Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-15T12:15:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliamariagarciadeoliveira.pdf: 10092980 bytes, checksum: 34a566f1e0e6252894af7d1b9bb7f50a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-15T13:38:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliamariagarciadeoliveira.pdf: 10092980 bytes, checksum: 34a566f1e0e6252894af7d1b9bb7f50a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T13:38:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliamariagarciadeoliveira.pdf: 10092980 bytes, checksum: 34a566f1e0e6252894af7d1b9bb7f50a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação é fruto de uma pesquisa sobre o tema comércio e cidade, com o foco nos supermercados, adotados como objeto de estudo empírico. A pesquisa foi motivada pelo seguinte problema: como os supermercados se inserem na cidade, do ponto de vista arquitetônico e urbanístico? Mais especificamente, buscou-se compreender as relações arquitetônicas e urbanísticas entre os supermercados e a cidade, a partir do estudo das inserções dos supermercados na avenida Rio Branco, na cidade de Juiz de Fora/MG. Embora os supermercados tenham diversas configurações, eles foram investigados de um ponto de vista tipológico, considerando-se as seguintes categorias de análise: história do lote, edifício no lote, volumetria, aspectos do entorno, acessos, fachada e comunicação visual. Tratou-se de uma investigação eminentemente de caráter exploratório e qualitativo, alicerçada pelas pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e empírica, que contemplou o estudo de quatro casos. Ao final, conclui-se que os supermercados seguem lógicas de inserção arquitetônica e urbana de acordo com seu formato, sendo influenciado pela dinâmica da cidade e também influenciando-a. Atualmente, são lugares de compras diárias, mas também de passeio e lazer, podendo ser entendidos como reflexos das demandas sociais e como um programa de relevância na cidade contemporânea. / This dissertation is product of a research about theme retail and city, with focus on supermarkets, adopts like empirical study object. The research was motivated by the following problem: How are supermarkets inserted in the city, under architectural and urban point of view? More specifically, it sought understand the architectural and urban relationships between supermarkets and city, as from study of supermarkets insertions at Rio Branco Avenue, in Juiz de Fora (Brazil). Nevertheless supermarkets have differents configurations, they was investigated under typological point of view, considering the following analyses categories: history lot, building on the lot, volumetry, aspects of environmental, access, façade and visual communication. This is investigation eminently with exploratory and qualitative character, based on bibliographical, documental and empirical research, with contemplated the study of four cases. At end, concludes which the supermarkets follow logics of architectural an urban insertion according their format, being influenced by city dynamic and also influencing it. Nowadays, thei are places for daily shopping, but also tour and leisure, it can be understood as reflections of social demands and as a relevant program in the contemporary city.

<div>Currently, people in North America spend roughly 90% of their time indoors. Therefore, it is important to create comfortable, healthy, and productive indoor environments for the occupants. Unfortunately, our resulting indoor environments are still very poor, especially in multi-occupant rooms. In addition, energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings by HVAC systems and lighting accounts for about 41% of primary energy use in the US. However, the current methods for simulating building energy consumption are often not accurate, and various types of occupant behavior may explain this inaccuracy.</div><div>This study first developed artificial neural network models for predicting thermal comfort and occupant behavior in indoor environments. The models were trained by data on indoor environmental parameters, thermal sensations, and occupant behavior collected in ten offices and ten houses/apartments. The models were able to predict similar acceptable air temperature ranges in offices, from 20.6 °C to 25 °C in winter and from 20.6 °C to 25.6 °C in summer. We also found that the comfortable air temperature in the residences was 1.7 °C lower than that in the offices in winter, and 1.7 °C higher in summer. The reason for this difference may be that the occupants of the houses/apartments were responsible for paying their energy bills. The comfort zone obtained by the ANN model using thermal sensations in the ten offices was narrower than the comfort zone in ASHRAE Standard 55, but that using behaviors was wider.</div><div>Then this study used the EnergyPlus program to simulate the energy consumption of HVAC systems in office buildings. Measured energy data were used to validate the simulated results. When using the collected behavior from the offices, the difference between the simulated results and the measured data was less than 13%. When a behavioral ANN model was implemented in the energy simulation, the simulation performed similarly. However, energy simulation using constant thermostat set point without considering occupant behavior was not accurate. Further simulations demonstrated that adjusting the thermostat set point and the clothing could lead to a 25% variation in energy use in interior offices and 15% in exterior offices. Finally, energy consumption could be reduced by 30% with thermostat setback control and 70% with occupancy control.</div><div>Because of many contextual factors, most previous studies have built data-driven behavior models with limited scalability and generalization capability. This investigation built a policy-based reinforcement learning (RL) model for the behavior of adjusting the thermostat and clothing level. We used Q-learning to train the model and validated with collected data. After training, the model predicted the behavior with R2 from 0.75 to 0.80 in an office building. This study also transferred the behavior knowledge of the RL model to other office buildings with different HVAC control systems. The transfer learning model predicted with R2 from 0.73 to 0.80. Going from office buildings to residential buildings, the transfer learning model also had an R2 over 0.60. Therefore, the RL model combined with transfer learning was able to predict the building occupant behavior accurately with good scalability, and without the need for data collection.<br></div><div><div>Unsuitable thermostat settings lead to energy waste and an undesirable indoor environment, especially in multi-occupant rooms. This study aimed to develop an HVAC control strategy in multi-occupant offices using physiological parameters measured by wristbands. We used an ANN model to predict thermal sensation from air temperature, relative humidity, clothing level, wrist skin temperature, skin relative humidity and heart rate. Next, we developed a control strategy to improve the thermal comfort of all the occupants in the room. The control system was smart and could adjust the thermostat set point automatically in real time. We improved the occupants’ thermal comfort level that over half of the occupants reported feeling neutral, and fewer than 5% still felt uncomfortable. After coupling with occupancy-based control by means of lighting sensors or wristband Bluetooth, the heating and cooling loads were reduced by 90% and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the smart HVAC control system can effectively control the indoor environment for thermal comfort and energy saving.</div><div>As for proposed studies in the future, at first, we will use more advanced sensors to collect more kinds of occupant behavior-related data. We will expand the research on more occupant behavior related to indoor air quality, noise and illuminance level. We can use these data to recognize behavior instead of questionnaire survey now. We will also develop a personalized zonal control system for the multi-occupant office. We can find the number and location of inlet diffusers by using inverse design.</div></div>

