Les projets d’aménagement souffrent de problèmes de performance et de décalages significatifs entre ce qui est planifié et est effectivement réalisé. L’objectif principal de la thèse est d’examiner le phénomène permettant au projet d’aménagement de s’organiser et de se réaliser. L’hypothèse générale avance que :  Les projets influencent, transforment et créent les organisations qui les réalisent, selon un processus dynamique et récursif de structuration et d’organisation. Ce processus d’« organisation active » génère des transformations – organisationnelles et processuelles – liées à la nature même du projet. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse générale, une grille des ontologies a été élaborée, sur la base de quatre champs de connaissances, soit : (a) l’organisation et ses structures ; (b) le projet et ses processus ; (c) l’artefact et sa conception et ; (d) la dynamique des acteurs. La mise en relation de ces champs de connaissances fait appel à l’approche systémique à l’intérieur du cadre paradigmatique de la complexité. La méthodologie se déploie en trois volets, répartis sur les cinq articles de la thèse : l’article no1 présente une exploration théorique de la problématique ; les articles no2, 3 et 4 déploient des études de cas et des case survey ; l’article no5 propose une étude de cas longitudinale, s’échelonnant sur trois ans, visant l’élaboration de la cartographie des processus décisionnels. Les cinq articles de la thèse explorent les enjeux suivant : (no1) l’approche par le design et la dynamique des acteurs ; (no2) l’informalité des communications et de la coordination ; (no3) les facteurs de contingences qui influencent la « structuration » de la multiorganisation temporaire – MOT;  (no4) les typologies de la MOT, et ; (no5) l’itérativité des processus décisionnels et leurs influences sur les structures organisationnelles. Sept résultats permettent de valider les sous-hypothèses : qu’un processus d’« organisation active » génère des transformations – organisationnelles et processuelles – liées à la nature même du projet. Aussi, le projet d’aménagement : (1) est réalisé autant par des approches de gestion traditionnellement formelles et linéaires que par des processus de conception – qui sont, eux, non linéaires et auto-organisants, articulés à partir d’approches systémiques ; (2) amène à repenser ses propres processus de réalisation, et ; (3) constitue un facteur de contingence et influence la structure de la MOT créée pour développer le projet lui-même. La thèse révèle la diversité et la complexité des processus et des configurations organisationnelles, contribuant à produire une représentation multidimensionnelle de la conduite effective du projet. Trois contributions importantes, ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles recherches, découlent de ces conclusions, soit : (1) la construction du cadre des ontologies du projet et son articulation par les outils de la systémique ; (2) l’existence des constellations interorganisationnelles et des typologies de la MOT, et ; (3) l’énoncé du concept du « projet organisant » voulant que le projet « s’organise et organise » les processus et les organisations, par le jeu multiple des acteurs. / Construction projects are often affected by lower levels of performance and significant gaps between what is planned and what is actually realized. This thesis aims to examine the phenomenon that allows the built environment project to organize itself and carry out its objectives. The hypothesis states that: projects influence, transform and create the organizations that conduct them, following a dynamic and iterative process, referred to as «self- organizing » and «  structuring ». This « active organizing » process generates transformations – organizational and structural – conditioned by the very nature of the project itself. To validate this hypothesis, an ontological frame, based on four categories of analysis has been devised, including: (a) organization and structures; (b) the project and its processes; (c) the artefact and its design, and; (d) actors’ dynamic. These fields are put in relations using systemic principles and tools within the paradigmatic frame of complexity. The methodology includes three steps, deployed along five articles : article no1 presents the research problem and theoretical framework; articles no2, 3 and 4 use case studies and case surveys for the study of various aspects of the organizational structures; article no5 presents a longitudinal case study, spanning three years, which examined decision processes. The five articles explore the following topics: (no1) the design thinking approach to projects and actors’ dynamic behavior ; (no2) the informality of communications and coordination ; (no3) contingency factors that influence the « structuring » of the temporary multiorganization – TMO;  (no4) the typologies of the TMO, and ; (no5) the study of iterative processes and their influence on organizational structures. Seven results validate sub-hypotheses that state that: a process of «self-organization » generates transformations – organizational and processual – linked to the specific nature of the project. Therefore, the project : (1) is conducted by both formalized and often linear management approaches as well as  iterative design process, the former being non-linear and self-organizing and responding to systemic principles ; (2) contributes to create its own processes of development, and ; (3) constitutes a contingency factor that influences the structuring of the TMO that is created to conduct the project itself. This analysis reveals the diversity and complexity of organizational processes and structures, producing a multidimensional representation of project behaviour. Three important contributions are drawn from these conclusions : (1) the frame of ontologies of the project and its underlying systemic functioning ; (2) the existence of inter-organizational work constellations and a typology of six TMO configurations, and ; (3) the statement of the « organizing  project » that, through the « self-organization » approach, « organizes » itself and the processes and organization that are created to conduct it, through actors’ multiple roles. / Codirection: Dr. Gonzalo Lizarralde

