Des architectes et artistes ont utilisé la photographie comme outil de la création et de l’analyse en architecture. Ce postulat est à la base de ce projet de thèse qui a pour sujet général la contribution de l’expérience photographique à la pensée en architecture. Ici, la notion d’expérience photographique est comprise dans un sens proche de l’expérience artistique selon le philosophe John Dewey. Dewey considérait l’expérience d’un art comme un outil pédagogique permettant d’apprendre à penser et à développer un sens critique. L’expérience était pour lui une manière d’approcher esthétiquement le monde et de le comprendre en dehors d’un cadre strictement scientifique. Si des travaux de recherche antérieurs ont permis de retracer l’histoire d’expériences photographiques d’architectes, dont Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier et Stirling et, aussi, de mieux cerner leurs rôles dans la construction de leur pensée architecturale respective, les origines des expériences photographiques de l’architecte, artiste et théoricien de renom Melvin Charney (1935-2012) et leurs contributions dans la construction progressive de sa pensée n’ont pas été clairement circonscrites. L’objectif spécifique de cette thèse est, en conséquence, de clarifier les contours des expériences photographiques de Charney et offrir une compréhension plus large de leur contribution dans l’histoire de sa pensée. Le dépouillement d’archives personnelles de Charney conservées au Centre canadien d’architecture et l’analyse du contenu de documents produits avant et pendant ses études en architecture ont permis d’identifier pour quels les motifs et sous quelles influences la photographie s’est introduite dans son œuvre. En particulier, mais non exclusivement, ont été mises en relief, dans l’œuvre – déjà largement étudiées - de Charney, des ramifications d’expériences photographiques de László Moholy-Nagy, d’Erich Mendelsohn, de James Stirling, de Walker Evans et d’Edward Ruscha. Enfin, en partie grâce aux apports de ses expériences photographique, Charney a appris de l’environnement bâti et, aussi, à penser sur l’environnement bâti. Plus spécifiquement, cette étude démontre qu’en travaillant avec la photographie Charney a appris à analyser ce qui est déjà là pour mieux comprendre l’origine des formes bâties. Également, la photographie a été omniprésente dans ses approches de la figuration critique de l’environnement bâti, de la réévaluation des bases de la discipline architecturale et de l’enseignement critique de l’architecture – l’architecture étant pour lui une pratique résolument sociale. Plus largement, cette thèse contribue à la connaissance de la production artistique comme stratégie de recherche dans les disciplines de l’architecture et du design de l’environnement et à l’essentielle reconnaissance d’expériences autres, entre art et architecture, comme leviers d’une pensée architecturale critique. / Architects and artists used photography as a tool for creating and analyzing architecture. This postulate is the basis of this thesis project whose general purpose is the contribution of photographic experiences in architectural thinking. Here, the notion of photographic experience is used in a sense comparable to the artistic experience defined by the philosopher John Dewey. Dewey understood the experience of an art as an educational tool to learn to think and develop a critical sense. Experience was for him a way to aesthetically approach the world and understand it outside a strictly scientific framework. If historians have already traced the history of photographic experiments of architects, including Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Stirling and, also, have identified the roles of photography in the construction of their respective architectural thinking, the origins of photographic experiments by renowned architect, artist and theorist Melvin Charney and their contributions in the progressive construction of his thought have not been clearly circumscribed. The specific purpose of this thesis is, consequently, to clarify the surrounding of Charney's photographic experiences and offer a broader understanding of their contributions in the history of his architectural thinking. Charney's motifs and influences in his photographic experiments and reflections on photography were identified through an investigation into his personal archives held at the Canadian Center for Architecture and the analysis of the content of documents that he produced before and during his studies in architecture. In particular, ramifications in Charney's work of photographic experiments of Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Erich Mendelsohn, James Stirling, Walker Evans and Edward Ruscha have been revealed. Finally, partly thanks to the contributions of his photographic experiences, Charney learned from the built environment and to think about the built environment. More specifically, this study demonstrates that working with photography Charney has learned to analyze what is already there to better understand the origin of built forms. Also, photography was for him a tool for the critical figuration of the built environment, for the re-evaluation of the bases of the architectural discipline and, moreover, for the critical teaching of architecture. More broadly, this thesis contributes to the knowledge of artistic production as a research strategy in the disciplines of architecture and environmental design and to the essential recognition of other experiences, between art and architecture, as catalyst of a critical architectural thinking.

