão da paisagem geológica e da geoconservação como parte importante da conservação do patrimônio natural / The northern coast of the state of São Paulo is characterized by records of a geological history related to the amalgamation and fragmentation of the Western Gondwana Supercontinent. Its evolution is related to the formation of Serra do Mar and the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. As a potentially attractive region for the development of geotourism activities and popularization of science, its landscape forms, resulting from geological phenomena, are important tourist attractions concentrated mainly on the beaches. In addition, the region has a rich cultural heritage of the local traditional communities. Based on these aspects and aiming at the scientific and cultural relevance of this region, it is necessary to carry out a study in order to describe and identify relevant aspects of geodiversity and culture, and to elaborate an integrated geotourism map of the northern coast of São Paulo. The purpose of this work is the inventory and quantitative evaluation of the geological heritage of Caraguatatuba town and of the geodiversity sites of the northern coast of São Paulo; inventory of the built heritage sites on the northern coast of São Paulo; integration of all the inventoried sites for the purpose of elaborating the geotouristic map of the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, proposing it as a strategy of the region\'s geonconservation. This study used pre-existing methods as well as developed the new ones, those of the geodiversity and built heritage sites selection in order to achieve the result obtained. The geotourism map resulting from this research, is a product that substantiates the importance of geotourism for the conservation of geodiversity. The present work offers an alternative for the decentralization of tourism in the region, with a geological approach taking into account the sustainable tourism, and emphasizes the importance of the perception and understanding of the geological landscape and the geoconservation as a part of the conservation of the natural heritage.

O litoral norte de São Paulo é caracterizado por registros de uma história geológica relacionada à amalgamação e fragmentação do Supercontinente Gondwana Ocidental, sua evolução está relacionada à formação da Serra do Mar e a abertura do Oceano Atlântico Sul. Trata-se de uma região potencialmente atraente para o desenvolvimento de atividades geoturísticas e de divulgação científica, sendo as formas da paisagem, resultantes de fenômenos geológicos, importantes atrativos turísticos concentrados principalmente nas praias. A região possui uma rica herança cultural advinda das comunidades tradicionais. Com base nesses aspectos e visando a relevância científica e cultural dessa região verifica-se a necessidade de realizar um estudo de forma a descrever e identificar aspectos relevantes da geodiversidade e da cultura, e elaborar um mapa geoturístico integrado para o litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo inventariar e avaliar quantitativamente o patrimônio geológico de Caraguatatuba e os sítios da geodiversidade do litoral norte de São Paulo; inventariar os sítios do patrimônio construído no litoral norte de São Paulo; e integrar todos os sítios inventariados para elaborar o mapa geoturístico do litoral norte de São Paulo, propondo-o como uma estratégia de geonconservação para a região. Este estudo utilizou métodos pré-existentes e desenvolveu métodos de seleção de sítios da geodiversidade e do patrimônio construído para alcançar o resultado obtido. O mapa geoturístico resultante neste trabalho consiste em um produto que fundamenta a importância do geoturismo para a conservação da geodiversidade. O presente trabalho oferece uma alternativa para a descentralização do turismo na região, com uma abordagem geológica levando em conta o turismo sustentável e destaca a importância da percepção e compreensão da paisagem geológica e da geoconservação como parte importante da conservação do patrimônio natural / The northern coast of the state of São Paulo is characterized by records of a geological history related to the amalgamation and fragmentation of the Western Gondwana Supercontinent. Its evolution is related to the formation of Serra do Mar and the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. As a potentially attractive region for the development of geotourism activities and popularization of science, its landscape forms, resulting from geological phenomena, are important tourist attractions concentrated mainly on the beaches. In addition, the region has a rich cultural heritage of the local traditional communities. Based on these aspects and aiming at the scientific and cultural relevance of this region, it is necessary to carry out a study in order to describe and identify relevant aspects of geodiversity and culture, and to elaborate an integrated geotourism map of the northern coast of São Paulo. The purpose of this work is the inventory and quantitative evaluation of the geological heritage of Caraguatatuba town and of the geodiversity sites of the northern coast of São Paulo; inventory of the built heritage sites on the northern coast of São Paulo; integration of all the inventoried sites for the purpose of elaborating the geotouristic map of the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, proposing it as a strategy of the region\'s geonconservation. This study used pre-existing methods as well as developed the new ones, those of the geodiversity and built heritage sites selection in order to achieve the result obtained. The geotourism map resulting from this research, is a product that substantiates the importance of geotourism for the conservation of geodiversity. The present work offers an alternative for the decentralization of tourism in the region, with a geological approach taking into account the sustainable tourism, and emphasizes the importance of the perception and understanding of the geological landscape and the geoconservation as a part of the conservation of the natural heritage.