abstract: This thesis intends to help inform American Indian nations’ decision making related to housing. The study recognizes the urgent need for housing solutions that fit the needs of a community as well as benefit the overall ecosystem. One model that can offer guidance is the Circular Economy (CE) model. A well-thought-out CE process can provide housing solutions that are economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable. It also stimulates the local economy by strategically introducing positive changes. This research identifies the construction potential of available circular materials as compared to more contemporary building materials. It then recommends a closed-loop circular model that utilizes the community’s existing infrastructure to develop affordable housing. The proposed CE model operates within the built environment, stimulating local employment while catering to the needs of the residents. Such an approach can prove to be beneficial for the local community and perhaps scalable to the global economy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Construction Management 2020

Our societies are changing towards more privatization and exclusion; issues of social life in public spaces and the relation of urban form vis-à-vis social life has not been given too much attention in urban planning and design, especially including issues of environmental psychology. However, the importance of public life is not deniable. High qualified public spaces are prerequisite for cities to become further inviting and more sustainable. This thesis raises the questions of if our public places are created by their physical setting or by social relation. It addresses the socio-physical characteristics of public spaces (squares) from human perspective. The aim of the work is to understand how it might be possible to improve social life and behavior in public spaces, where not only the center of attraction are the people but also the urban form that surrounds it. The study investigates sociability of the two squares in Stockholm, Norrmalmstorg and Nytorget, and analysis the contribution of physical and social attributes in creating sense of place and enriching social behavior. It draws from theories about environmental psychology, place identity and sense of place, likewise socio-physical elements of public spaces. Qualitative approach has been applied for data collection of case studies through combination of empirical methods such as observation, interviews and conceptual mapping. Through analysis of results, it is argued that strong sense of community at Nytorget is the consequence of people’s involvement in urban environment; whereas the lack of people’s engagement in urban setting at Norrmalmstorg, which is the result of place identity, affects the sense of attachment and social interaction in the square accordingly. The thesis debates that it is crucial to evaluate sociability of an urban environment by initiating human perspective and revealing the relationship between physical attributes and social activities. / Urban Form and Social Behaviour Research Project

The construction industry is one of the least digitized industries in the world which results in projectdelays, poor quality, uninformed decision-making, and unnecessary spending. Initiatives from the governmentthat promotes digitalization will therefore play an important role. In Sweden, Smart Built Environment is suchan initiative, that through a bottom-up process where public and private actors from the built environment sectorcooperate in projects together to develop products and services in sustainable perspectives. However, there arechallenges when it comes to transferring and reaping benefits from knowledge developed in projects. The aimof the paper is to investigate how project outcomes from Smart Built Environment projects are handled andhow projects are linked to the program’s intended short-term effects. Through a case study and document analysison two projects, nine different semi-structured interviews with representatives of the organizations involvedin the projects were identified. As the Smart Built Environment's short-term effects were embeddedwith the project goals, it was concluded that the project results were linked to the program's intended shorttermeffects in theory, but that it becomes tangible when implemented in practice. Furthermore, the projectresults spread individually where it was implemented on future projects, internally within the organization inthe form of presentations, and finally through interest groups (BIM alliance) where it was presented to actorsin the entire built environment sector.