Contexte: La réduction de l'utilisation de l’automobile a déjà été identifiée comme étant une intervention populationnelle pouvant promouvoir l’activité physique. Les recherches portant sur la relation entre l’utilisation de l’automobile et l’activité physique utilisent typiquement une variable catégorielle pour décrire le mode de transport, tiennent peu compte du motif de déplacement et n’explorent pas la variation de l’association selon le lieu de résidence. Cette étude utilise à la fois l'activité physique auto-rapportée et objectivement mesurée pour tester l'association entre l’utilisation de l’automobile et l’activité physique totale, tout en tenant compte de ces limitations antérieures. Méthode: Les données de 780 participants provenant de la branche montréalaise de l’étude INTERACT (2018-2019) ont été analysées. Des modèles de régression linéaire ont été construits afin d’examiner la relation entre l’utilisation de l’automobile et l'activité physique modérée-vigoureuse (APMV) totale (auto-rapportée avec transformation logarithmique et objectivement mesurée). Ensuite, le motif de déplacement a été inclus dans ces modèles. Enfin, une régression pondérée géographiquement a permis d’explorer la variation spatiale de l'association entre l’usage de l’automobile et l’APMV. Résultats: La proportion des déplacements effectués en automobile est associée négativement avec l'APMV totale auto-rapportée (coefficient : -0,009, intervalle de confiance à 95% : -0,012 à -0,006) et objectivement mesurée (Coefficient : -0,29 minute par jour, intervalle de confiance à 95% : -0,55 à -0,03). La régression pondérée géographiquement indique une faible variation spatiale de l'association entre l'utilisation de l’automobile et l’APMV totale auto-rapportée. Le nombre de déplacements pour un motif tel que commerce et services est associé à l'APMV totale. Conclusion: Cette étude transversale a démontré une association négative entre l’utilisation de l’automobile et l’APMV totale sur le territoire montréalais. Certains motifs de déplacement sont associés à l’activité physique totale. / Background: Car usage reduction has previously been pointed out to be a population-based intervention promoting physical activity. Previous literature on the car usage-physical activity relation typically uses categorical variables for transport modes, rarely accounts for trip purpose and does not explore the influence of home location on this association. This study uses both self-reported and objectively measured physical activity to test the association between car usage and total daily physical activity, while accounting for previous limitations. Methods: INTERACT data collected in 2018-2019 among 780 participants from the Montreal metropolitan area site were analysed. Linear regression models of self-reported (log-transformed) and objectively measured total moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were built separately, as a function of car usage. Trip purpose was then included in these models. Finally, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was built to explore the spatial variation of the car usage-MVPA association. Results: The proportion of trips made by car showed a negative association with both self-reported (coefficient: -0.009, 95% CI [-0.012, -0.006]) and objectively measured (coefficient: -0.29 minutes per day, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.03]) total MVPA. GWR showed little spatial variation in the car usage-total self-reported MVPA. The number of trips toward certain purposes (e.g. “shops and services”) is associated with total MVPA. Conclusion: This cross-sectional study showed a negative association between car usage and total MVPA in the Montreal metropolitan area. Some trip purpose is associated with total physical activity.