Os elementos abióticos da natureza têm sido usados desde as primeiras civilizações para benefício do homem. Tais elementos são formados por processos desenvolvidos em uma escala de tempo que extrapola a escala humana, o que lhes permite a suposição de aspectos duráveis e resistentes. Contudo, em muitos casos, os locais de interesse geológico estão sujeitos a ameaças, dentre elas a urbanização. Os municípios da Baixada Santista enfocados nesta pesquisa - Santos, São Vicente e Cubatão - possuem locais de interesse geológico que constituem importantes registros do passado e da história evolutiva da região. A área de estudo é fortemente urbanizada e tais locais não são levados em consideração nos planos de ordenamento do território. Neste contexto, fez-se o inventário e a avaliação quantitativa dos geossítios e sítios da geodiversidade e um estudo das rochas locais e exóticas utilizadas nas edificações dos municípios em questão. Seis geossítios e três sítios da geodiversidade foram definidos, os quais representam a história geológica da região no período do Neoproterozoico ao Quaternário. Verificou-se uma forte relação do patrimônio geológico com a urbanização, representada por um rico patrimônio construído, constituído por vinte e oito edificações em Santos, seis em São Vicente e oito em Cubatão. Nas primeiras construções utilizaram-se principalmente as rochas disponíveis no entorno e, com o passar do tempo, foram introduzidas rochas exóticas. Com base nos resultados foram elaboradas propostas de gestão e valorização para os locais de interesse geológico e edificações, sob a forma de roteiros temáticos englobando tanto os aspectos naturais quanto os construídos. / The abiotic elements of nature have been used since the earliest civilizations for the benefit of man. The formation processes of these elements occur in a time scale much longer than that of humans, allowing the assumption that they possess durable and resistant aspects. However, in many cases, sites of geological interest are subject to threats, including urbanization. In the municipalities, situated in Baixada Santista, studied herein - Santos, São Vicente and Cubatão - there are sites of geological interest that are important records of the past and of the evolutionary history of the region. The study area is highly urbanized and such sites are not taken into account in land use planning. In this context, inventory and quantitative assessment of the geosites and geodiversity sites were performed, and a study of the local and exotic rocks used in buildings of the above-cited municipalities was carried out. Six geosites and three geodiversity sites were defined, which represent the geological history of the region from the Neoproterozoic to the Quaternary. A strong relationship between geological heritage and urbanization was found, represented by a rich built heritage, consisting of twenty-eight buildings in Santos, six in São Vicente and eight in Cubatão. The early buildings were constructed using mainly rocks from the surroundings, and exotic rocks were introduced over time. Based on the results, management and valorization proposals were made for the sites of geological interest and for the buildings, in the form of thematic guides covering both natural and built heritage aspects.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, navigation was the most used means of transport, both for driving loads such as for locomotion. Border with Argentina, Itaqui, a border city of the state, at that time, used to use its port as defense and trade coming mainly from Argentina and Uruguay as well as European countries. The Public Market Itaqui appeared because of its location and the necessity to have an appropriate space for trade. This market lasted a few decades, but was beaten by several factors. Although the importance, recognized as the State Heritage, the building lost its value, and gave space for abandonment and disuse. Based in these aspects, this research aims to provide theoretical basis to the intervention area regain its original sense, in order to rehabilitate the environment and redeem their historical and architectural importance. These theoretical and practical researches, underlie and materialize