A wide range of research fields have studied how emotions and behavior are affected by the physical environment. This gestalt theorist approach of experimental research as well seeks to measure emotion (using the valence-arousal scale) and micro-scale community development interactions when weighted physical environment factors are adjusted. Community development (CD) interactions at the micro-scale have received but slight attention from scholars in the CD research field and this study aims partially to investigate developing objective measures from social observations. CD interactions from recordings along with self-reported emotion through surveys in four quasi-experimental groups (where the environments were constructed based on peer-reviewed literature to cause emotional reactions) and one control group made up the data collected for this experiment. While the results of this experiment displayed apparent convincing quantitative differences in both CD interactions and emotion when the physical environment was manipulated, the results of a one-way ANOVA indicated no statistical significance to either dependent variable. The conclusions suggest limiting the physical factors of the environment to produce more precise changes as a result of the manipulated quasi environments.

Avhandlingen beskriver och analyserar hur frågor kring tillgänglighet/handikapp för första gången aktualiserades och implementerades i planeringen och utformningen av den byggda miljön i Aten, nämligen processen i samband med beslut, planering och implementering av jätteprojektet Atens Metro. Studien tecknar framväxten av olika handikapporganisationer, som från att ha varit svaga aktörer successivt lyckades få gehör för sina krav inom stadens förvaltning, politiska organ, den grekiska riksdagen och inte minst inom de företag som byggde metrosystemet. Avhandlingen diskuterar hur handikapporganisationer och metrosystemet växte fram och påverkade varandra, hur viktiga forum för att diskutera/problematisera olika perspektiv på handikapp skapades där aktörsgrupper med delvis olika intressen förde fram sina ståndpunkter och förhandlade samt vilka konkreta avtryck som dessa processer ledde till i form av en - slutligen - handikappvänlig teknisk konfiguration av metrosystemet. Studien knyter också an till den europeiska diskussionen, bl.a. inom EU, kring handikapp och vilken betydelse som denna diskussion hade för det framväxande metroprojektet, inte minst inför Atens OS-värdskap 2004. Avhandlingen tar sin teoretiska utgångspunkt i dels samhällsvetenskapliga teknik- och vetenskapsstudier, dels "disability studies". / The idea of building a metro network in Athens dates back to the 1950s. It took almost fifty years for the Greek government to develop plans, secure funds and to carry out an effective procurement process for the construction of the Athens metro. In February 1987 the government announced an invitation to tender for the design and construction of the metro. Thirteen years later, in January 2000 the first two lines began operation. The construction of the metro consisted of numerous preliminary studies, different public organizations which dealt with its development and several controversies concerning its design. One of these controversies referred to the issue whether the metro would be accessible to disabled people or not. Integrating accessibility provisions in the metro design constituted a controversial issue where different actors argued and acted for and against its implementation. This study describes and analyses the process of making the metro accessible. The analysis focuses on how questions regarding accessibility/disability were actualized for the first time in the planning and design of the Greek built environment and in particular on the process of building the biggest and most complicated infrastructure project in Greece, the Athens metro. At the same time, the study describes the evolution of disability organizations in Greece: they changed from being weak actors who were unable to influence socio-political configurations to actors that successively gained attention within the public administration, political organs, the Greek Parliament and the company that constructed the metro. The study discusses how disability organizations and the metro were developed and influenced each other and how important forums, where several actors with diverse interests problematized and produced different perspectives on disability, were initiated. These forums constituted public spaces within the public administration and eventually contributed to the construction of an accessible metro network. The analysis is also connected to Athens hosting of the Olympic and Paralympic Games of 2004 which created increasing demands for constructing an accessible built environment, including the metro. Furthermore, the study also draws upon the discussion within the EU on disability and on which kind of consequences this discussion implied for the developing metro. The theoretical basis for this study is located at the intersection of two broad fields, namely science and technology studies (S&TS) and disability studies.