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The construction business has a negative impact on the environment, where the biggest impact comes from construction of buildings, material production and transportation. It is inevitable for a city not to construct new buildings as it expands and develops new needs. However, it is not always necessary to demolish buildings with an outdated function, to build new ones. To maintain the identity of a city, it is important to preserve its historical character. This can be done by revitalising cultural historical valuable buildings and environments through adaptive reuse. The concept of adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing a building for a new purpose rather than demolishing it. It gives new life to old buildings, offers them a chance to survive by changing their function and gives a greater understanding for future generations to relate with their history. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how adaptive reuse of cultural historical values in the built environment can contribute to revitalisation of underutilised areas and create social and thriving places. To gain background knowledge to the subject, a literature review and document analysis was made. To investigate what factors contributes to success of a cultural historical project, a case study was done of the quarter of Artilleristallet in Gothenburg. Further, it is difficult to measure success through people’s perceptions and experiences of a place. Therefore, to help analyse and understand the case, a theoretical framework based on place theory was established. The framework was complemented by interviews and observations which helped lead to the results of the study. Two of the qualities that were found to contribute to the successfulness of Artilleristallet were preservation of its historical traits of character and its sense of place. Additionally, the businesses in the quarter complement and reinforce each other making it attractive and inviting for a wide range of people. Further, the preconditions found to be of importance for the successfulness of Artilleristallet were its cultural value and location. It was shown that having an extensive detailed development plan and good communication with and from the municipality was significant. Also, the close collaboration and communication between all actors involved in the project was shown to be important for the success. The qualities and preconditions found are all valuable but need the reinforcement of each other to create a social and thriving place. / Byggbranschen har en negativ påverkan på miljön, där den största påverkan kommer från uppförandet av byggnader, materialproduktionen och transporten. Det är oundvikligt för en stad att inte bygga nytt när den expanderar och utvecklar nya behov. Dock är det inte nödvändigt att riva byggnader med en utdaterad funktion för att bygga nya. För att bibehålla stadens identitet är det viktigt att bevara dess historiska karaktär. Detta kan göras genom vitalisering av kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader och miljöer med hjälp av adaptive reuse. Begreppet adaptive reuse syftar till processen att återanvända en byggnad för en ny funktion istället för att riva den. Det ger nytt liv till gamla byggnader, erbjuder dem en chans att överleva genom att ändra deras funktion och ger en större förståelse för framtida generationer att relatera till deras historia. Därför är syftet med denna studie att undersöka hur adaptive reuse av kulturhistoriska värden i den byggda miljön kan bidra till vitalisering av outnyttjade områden och skapa sociala och blomstrande platser. För att erhålla bakgrundsinformation om ämnet, utförs en litteraturstudie och en dokumentanalys. För att undersöka vilka faktorer som bidrar till framgång i ett kulturhistoriskt projekt, utfördes en fallstudie i kvarteret Artilleristallet i Göteborg. Då det är svårt att mäta framgång genom människors upplevelser och erfarenheter, har ett ramverk tagits fram baserat på platsteori för att analysera och förstå fallet. Ramverket kompletterades med intervjuer och observationer vilket bidrog till studiens resultat. Två av kvaliteterna som bidrog till framgången av Artilleristallet var bevarandet av dess historiska karaktärsdrag och bevarandet av platskänslan. Dessutom kompletterar och förstärker kvarterets verksamheter varandra, vilket bidrar till att skapa en attraktiv och inbjudande miljö för olika typer av människor. Utöver dessa, identifierades även viktiga förutsättningar som bidrog till Artilleristallets framgång. Dessa var bland annat dess kulturella värde och placering. Att ha en utförlig detaljplan och god kommunikation med kommunen visade sig vara viktigt, samt ett nära samarbete mellan alla involverade aktörer i projektet. De identifierade kvaliteterna och förutsättningarna är alla viktiga men behöver samverka för att skapa en social och blomstrande plats.

Temporary building permits for housing purposes has recently received attention thanks to an addition to the Planning and Building Act (9 chap. 33a§). This addition should make it easier to receive temporary building permits for housing, even if the need is not deemed to be temporary. This is done with the hope that temporary housing can help reducing the housing shortage in Sweden. However, there are a number of challenges to be aware of when developing temporary housing, as housing should be adequate, affordable, and socially sustainable.  This study explores the usage of temporary building permits for housing in Stockholm. The situation was explored through archive search that resulted in descriptive statistics, and an exploration of five cases. These cases were evaluated based on social sustainability factors that could be related to the built environment and the development process. The time frames of the cases were put in relation to how the notion of temporary is used within the post-disaster context and in temporary urbanism. That resulted in a framework for categorizing interventions in the built environment based on their time frames, which can be useful for exploring the temporal aspects of the built environment and how the notion of temporary can be understood.  