these goals, along with issues related to the area. Thus, through the photographic survey, metric and analyze the current state of conservation, were drawn up maps of damage that were the basis for the development of guidelines for conservation and maintenance of the building, so that, the building perpetuates over time. From the data collected, was drawn up the damage map, in which was found the constant presence of biofilm, result of the lack of maintenance. Finally, methods were developed to serve as basis the rehabilitation and recovery guidelines in order to permit the future integrity of the building, perpetuating it over the time. / No inicio do século XX, a navegação era o meio de transporte mais utilizado, tanto para condução de cargas, como para locomoção. Itaqui, uma cidade fronteiriça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, faz divisa com a Argentina e utilizava, na época, o seu Porto como defesa e para as trocas de entrepostos comerciais vindos principalmente da Argentina e Uruguai e também de países europeus. Por sua localização e pela necessidade de se ter um espaço apropriado para o comércio, surgiu, nesse mesmo tempo, o Mercado Público de Itaqui. Mercado este que durou algumas décadas, mas foi vencido por diversos fatores. Embora fosse importante, reconhecido como Patrimônio Histórico do Estado, o prédio perdeu seu valor dando espaço para o abandono e desuso. Esta pesquisa, ao levar em consideração esses aspectos, tem a finalidade de dar embasamento teórico para que a área de intervenção readquira seu sentido original, com o objetivo de requalificar o entorno e resgatar sua importância histórica e arquitetônica. Os estudos teóricos e práticos fundamentam e concretizam essas metas, junto a temas relacionados à área. Com isso, através do levantamento fotográfico, métrico e da análise do estado atual de conservação, observou-se que muitas modificações com pouca significância foram feitas ao longo dos anos. Diante destes dados coletados, elaboraram-se os mapas de danos, na qual verifica-se a presença constante de Biofilme, resultado da inexistência de manutenção periódica. Por fim, desenvolveu-se métodos que servirão como base para as diretrizes de reabilitação e conservação de forma a permitir a integridade futura da edificação, perpetuando-a ao longo do tempo.

This study examines the practice of restoring public buildings in ancient Rome and attendant attitudes towards them in order to develop an understanding of the Roman concept of built heritage. Drawing on a combination of archaeological and textual evidence and focusing primarily on six decades from the Great Fire of AD 64 to the AD 120s, a period of dramatic urban transformation and architectural innovation, it explores the ways in which individual structures and the cityscape as a whole was rebuilt. With specific reference to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, it is shown how buildings developed through successive reconstructions and that the prevailing approach was to modernise the aesthetic and materiality of structures, rather than to restore them to their original appearance. Furthermore, by recognising the importance of religion as a potential agent in the restoration process, a new interpretation of the exceptional treatment of the casa Romuli is proposed. With the intention of uncovering attitudes to built heritage in society more widely, the study goes beyond analysing the physical treatment of buildings to consider also how changes to the urban fabric were received by those who experienced them firsthand. Through examining descriptions of destruction and restoration in literature of the period, particularly in the works of Seneca the Younger, Pliny the Elder, Martial and Tacitus, an insight is gained into the ways that Rome’s inhabitants responded to the redevelopment of their historic built environment. This thesis argues for a Roman concept of built heritage that is dramatically different from many modern ideas on the subject. The findings question the extent to which the historical value and identity of a structure resided in its physicality, and demonstrates that the Roman concern for historic buildings did not equate to preservation of historic architecture.

