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En “God bebyggd miljö” är ett svenskt miljömål och det är myndigheter som Boverket som har det yttersta ansvaret för uppföljningen av arbetet kring detta. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka hinder respektive möjligheter det finns för att en god bebyggd miljö skall kunna bli verklighet i Sverige. Utöver detta undersöks vilka incitament det finns för en fastighetsägare att investera tid och pengar i arbetet som rör en god bebyggd miljö.    Metoden som valts för studien är en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. För intervjuerna kontaktades flera olika personer med olika synvinklar på arbetet med en god bebyggd miljö. Intervjuerna utgör det empiriska materialet i studien och detta tillsammans med det teoretiska ramverket som grundar sig i de preciseringar som regeringen utvecklat för att förtydliga vad som innefattas i en god bebyggd miljö. Arbetet har avgränsats till de delarna av en god bebyggd miljö som en fastighetsägare skulle kunna påverka.   Studien resulterade i att utmaningar och möjligheterna identifierades samt att incitamenten som finns för en fastighetsägare diskuterades och utvärderades. De incitament som målades upp som de vanligaste var främst ekonomiska.

This thesis paper explores some of the cultural phenomena that influence my conceptual framework and describes the logic behind the formal decision-making that defines my work. Beginning with a description of the nature of the materials and environments I appropriate, this thesis aims to deconstruct the layered system of binaries that build the logic behind my work. The concerns in my work circulate around domestic consumption and the objects detritus, a term coined in the paper, that are produced as a result. However, rather than allow the objects detritus to remain cast-aways of a culture of excess, my work reincorporates these objects as materials in conglomerate sculptures. This thesis depicts the complex of ideas that help delegate how these conglomerate works come into being.

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Cycling safety policy and research have mostly focused on cycling infrastructure, cyclists' behavior, and safety equipment in the past decades. However, the role ofbuilt environment characteristics (BECs) in the safety of cyclists has not yet been fully examined. For the Netherlands, this is rather surprising given the significant modal share of bicycles in daily trips, the importance attributed to urban spatial planning, and it being one of the most planned countries in the world. Despite the considerable improvements that have ta1cen place in traffic safety over the decades, the ( actual) number of cyclist deaths between 2011 and 2020 increased by on average 2% per year; the cyclists bad a major portion oftraffic death (followed by passenger cars); also, almost onethird of traffic death happened in built-up a.reas (about 25% of fatalities occurred on 50km/h roads in urban areas) in this period. Considering the aim of construction of on average 75,000 new homes per year until 2025, as weil as promoting bicycle use in as a healthy and sustainable mode of transport in the N etherlands, underst.anding the relationships between the BECs and cycling safety is invaluable for improving the safety of cyclists.

The building industry is one of the most polluting industry in the world as buildings are responsible for 30% of greenhouse gas emission in the world (IAE, 2010) and have very low replacement rates. Measuring the environmental impacts of construction is now a major concern.The main objective of this thesis was to give an overview of the current status of building certifications, discuss the expected roles and limitations of building certifications, and analyze the impact of building certification tools during the conception of a building or an urban project.For the following thesis, qualitative research was used the most since the purpose is to have a better understanding of the role of building certifications among building and real estate professionals. An empirical study was made consisting of 9 semi-structured interviews and a survey designed for building professionals such as architects, constructors, environmental building consultants, and property developers.This paper shows that certification tools are becoming very common among building professionals especially in metropolitan areas such as Paris. The main drivers for developing certified buildings are client demand, marketing advantage and an overall high quality building. The main obstacle remains the initial cost. Building professionals from the interview and the survey almost all agree that certifications are a good guide and assessment tool to build high quality buildings. However, building professionals are quite insure on the impact of certification tools on sustainability on the conception of a building or urban project as many factors are to take into account.

The study area for this dissertation is Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. / The general theme of this dissertation is understanding and enabling safe walking routes to school for children. We restrict our focus to safety issues related to the motorized-transportation environment, thereby defining safety as a function of factors that determine whether or not a child will be struck by a motor-vehicle on their journey to or from school. Our analysis is unique because it is at a small geographical scale but is representative of an entire urban environment. Working at a small geographic scale allows us to evaluate the variability in safe routes for children within our study area and apply our findings to develop a decision support tool that could be used to plan individualized routes for children in other similar urban environments. Our study area for this dissertation is Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The findings in this dissertation contribute ideas about how features of the local road environment may and may not influence risk of collisions between child pedestrians and motor-vehicles. It also offers methodological insight for future research on pedestrian safety at small geographic scales. This dissertation demonstrates the potential reduction in the risk of child pedestrian injuries by planning safer routes to school and also introduces methods that can be used to plan safer routes for children. Our results are a reminder of the importance of understanding the interaction between environment and behaviour in research on traffic safety and offer some caution to the notion of a universal 'safe route' to school. Whether or not a particular route to school is safe will very likely be dependent both on the environment and the child's behaviour in that environment. / Dissertation / Doctor of Social Science