Peu d’études ont évalué les caractéristiques des parcs pouvant encourager l’activité physique spécifiquement chez les jeunes. Cette étude vise à estimer la fiabilité d’un outil d’observation des parcs orienté vers les jeunes, à identifier les domaines conceptuels des parcs capturés par cet outil à l’aide d’une opérationnalisation du modèle conceptuel des parcs et de l’activité physique et à identifier différents types de parcs. Un total de 576 parcs ont été évalués en utilisant un outil d’évaluation des parcs. La fiabilité intra-juges et la fiabilité inter-juges de cet outil ont été estimées. Une analyse exploratoire par composantes principales (ACP) a été effectuée en utilisant une rotation orthogonale varimax et les variables étaient retenues si elles saturaient à ≥0.3 sur une composante. Une analyse par grappes (AG) à l’aide de la méthode de Ward a ensuite été réalisée en utilisant les composantes principales et une mesure de l’aire des parcs. L’outil était généralement fiable et l’ACP a permis d'identifier dix composantes principales qui expliquaient 60% de la variance totale. L’AG a donné un résultat de neuf grappes qui expliquaient 40% de la variance totale. Les méthodes de l’ACP et l’AG sont donc faisables avec des données de parcs. Les résultats ont été interprétés en utilisant l’opérationnalisation du modèle conceptuel. / Few studies have characterized park features that may be appealing for youth physical activity (PA). This study assesses the reliability of a youth-oriented direct-observation park assessment tool; identifies park domains captured by the tool using an operationalized conceptual model of parks and PA, and identifies distinct park types. 576 parks were audited using a park observation tool; intra- and inter-rater reliability were estimated. Exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted and variables were retained if they loaded at 0.3 or higher. A cluster analysis (CA) was conducted using the principal components and park area. The tool was found to be reliable and PCA yielded ten principal components explaining 60% of the total variance. The CA yielded a nine-cluster outcome explaining 40% of the total variance. PCA and CA were found to be feasible methods to use with park data. The operationalization of the conceptual model helped interpret these results.

Peu d’études ont évalué les caractéristiques des parcs pouvant encourager l’activité physique spécifiquement chez les jeunes. Cette étude vise à estimer la fiabilité d’un outil d’observation des parcs orienté vers les jeunes, à identifier les domaines conceptuels des parcs capturés par cet outil à l’aide d’une opérationnalisation du modèle conceptuel des parcs et de l’activité physique et à identifier différents types de parcs. Un total de 576 parcs ont été évalués en utilisant un outil d’évaluation des parcs. La fiabilité intra-juges et la fiabilité inter-juges de cet outil ont été estimées. Une analyse exploratoire par composantes principales (ACP) a été effectuée en utilisant une rotation orthogonale varimax et les variables étaient retenues si elles saturaient à ≥0.3 sur une composante. Une analyse par grappes (AG) à l’aide de la méthode de Ward a ensuite été réalisée en utilisant les composantes principales et une mesure de l’aire des parcs. L’outil était généralement fiable et l’ACP a permis d'identifier dix composantes principales qui expliquaient 60% de la variance totale. L’AG a donné un résultat de neuf grappes qui expliquaient 40% de la variance totale. Les méthodes de l’ACP et l’AG sont donc faisables avec des données de parcs. Les résultats ont été interprétés en utilisant l’opérationnalisation du modèle conceptuel. / Few studies have characterized park features that may be appealing for youth physical activity (PA). This study assesses the reliability of a youth-oriented direct-observation park assessment tool; identifies park domains captured by the tool using an operationalized conceptual model of parks and PA, and identifies distinct park types. 576 parks were audited using a park observation tool; intra- and inter-rater reliability were estimated. Exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted and variables were retained if they loaded at 0.3 or higher. A cluster analysis (CA) was conducted using the principal components and park area. The tool was found to be reliable and PCA yielded ten principal components explaining 60% of the total variance. The CA yielded a nine-cluster outcome explaining 40% of the total variance. PCA and CA were found to be feasible methods to use with park data. The operationalization of the conceptual model helped interpret these results.