Les villes de l’Europe s’efforcent aujourd’hui plus que jamais de soigner et de mettre en exergue leur patrimoine bâti. Dans le sillage d’une réévaluation postmoderne de l’objet « vieille ville », elles redécouvrent leurs propres quartiers anciens, autrefois négligés, et les élèvent au rang de patrimoine culturel. Cette promotion ne se manifeste pas seulement par la réhabilitation et par la mise en scène du bâti ancien, mais aussi par son intégration dans les stratégies de développement urbain. Dans le contexte international, et en particulier dans le cadre de la compétition urbaine, les villes se définissent de plus en plus à travers leur potentiel culturel tout en faisant référence à leurs origines historiques et leurs quartiers anciens. En effet, les quartiers anciens sont devenus les vitrines des villes, ils sont considérés comme des vecteurs majeurs d’identité et d’image. C’est en vertu de ces qualités qu’ils sont considérés comme étant aptes à attirer des touristes, des investissements, de la main d’œuvre qualifiée, etc.Cette étude a pour objectif de mettre en évidence le rôle du patrimoine urbain dans les stratégies de développement économique et urbain de Vienne et de Budapest, deux métropoles centre-européennes disposant l’une et l’autre de vastes quartiers historiques. L’analyse a été conduite sous l’aune de deux postulats, le premier étant que le patrimoine urbain est une construction intellectuelle du présent qui répond à des besoins actuels, le deuxième reposant sur le fait que le patrimoine urbain est fonctionnalisé en tant que ressource pour le développement économique et urbain dans le cadre des politiques urbaines postfordistes. / More than ever, European metropolises are concerned about their built heritage, its rehabilitation and staging. With the recent postmodern reassessment of the object “old town”, cities are rediscovering their own historic districts, formerly neglected, and are elevating them into a cultural heritage rank. Such promotion does not only appear in the guise of reconstruction of old building stock and its presentation but also by integrating built heritage into marketing and urban development strategies. In an international context, and particularly in light of competition amongst cities, they are increasingly defining themselves through their cultural potential by referring to their origins, their traditions and their built heritage. In essence, old quarters have become showcases of their cities, making them major coordinates of identity and image. It is due to these qualities that they are considered suitable to attract tourists, investments, qualified workforce etc.This study aims at examining the utilisation of urban heritage in the urban development strategies of Vienna and Budapest, two Central European metropolises, both of which boast a vast urban heritage. The study is based on two underlying hypotheses: Firstly, the urban cultural heritage is an intellectual construct of the present, which responds to current needs of society. Secondly, urban heritage can be functionalised as a resource for economic and urban development in postfordist urban policies.

Key words: Prague, Budapest, guidebook, heritage trail, socialist heritage, built heritage Abstract: The thesis focuses on the heritagization of the socialist heritage: how the representation of socialist heritage has changed over years since the emergence of the socialist modernist architecture in East-Central Europe and how the approach towards socialist heritage is currently changing in the wake of the heritagization process. An asymmetrical comparative analysis of Prague and Budapest highlights the similarities and differences in the two cities' history, particularly in the socialist era. The choice of the cities was based on the facts that both cities are historical capitals, and neither Budapest's nor Prague's old town was changed dramatically during the Socialist period. The research deals with the heritagization process of socialist heritage from two angles: it combines analytical and practical aims. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the heritagization process of socialist heritage, the history of guidebooks and the emergence of heritage trails as important part of the new tourism approach. On the analytical level, the thesis focuses on the visual analysis of the presentation of socialist architecture in guidebooks and the promotion for the socialist heritage before and after the change...