This study shows that temporary housing in Stockholm is mostly targeted at specific groups in society, and that it is developed with an adequate standard, but the possible effect that the temporary aspect could have on the residents is not problematized and the small number of projects means that it will not contribute to reducing the housing shortage in Stockholm. The conclusion of this study is that temporary housing can be socially sustainable (when only considering physical factors), but it does not contribute to an increase in social sustainability on a larger societal scale. / Tidsbegränsade bygglov för bostäder har fått uppmärksamhet de senaste åren på grund av ett tillägg till Plan- och bygglagen (9 kap. 33a§). Målet med detta tillägg är att det ska bli enklare att få tidsbegränsat bygglov för bostäder, även om behovet av bostäderna bedöms vara längre än tiden för bygglovet. Förhoppningen är att dessa temporära bostäder ska bidra till att minska bostadsbristen i Sverige. Det är dock viktigt att vara uppmärksam på att det finns utmaningar som behöver beaktas i projekt för temporära bostäder, då de bör vara lämpliga bostäder, tillgängliga till ett överkomligt pris, och socialt hållbara. I denna studie utforskas användningen av tidsbegränsade bygglov för bostäder i Stockholm. Situationen undersöktes med hjälp av arkivsökningar som resulterade i beskrivande statistik, samt en studie av fem fall där tidsbegränsade bygglov använts för bostäder. Dessa utvärderades utifrån ett antal faktorer för social hållbarhet som kan relateras till den byggda miljön och processer som rör denna. Tidsramarna för fallen sattes i relation till hur begreppet temporärt används inom postdisaster forskning och temporär urbanism för att undersöka temporala aspekter av den byggda miljön, samt hur begreppet temporär kan förstås och definieras. Detta resulterade i ett ramverk för att kategorisera händelser i den byggda miljön baserat på dess tidsramar.  Resultatet av studien visar att temporära bostäder i Stockholm utvecklas med en adekvat standard, men de effekter som den temporära aspekten skulle kunna ha på de boende problematiseras inte i debatten.  Temporära bostäder riktas oftast till specifika grupper i samhället och det utvecklas såpass få temporära bostäder att de inte kan sägas bidra till att minska bostadsbristen i Stockholm. Sammanfattningsvis så kan temporära bostäder vara socialt hållbara (om hänsyn bara tas till fysiska faktorer), men det bidrar inte till en socialt hållbar utveckling.

Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between the built environment and social and transportation outcomes when comparing traditional and conventional suburban neighborhoods, but much remains to be learned about whether New Urbanism can produce similar results. Among studies where new urban neighborhoods have been assessed, most have centered on regions with highly-utilized public transit systems and with climates that are amenable to utilitarian physical activity. This research sought to build on the existing research base through direct comparison of new urban and conventional suburban neighborhoods in central Florida, a region with an under-developed transit system and a climate that renders utilitarian physical activity impractical. Further, this research sought to lend greater insights into neighborhood selection factors across neighborhood types. A mixed-methods, single-case design was utilized to evaluate one new urban and one conventional suburban neighborhood in the central Florida region. Regional new urban neighborhoods were subjectively rated for adherence to tenets of the Charter of the New Urbanism, with the neighborhood (Celebration, in Osceola County, FL) found to most closely adhere to these tenets selected as the experimental group for the study. A socio-demographically comparable conventional suburban neighborhood (Sweetwater, in Seminole County, FL) was selected as the control group. Quantitative methods consisted of a household survey issued to 250 randomly- and convenience-sampled addresses in each neighborhood, followed by regression analysis to evaluate study hypotheses. Qualitative methods employed analysis of open-ended survey responses, detailed case studies of selected neighborhoods, and resident interviews. The household survey yielded net response rates of 15.79 percent and 25.50 percent iv for experimental and control neighborhoods, respectively, and a mean cross-neighborhood response rate of 20.64 percent. Twenty resident interviews (10 per neighborhood) were conducted. Quantitative and qualitative findings were compared to collectively address research questions. Regression results indicated no statistically significant difference between neighborhoods in attitudinal and behavioral components of community participation, in vehicle miles driven per week, or utilitarian physical activity frequency. However, results indicated that new urban residents had more positive attitudes toward utilitarian physical activity than conventional suburban residents and that attitudes toward community participation and utilitarian physical activity were positively correlated with associated behaviors. Qualitative findings provided substantial individual- and environmental-level insights to factors impacting evaluated attitudes and behaviors, and supported some quantitative findings while not aligning with others. Neighborhood selection factors were found to be quite different across neighborhoods: Celebration residents identified neighborhood social atmosphere and connection to the Walt Disney Company brand as top contributors to their selection decision, while Sweetwater residents expressed that access to quality schools was the most important factor in their selection decision. Qualitative findings indicated that car culture and climate within the central Florida region diminished both attitudinal and behavioral components of utilitarian physical activity across neighborhood types. This research expanded the understanding of the social and transportation outcomes of New Urbanism, particularly with respect to the central Florida region. While case and quantitative limitations may have impeded the ability of this study to draw decisive conclusions v about research questions, distinctive themes regarding social and transportation outcomes were identified. Findings of this research supported those of some prior studies while contradicting others, indicating that further exploration is needed to establish a firm understanding of the capabilities of new urban development to achieve desired outcomes, and of regional characteristics that may influence these outcomes.