Einhergehend mit schnellem Bevölkerungs- und Wirtschaftswachstum erlebt die Welt innerhalb der letzten Jahrzehnte eine schnelle Akkumulation langlebiger Ressourcen in Gebäuden und Infrastruktur, auch gesellschaftlicher Materialbestand genannt. Im 21. Jahrhundert wird die Fortsetzung dieser Entwicklung zur großen Herausforderung für den sozioökonomischen Stoffwechsel der Erde und zum Erreichen biophysikalischer Grenzen führen. Siedlungen sind von besonderem Interesse, da Menschen dort Nachfrage nach Leistungen wie Nahrung oder Mobilität generieren und mit ihnen interagieren. Zukünftig wird neben einer globalen Entwicklungsperspektive auf Materialbestände und Bevölkerung auch ein räumlich explizites, hochauflösendes Verständnis lokaler Muster und Prozesse von Relevanz für eine datenbasierte Antwort auf Herausforderungen des globalen Wandels sein. Diese Arbeit präsentiert einen Workflow zur Kartierung und Quantifizierung von Materialbeständen und Bevölkerungsverteilung und -dynamik mittels hochaufgelöster mehrdimensionaler Siedlungskartierung mit Multisensor-Erdbeobachtungsdaten auf nationaler Ebene. Der erste Abschnitt demonstriert das Potenzial der Verwendung von Sentinel-1 und -2 Zeitreihendaten mit Methoden des maschinellen Lernens für die Kartierung von Siedlungsstrukturen, d.h. Subpixel-Landbedeckung, Gebäudehöhe und Gebäudetyp. Der zweite Abschnitt quantifiziert Schlüsselparameter des sozioökonomischen Metabolismus, d. h. Bevölkerung und Materialbestand, anhand zuvor generierter Datensätze zur Siedlungsstruktur. Der dritte Abschnitt nutzt das Landsat-Datenarchiv und Zeitreihenanalyse, um räumliche Muster und Dynamiken von Bevölkerung und Materialbeständen in Deutschland seit 1985 zu quantifizieren. Frei verfügbare und global konsistente Erdbeobachtungsdaten und Techniken des maschinellen Lernens haben großes Potenzial, das räumlich explizite hochaufgelöste Verständnis sozioökologischer Variablen basierend auf mehrdimensionaler Siedlungskartierung zu verbessern. / During the recent decades of the Anthropocene, the world has experienced rapid growth of population and economic activity. This went along with a considerable accumulation of long-lived resources, for example in buildings and infrastructure, i.e., societal material stock. In the 21st century, a continuation of this development will be a major challenge to the Earth’s socio-economic metabolism, as some limitations of the Earth’s biophysical basis might be reached. Settlements are of particular interest, because they are the places where people generate demand for, and interact with services. Both an overarching perspective on the global long-term development of material stock and population as well as a spatially explicit, high-resolution understanding of local patterns and processes will be of particular relevance for a more data-informed response to challenges of global change. This dissertation presents a workflow to map and quantify material stocks and population distribution and dynamics by means of multi-dimensional settlement mapping with decameter resolution multi-source Earth Observation data on a national scale. The first part demonstrates the potential of using Sentinel-1 and -2 time series imagery with machine learning regression and classification for settlement structure mapping, including sub-pixel land cover, building height and building type mapping. The second part quantifies key parameters of the socio-economic metabolism, i.e., population and material stock, using previously generated datasets on settlement structure. The third part uses the Landsat data archive and Change-Aftereffect-Trend analysis to quantify spatial-temporal patterns and dynamics of population and material stock development in Germany since 1985. Findings demonstrate that freely available and globally consistent Earth Observation data and machine learning techniques have great potential to improve the spatially explicit high-resolution understanding of socio-metabolic variables based on multi-dimensional settlement mapping in a seamless workflow.

Digital twins have found increased interest in the recent years with articles being published at an increased rate in the years 2018-2020. with digital twins it is possible to achieve an efficient and responsive planning and control over of facility management. A digital twin by JTH has been implemented for some of the rooms in a corridor, a structured literature study is performed to bridge the knowledge gap, the aim is to review scientific literature regarding digital twins’ in facilities management and assess different concepts dig-ital twins in facility management. The method used is a mixed qualitative-quantitative systematic review that follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). The systematic review defines digital twins in facility management and identifies categories as well as digital twins applications in facility management and how digital twins can be used to evaluate building performance and room experience.

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