Depuis quelques années, l’urbanisme tend à considérer de plus en plus la question patrimoniale. Au Québec, c’est suite à l’adoption, en 1980, de la Loi sur l’aménagement et l’urbanisme que fut formellement introduite la donne patrimoniale dans la pratique urbanistique. Bien que cette pratique tente aujourd’hui de poser la conservation du patrimoine bâti comme l’une de ses préoccupations, elle ne parvient pas à l’assumer complètement. En nous basant sur la définition du patrimoine urbain telle que proposée par Gustavo Giovannoni, nous voulons, par cette étude, amorcer une réflexion sur les enjeux d’une approche urbanistique du patrimoine urbain. Nous proposons dans un premier temps un survol de l’évolution de la notion de patrimoine urbain. Cette évolution est mise en relation avec la constitution d’un regard sur le patrimoine bâti québécois. Nous analysons, par la suite, trois moments clés dans la constitution d’un tel regard. La mise en contexte de la naissance de l’urbanisme québécois constitue, quant à elle, le troisième et avant-dernier volet de notre réflexion. À la lumière de cette analyse, nous considérons que le regard de l’urbaniste, posé sur le patrimoine bâti, témoigne encore aujourd’hui d’un désintérêt pour la forme. L’abandon du domaine du physico-spatial au profit d’une gestion rationnelle de la ville a engendré une méconnaissance des processus de constitution des ensembles bâtis et du rôle des formes spécialisées polarisantes. Une véritable approche urbanistique du patrimoine bâti ne saurait passer que par la reconnaissance des processus morphogénétiques des ensembles urbains anciens et de leur inscription dans la ville contemporaine. / For a few decades now, urban planners have tried to include the conservation of built environment in their practices. In Quebec, the first introduction of this consideration takes place in 1980 by the adoption of the Act respecting land use planning and development. Unfortunately, this new consideration was never fully included in the practice, even if urban planning tried to considerer conservation of built environment as one of his main interest. Regarding the definition of built heritage by Gustavo Giovannoni, this study is concerned with the consideration of built heritage in an urban planning’s point of view. In the first part, we will go through an overview of the evolution of the term built heritage. Secondly, we will review three different moments in the constitution of a specific point of view of Quebec’s built heritage. Finally, we will dedicate the third part of our thesis to the birth of urban planning in the province of Quebec. The results of our study show that the modern urban planner’s point of view on built heritage is still characterized by a disinterest in the urban and architectural forms. The focus made by urban planners on the rational management of the twentieth century’s city caused a misunderstanding of its evolution process. What we will demonstrate is that a real urban planning’s point of view on built heritage must consider these processes as well as the inclusion of the old city within the new agglomeration.

La question de recherche « Conserver ou restaurer ? » est le point de départ d’une aventure invitant le lecteur à répondre à qu’est-ce qui oriente nos interventions en matière de conservation du patrimoine bâti. Sachant que ces positions rivales ont toutes une prétention à la vérité, cette thèse fait l’hypothèse d’une médiation entre les deux approches en clarifiant ses différentes interprétations. À partir d'un regard critique de la théorie de Cesare Brandi fondée sur la dialectique historique-artistique de l’œuvre d’art ainsi que d'une réflexion sur la nature fonctionnelle de l’œuvre architecturale, cette thèse démontre qu’il n’y a pas lieu a priori de donner une prédominance à l’une des deux options, ni à établir une échelle de valeurs prédéterminées, mais dévoile un dénominateur commun qui est le temps. Ce dernier ne se restreint pas au passé et au présent, mais implique la puissance destructrice du temps de la nature et le temps historique fondé sur un présent durable riche du passé et ouvert sur l'avenir. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent enfin un dialogue possible entre nos deux alternatives, en proposant une éthique disciplinaire axée sur la dialectique du temps. Savoir « quand conserver ou quand restaurer » demande la reconnaissance de ce que l’on retient de plus significatif à travers l’existence de l’œuvre. Situer cette signification dans un passé révolu désigne l’œuvre comme témoignage d’un temps passé, en lui reconnaissant sa fonction mémorielle ou remémorative ; d’où l’approche à prédominance conservative visant à faire reculer la puissance destructrice du temps de la nature et à préserver le témoignage matériel de la dégradation. Au contraire, situer cette signification dans un présent vivant, c’est reconnaître sa vocation identitaire destinée à la représentation d’une culture ; d’où l’approche à prédominance restaurative (ré-intégrative) fondée sur le temps historique, d’un présent durable riche du passé et ouvert sur l'avenir visant à en révéler le sens. En bref, en ce qui concerne tout le patrimoine bâti, on ne peut parler que d’une dialectique fondamentale issue de la nature même de ces œuvres, à interpréter sous leur fonction mémorielle et leur vocation identitaire. Par conséquent, conserver ou restaurer devraient être réinterprétés par préserver la mémoire ou révéler l’identité. Ainsi, la conservation et la restauration ne doivent plus être entendues comme deux options antagonistes, mais