Denna undersökning kretsar kring att lyfta offentlig konst och medborgarinflytande. Teorier och tidigare forskning som lagts fram har skapat förståelse för hur konst är ett betydelsefullt verktyg i stadsmiljön, som kan användas för att förbättra människors upplevelse av en plats. Därför är det viktigt att man inkluderar individer i framtagandet av de konstnärliga verken. Denna inkludering har undersökts i uppsatsen genom fallstudier på tre specifika konstprojekt. Två av dessa projekt valdes för att en av författarna hade deltagit i dem och kunde återberätta sin upplevelse. Dessa projekt är Street Art och Närlunda Tunneln, som utfördes av Helsingborgs stad. Det tredje projektet var den statliga satsningen Konst händer av Statens konstråd. I de kommunala projekten hittades ingen dokumentation som utförligt beskrev process och resultat. Därav utfördes intervjuer med deltagare i respektive projekt. Gällande Konst händer däremot, hittades nyanserad dokumentation som redovisade projektets process och resultat. Resultatet av studien visade att alla tre projekt inkluderat civilsamhället på olika sätt. Individerna fick vara en del av gestaltningen i både Street Art och Närlunda Tunneln. Genom intervjuerna gick det även att konstatera hur de kommunala projekten fortfarande inspirerar deltagarna än idag. Däremot är det Konst händer som har inkluderat människor i störst utsträckning, genom att låta dem påverka projektet som helhet fram tills att resultaten var nådda. Den övergripande slutsatsen som dras är att de tre projekten lyckats förhålla sig till forskningen kring offentlig konst och deltagande. Förhoppningen med studien och dess resultat är att uppmuntra till ökad medborgarinflytande i framtidens konstprojekt. / This thesis serves to elevate public art and civic influence. Theories and previous research has created an understanding of how art is a meaningful tool in the urban environment, which can be used to improve people’s experience of a place. Therefore, it is important to include people in the production of these artistic works. This inclusion has been investigated in the thesis through case studies on three specific art projects. Two of these projects were chosen as one of the authors had participated in them and was able to recount her experience. These projects are Street Art and Närlunda Tunneln, which were carried out by the municipality of Helsingborg. The third project was the state initiative Konst händer by the public art agency of Sweden. In the municipal projects, no documentation was found that described the process and results in detail. For this reason, interviews were done with participants in the respective projects. On the other hand, nuanced documentation was found that reported the process and results of Konst händer. The results of the study prove that all three projects included civil society in different ways. Individuals were a part of the design of both Street Art and Närlunda Tunneln. Through the interviews, it was further possible to ascertain how the municipal projects still inspire the participants to this today. Although, it is Konst händer that has included civic engagement to the greatest extent, by letting the people influence the project as a whole until the results were reached. The overall conclusion that is drawn is that the three projects succeeded following the research regarding public art and participation. The ambition of this study and its results is to encourage greater citizen influence in future art projects.

This thesis examines the proposed Österskans development in Halmstad, Sweden from the approach of critical urbanism. With a steady increase of population growth for the past decades and despite the income level of the municipality's population being above the national average - the socio-economic segregation in Halmstad is prevalent. The planned development of the Österskans area, a former node of public transport located in the city centre, would see the space refitted to house a large-scale skyscraper complex containing a hotel, an urban market, a restaurant and a rooftop bar. The development and imposed semi-privatisation of the current public place have sparked debate, and a referendum on the matter will take place at the time of the national elections in september of 2022. This study employs the method of critical discourse analysis to investigate how aspects of convivial urbanism embeds the discourse on public space in Halmstad, how the development of public places can be understood through the discourse on shared spatial qualities in the case of Österskans and what implications such qualities could have on segregation. The theoretical framework consists of theory of space and place, critical urban theory on the right to the city, uneven geographical development, the human body as accumulation strategy as well as theory on conviviality. By the examination of 13 texts as qualitatively selected representatives of the discourse, the analysis centered around on how narratives, intertextual relations and structures can be understood. In the analysis, matters of how the narratives on conviviality is positioned, how social sustainability is addressed and avoided, assumptions of who constitutes the public, market value and attractiveness, the portrayal of diversity and inclusion versus the reality of it, the feasibility of achieving togetherness and the potential harmful implications of the development are all discussed. The study concludes that while claims of conviviality clearly do feature, the narratives of the discourse overlooks crucial factors of social sustainability and leaves blind spots of how to tangibly achieve inclusivity - along with the understanding of the inside experience of the consumer being prioritized and that it could negatively impact segregation by imposing an even further further socio-spatial divide.