In a context of increasingly ambitious climate objectives after the Paris Agreement in 2015, this thesis investigates a scenario for sustainable development in Sweden in 2050 in terms of greenhouse gases emissions. The scenario is built around the idea of a development of collaborative economy in a context of low growth or degrowth. The concept of “collaborative economy” encompasses the sharing of services and underused and unwanted goods between individuals, a focus on the access to services rather than the ownership of products, and new ways of sharing space and time (cohousing, time banks, etc). The present study focuses on the implications of the Collaborative Economy scenario for transports and the built environment at a municipal scale, and aims at modeling the corresponding greenhouse gases emissions. A literature review was carried out to identify the main aspects of the scenario and exemplify the changes it entails. Two spreadsheet models were then developed for transports and the built environment, estimating greenhouse gases emission levels based on a range of assumptions elaborated from the literature review. The municipality of Malmö was used as a case study. Overall, the results of the models and the sensitivity analysis indicate a rather weak influence of collaborative economy strategies on greenhouse gases emissions. Strategies related to changes in the energy mix for heating, materials used in construction, fuels, etc seem to be much more impactful. However, such strategies only impact greenhouse gases emissions, whereas collaborative economy strategies can have other benefits. In particular, cohousing can increase social capital and foster sharing, which in turn could decrease energy and material use for the production of goods. Ridesharing, remote working among others, can decrease congestion and the daily distance traveled. Most of these strategies also provide energy savings, improving the resilience of the system and freeing the energy supply for other purposes. / Bortom BNP-tillväxt

Between 1965 and 1975 a major housing project was carried out in Sweden to resolve a major housing crisis, the so-called one million housing program (Swedish: miljonprogrammet). To raise the standards and create a more attractive housing in these areas is currently a very relevant topic in Sweden.Evidence-based design is the process of basing decisions of the built environment on credible research and studies to achieve the best possible outcome. This method is primarily used in the healthcare sector to improve quality of care and reduce costs by creating healthy environments.The possibility of refurbish apartment buildings from miljonprogrammet using evidence-based design has been studied by means of an extensive literature review and a closer examination of the residential area, Husby in Stockholm, which has been chosen to represent the miljonprogrammet in its entirety. Furthermore, the evidence-based research has been limited to seven fields; nature, noise, color, wayfinding, safe environment, daylight and thermal comfort which has been assessed to be applicable on housing. In order to obtain a comprehensive overview of the different fields, four different subjects were chosen to investigate further within each field; research and studies, laws and regulations, constructional aspect and Husby. The analysis has shown that the seven fields to varying degrees can be applicable to miljonprogrammet. The thesis concludes that an evidence-based method can be used for refurbishment of miljonprogrammet. Some of the fields investigated in the thesis may need further development, in particular; nature, color and wayfinding. Some of the benefits of the evidence-based design process may be to give architects an instrument to justify their design decisions which were earlier based on experience and intuition rather than credible research.

Based‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌idea‌ ‌that‌ ‌public‌ ‌art‌ ‌reflects‌ ‌cultural‌ ‌values‌ ‌and‌ ‌is‌ ‌meant,‌ ‌not‌ ‌as‌ ‌many‌ ‌have‌ ‌argued‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌means‌ ‌of‌ ‌teaching‌ ‌history,‌ ‌but‌ ‌rather‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌means‌ ‌of‌ ‌promoting‌ ‌cultural‌ ‌ideals,‌ ‌ ‌public‌ ‌art‌ ‌serves‌ ‌a‌ ‌role‌ ‌in‌ ‌lauding‌ ‌people‌ ‌and‌ ‌behaviors‌ ‌and‌ ‌reflects‌ ‌a‌n important facet in the ‌creation‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌national‌ ‌identity‌ ‌and‌ ‌ethos. Further,‌ ‌that‌ ‌in‌ ‌this‌ ‌function‌ ‌of‌ ‌promoting‌ ‌societal‌ ‌norms,‌ ‌public‌ ‌art‌ ‌serves‌ ‌as‌ an‌ iconography ‌of‌‌ a “civil ‌religion”‌ ‌which‌ ‌tell‌s ‌a‌ ‌story‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌citizenry‌ ‌about‌ ‌what‌ ‌a‌ ‌given‌ ‌country‌ ‌admires,‌ ‌reveres‌ ‌and‌ ‌aspires‌ ‌to‌ ‌and‌ ‌promotes‌ ‌a‌ ‌specific‌ ‌moral‌ ‌narrative‌ ‌regarding‌ ‌a‌ ‌country‌ ‌and‌ ‌its‌ ‌people.‌ ‌Thus,‌ ‌public‌ ‌art‌ ‌forms‌ ‌an‌ ‌iconography‌ ‌reflecting‌ ‌the‌ ‌norms‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌“civil ‌religion”‌ ‌and‌ ‌its‌ ‌related‌ ‌mores,‌ ‌morals‌ ‌and‌ ‌ethical‌ ‌values.‌ ‌

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