comme deux modalités d’interprétation au service de la médiation de l’œuvre architecturale à travers le temps. / The research question "to conserve or restore?" is the starting point of an adventure inviting the reader to respond to what guides our actions for the conservation of built heritage. Knowing that both rival positions claim to hold the truth, this thesis proposes a mediation between the two approaches by clarifying their various interpretations, particularly in the context of the longevity of Cesare Brandi's theory based on the historical-artistic dialectic of the work of art. Starting from this critique of Brandi’s theory and from a reflection on the functional nature of the architectural work, this thesis shows that there is no reason a priori to give predominance to one of two options, nor to establish a scale of predetermined values, but reveals time as a common denominator. Time is not restricted to the past and the present, but involves the destructive power of natural time and historical time based on a sustainable present rich with the past and open to the future. The research results reveal a possible dialogue between the two alternatives, by proposing a disciplinary ethic based on the dialectic of time. Knowing "when to conserve or to restore" demands the recognition of what is most significant throughout the existence of a work. To situate this meaning in a bygone era designates the work as evidence of a past time, by recognizing its function in aiding memory and commemoration; thus a predominantly conservative approach that aims at reducing the destructive power of nature and time, and at preserving the material evidence of degradation. On the other hand, to situate this meaning in a living present is to recognize its vocation in support of identity for the representation of a culture; hence a predominantly restorative approach (re-integration) based on historical time, a sustainable present rich with the past and open to the future can reveal this meaning. In short, with regard to all built heritage, one can only speak of a fundamental dialectic based on the essential nature of these works, interpreted according to their memorial function and their identity vocation. Therefore, to conserve or restore should be reinterpreted by preserving memory or revealing identity. Thus, conservation and restoration should no longer be understood as two conflicting options, but as two ways of interpretation in the service of the mediation of the architectural work through time.

Ce travail de thèse consiste en l’élaboration d’une méthodologie d’étude de monuments historiques, appliquée au château de Chambord. Il s’agit de mettre en place le carnet de santé de l’édifice, et de le compléter par une expérimentation en laboratoire, afin de réaliser un diagnostic d’altération.Les archives historiques concernant le château ont été rassemblées et analysées pour concevoir des cartographies de dates de pose et de nature des pierres. L’examen in situ des façades a ensuite conduit à réaliser des cartographies d’altération. La synthèse des informations concernant le passé et le présent du monument a permis d’établir une liste des principaux facteurs environnementaux associés aux altérations, de même que la chronologie de leur développement, pour ainsi aboutir à une première estimation des cinétiques de progression.C’est la desquamation en plaques, détérioration courante du tuffeau, à la fois la plus dommageable et la plus complexe, qui a été ciblée pour le diagnostic d’altération. Les analyses physico-chimiques réalisées sur des prélèvements in situ ont conduit à l’identification systématique du gypse dans les fissures des desquamations. Des simulations expérimentales ont été mises en place pour appréhender le rôle du gypse, son mode de transport et son origine. La pollution atmosphérique mettant en oeuvre du SO2 gazeux reproduit bien la distribution du gypse telle que mesurée dans les desquamations en plaques observées au château de Chambord. Un mécanisme incluant ce phénomène a été proposé, pour expliquer le développement de cette altération, et qui pourrait être à la base des prévisions de l’évolution des altérations, afin d’envisager le futur du monument. / This thesis is dedicated to the establishment of a methodology to study the built cultural heritage, applied to the castle of Chambord. It consists in realizing the health record of the monument, and completing it by an experimental sequence in laboratory, in order to provide a diagnosis of the state of degradation.Historical archives about the castle were gathered and analysed to obtain mappings of dating and nature of stone. By mean of in situ observations, a mapping of degradation has been added. A synthesis of the information concerning the past and the present of the monument allowed establishing a list of the main factors associated to degradations and to a chronology of development of these degradations, so as to estimate their kinetics.Spalling, which is the most damaging and complex usual degradation, has been chosen as case of study for the diagnosis of degradation. The physic-chemical characterisations made on in situ coring lead to systematically found gypsum in spalling’s cracks. Various artificial ageing tests have been performed to enlighten the role of gypsum, its transport mode, and its origin. Atmospheric pollution including gaseous SO2 reproduces well the distribution of gypsum observed in spalling at Chambord. A global mechanism taking into account this phenomenon has been proposed to clarify the development of this degradation.