Objectifs. Pour augmenter l’activité physique populationnelle et réduire les inégalités relatives à l’environnement bâti, on doit identifier le rôle des profils sociodémographiques individuels dans les niveaux d’activité physique et d’exposition aux environnements bâtis favorables au mode de vie actif. Méthodes. Cette étude combine des données d’accélérométrie et de GPS collectées auprès de 820 participants durant 10 à 30 jours entre 2018 et 2020 dans les études INTErventions urbaines, Recherche-Action, Communautés et sanTé (INTERACT) et Réseau Express Métropolitain (REM). Différents modèles de régressions multiniveaux ‒journées nichées dans des individus‒ testent les associations et les interactions entre les profils sociodémographiques, les niveaux d’exposition à des facteurs environnementaux susceptibles de favoriser le mode de vie actif (infrastructures de transports, commerces, densité bâtie et espaces verts) et la proportion journalière de minutes actives. Les résultats sur l’échantillon de l’application EthicaData sont comparés à ceux sur l’appareil SenseDoc. Résultats. Les participants plus âgés, universitaires ou sans emploi ainsi que les femmes sont moins actifs. Les participants plus âgés, non-universitaires, sans emploi ou à haut revenu ainsi que les hommes sont moins exposés à l’environnement bâti favorable à l’activité physique. Discussion. Les niveaux d’activité physique et d’exposition à l’environnement bâti ainsi que les effets de l’exposition environnementale ne varient pas systématiquement en défaveur des groupes désavantagés systémiquement. Des associations sont inattendues entre l’exposition à l’environnement bâti et le mode de vie actif. Les résultats basés sur le GPS sont concordants entre EthicaData et SenseDoc, mais discordants pour ceux basés sur l’accélérométrie. / Aim. To increase population levels of physical activity and reduce inequalities related to built environment, we must identify the role of individual-level sociodemographic profiles in physical activity levels, and in levels of exposure to built environment that may contribute to active living. Method. This study combines accelerometry and GPS data collected among 820 participants during 10 to 30 days between 2018 and 2020 within the INTErventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) and Reseau Express Metropolitain (REM) studies. Multiple multilevel models ‒days nested within individuals‒ test associations and interactions between socio demographic profiles, levels of exposure to environmental factors susceptible to promote active living (transport infrastructures, shops, built density and green spaces) and the daily proportion of active minutes. Results on the EthicaData application subset are compared to those on the SenseDoc device subset. Results. Participants who are older, have a university profile or are unemployed, along with women, are less active. Participants who are older, don’t have a university profile, are unemployed or have a higher income, along with men, are less exposed to built environment that may contribute to physical activity. Discussion. The levels of physical activity and exposure to built environment, and the effects of environmental exposure on physical activity, do not vary systematically in disfavor of systemically disadvantaged groups. Some associations between exposed built environment and active living are unexpected. Results based on the GPS are consistent between EthicaData and SenseDoc, but inconsistent for those based on accelerometry.