Cette thèse vise à expliquer les fluctuations du bien-être momentané tout au long de la journée et de la semaine, en tenant compte de l'influence de l'environnement construit et social sur ces variations. Cette étude a évalué l'impact du moment de la journée, des interactions sociales, de la météo et des environnements bâtis et sociaux, sur le bien-être momentané à l’aide d’un devis longitudinal par évaluation écologique momentanée géographique (GEMA). Un total de 899 participants résident dans le Grand Montréal, âgés de 18 à 80 ans (Âge : M = 41,71, md = 39 ; femmes = 55,7%) ont rempli une échelle brève de l'humeur trois fois par jour pendant sept jours consécutifs sur leurs téléphones intelligents (application EthicaData). Lors des réponses, la coordonnée GPS de leur localisation a également été captée, et a servi à mesurer diverses expositions environnementales dans un système d’information géographique. Un modèle à effets mixtes à trois niveaux avec des effets aléatoires a montré une corrélation positive entre le bien-être et l'âge, les après-midis, les week-ends et les interactions sociales impliquant la famille et les amis. En revanche, le bien-être était négativement associé aux soirées. Quelques variables de l’environnement bâti et social étaient significativement associées au bien-être. Ces liens ont persisté après contrôle des facteurs de confusion potentiels. De plus, un effet d'interaction a révélé que l'influence des interactions sociales momentanées différait entre les hommes et les femmes. Cette étude met en lumière le rôle des facteurs environnementaux et sociaux dans la compréhension du bien-être momentané. L'intégration de la technologie géospatiale et des évaluations écologiques momentanées offre des perspectives précieuses pour l'urbanisme et la santé publique dans l’exploration des liens entre contexte et santé. / This thesis aims to explain the fluctuations of momentary well-being throughout the day and week, taking into consideration how the built and social environment affects these variations. In this seven-day longitudinal study using GPS-enabled smartphones and EthicaData software with a geographic ecological momentary assessment (GEMA) approach, the real-time impact of built and social environments on self-reported momentary well-being of residents of Greater Montreal between 2018 and 2021 was investigated. A total of 889 participants aged 18–80 years (Age: M=41.71, md=39; females = 55.7%) completed the Short Mood Scale three times daily for seven consecutive days. A three-level mixed-effects model with random effects showed a positive correlation between well-being and age, afternoons, weekends, and social interactions involving family and friends. On the other hand, well-being was negatively associated with evenings. Only a few built and social environmental variables were found to be significantly associated with well-being. These links remained after controlling for potential confounding factors. Moreover, an interaction effect revealed that the influence of momentary social interactions differed for men and women. This study highlights the significance of environmental and social factors in comprehending momentary well-being, which has important implications for urban planning and public health initiatives. Integrating geospatial technology and EMA provides valuable insights into this intricate relationship.

This study centered on a novel thermoelectric generator (TEG) integrated into the built environment. Designed by Watts Thermoelectric LLC, the TEG is essentially a novel assembly of thermoelectric modules whose required temperature differential is supplied by hot and cold streams of water flowing through the TEG. Per its recommended operating conditions, the TEG nominally generates 83 Watts of electrical power. In its default configuration in the built environment, solar-thermal energy serves as the TEG’s hot stream source and geothermal energy serves as its cold stream source. Two systems-level, thermodynamic analyses were performed, which were based on the TEG’s upcoming characterization testing, scheduled to occur later in 2011 in Detroit, Michigan. The first analysis considered the TEG coupled with a solar collector system. A numerical model of the coupled system was constructed in order to estimate the system’s annual energetic performance. It was determined numerically that over the course of a sample year, the solar collector system could deliver 39.73 megawatt-hours (MWh) of thermal energy to the TEG. The TEG converted that thermal energy into a net of 266.5 kilowatt-hours of electricity in that year. The second analysis focused on the TEG itself during operation with the purpose of providing a preliminary thermodynamic characterization of the TEG. Using experimental data, this analysis found the TEG’s operating efficiency to be 1.72%. Next, the annual emissions that would be avoided by implementing the zero-emission TEG were considered. The emission factor of Michigan’s electric grid, RFCM, was calculated to be 0.830 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) per MWh, and with the TEG’s annual energy output, it was concluded that 0.221 tons CO2e would be avoided each year with the TEG. It is important to note that the TEG can be linearly scaled up by including additional modules. Thus, these benefits can be multiplied through the incorporation of more TEG units. Finally, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the TEG integrated into the built environment with the solar-thermal hot source and passive ground-based cold source was considered. The LCOE of the system was estimated to be approximately $8,404/MWh, which is substantially greater than current generation technologies. Note that this calculation was based on one particular configuration with a particular and narrow set of assumptions, and is not intended to be a general conclusion about TEG systems overall. It was concluded that while solar-thermal energy systems can sustain the TEG, they are capital-intensive and therefore not economically suitable for the TEG given the assumptions of this analysis. In the end, because of the large costs associated with the solar-thermal system, waste heat recovery is proposed as a potentially more cost-effective provider of the TEG’s hot stream source. / text

<p>This study is focused on the design, production, and operation of a controlled environmental olfaction chamber to evaluate human physiological and emotional response to volatile chemical emissions (VCPs) from scented household products in addition to careful characterization of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in these product emissions. Utilizing proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the chamber can collect VCP emissions and identify VOCs present to complete an accurate chemical profile of household and common product emissions not previously known. This instrument is one of the first of its kind and will serve as a key element in understanding the relationship between human physical and cognitive health and the built environment.</p>