Enjeu de santé publique, la violence conjugale occasionne diverses conséquences chez les nombreuses femmes qui la subissent. En quittant leur partenaire violent, la majorité des survivantes se retrouvent sans logement et se heurtent à des risques liés à leur habitation (p. ex. itinérance, précarité financière, retraumatisation, insécurité, instabilité, discrimination, etc.). Laissées à elles-mêmes, peu de femmes obtiennent du soutien professionnel et une place en maison d’hébergement. L’environnement bâti où elles habitent peut autant favoriser leur guérison que menacer d’y nuire. Ainsi, un aménagement adapté peut impacter positivement leur expérience post-traumatique. Récemment, les spécialistes du design souhaitent ajuster leur pratique aux besoins spatiaux résultant de la violence conjugale par une approche centrée sur les traumatismes. Cependant, il manque de connaissances sur le contexte du domicile privé, puisque les études se concentrent davantage sur l’hébergement collectif d’urgence. Cette recherche questionne comment le design tenant compte des traumatismes (TID) peut intervenir dans le domicile privé des survivantes afin de faciliter leur processus de guérison. Ce mémoire vise à vérifier s’il est nécessaire de développer une offre en TID et à évaluer les besoins des femmes dans leur chez-soi. Par la théorisation enracinée, la méthodologie mixte se déroule en trois phases pour pallier le vide théorique. Tout d’abord, un cadre conceptuel sur le TID détermine les thèmes à aborder avec les informatrices. Ensuite, une enquête par questionnaire en ligne explore la perception des prestataires de services québécois. Enfin, une étude de cas comparative se concentre sur deux femmes par des entrevues semi-dirigées, une documentation photographique et une analyse des conditions environnementales. Les résultats révèlent que le domicile privé doit s’adapter au parcours de vie de chaque survivante et au contexte de sa séparation pour tendre vers la stabilité résidentielle et la projection vers un avenir émancipant. Il importe de comprendre les besoins et défis spécifiques à l’environnement bâti pour supporter une guérison holistique par le chez-soi. De la sorte, cet espace doit valoriser une perception positive et sécuritaire, une personnalisation des lieux, une utilisation libre de l’intimité et un rapport sain avec l’extérieur. À ce jour, le continuum de services existants offre un début d’assistance en habitation et gagnerait à se compléter par une spécialisation en TID. En conclusion, des réflexions émergent sur la reconnaissance légale de l’adaptation du domicile des survivantes ainsi que sur la conscientisation aux multiples visages et expériences de vie intersectionnelles. En alliant l’aménagement à l’intervention sociale, la participation active des femmes au processus de conception encourage leur autodétermination. Il est aussi question de suggérer des pistes de services qui peuvent s’offrir aux femmes survivantes et aux professionnel.les travaillant auprès d’elles. Néanmoins, cette exploration théorique ne propose pas de stratégies applicables directement par une pratique en design d’intérieur. Il reste nécessaire de poursuivre ce premier effort pour traduire les résultats de recherche en des moyens concrets de les opérationnaliser dans une démarche de conception. / A public health issue, domestic violence has various consequences for the many women who experience it. By leaving their violent partner, the majority of survivors find themselves without a home and face risks related to their housing (eg homelessness, financial precariousness, re-traumatization, insecurity, instability, discrimination, etc.). Left to themselves, few women obtain professional support and a place in a shelter. The built environment where they live can promote their healing as well as threaten to hinder it. Thus, a custom-designed layout can positively impact their post-traumatic experience. Recently, design specialists wish to adjust their practice to the spatial needs resulting from domestic violence through a trauma-centered approach. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the context of the private home, since studies focused more on collective emergency accommodation. This research questions how trauma-informed design (TID) can intervene in the private home of survivors in order to facilitate their healing process. This master aims to verify whether it is necessary to develop an offer in TID and to assess the needs of women in their homes. Through grounded theory, mixed methodology takes place in three phases to fill the theoretical gap. First, a conceptual framework on TID determines the themes to be discussed with the informants. Next, an online survey explores the perception of Quebec service providers. Finally, a comparative case study focuses on two women through semi-structured interviews, photographic documentation and analysis of environmental conditions. The results reveal that the private home must adapt to the life course of each survivor and to the context of her separation to tend towards residential stability and the projection in an emancipating future. It is important to understand the specific needs and challenges around the built environment to support holistic healing through home. In this way, this space must promote a positive and safe perception, a personalization of the premises, a free use of privacy and a healthy relationship with the outside. To date, the existing continuum of services offers a start in housing assistance and would benefit from being supplemented by a specialization in TID. In conclusion, reflections emerge on the legal recognition of the adaptation of survivors’ home as well as on the awareness of the many faces and intersectional life experiences. By combining design with social intervention, the active participation of women in the design process encourages their empowerment. It is also suggested avenues of services that can be offered to women survivors and professionals working with them. Nevertheless, this theoretical exploration does not offer strategies that can be applied directly to an interior design practice. It is still necessary to continue this initial effort to translate the research results into concrete means of operationalizing them in a design process.

No description available.

No description available.