A radioterapia externa ocupa lugar de destaque nos tratamentos de câncer. As construções das salas que abrigam os aceleradores lineares são custosas e este fator é limitante para que sejam instalados mais equipamentos. Faz-se necessária a pesquisa de opções construtivas com objetivo de redução de custos, mantendo-se a estabilidade estrutural e a barreira de proteção radiológica. Para a blindagem destas instalações podem ser empregados diversos materiais para a atenuação de radiação. O concreto armado é empregado em muitas destas instalações, seja pelo seu custo ou a prática construtiva no Brasil, face ao notório conhecimento deste material e abundância de matéria prima. Foram elaborados dois projetos estruturais de bunker em concreto armado. O projeto denominado bunker enterrado foi concebido com estrutura localizada no subsolo e dimensionado levando-se em conta inclusive os esforços decorrentes do solo adjacente às paredes. Foi adotada blindagem de concreto no teto. As demais faces da construção tem atenuação de radiação por solo compactado. O projeto do bunker não enterrado considerou a geometria de um projeto padrão do Ministério da Saúde e o acesso é pelo pavimento térreo. Em função da espessura necessária de blindagem, foi projetada uma estrutura com dimensões que contemplam a barreira no teto e paredes. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo foram satisfatórios quanto aos dois modelos estruturais propostos, com vantagens e desvantagens. Foi mostrada a diferença de custos entre uma estrutura de edificação enterrada e outra não enterrada. A estrutura enterrada mostrou-se mais viável, pois aproveita o solo compactado adjacente para atenuação da radiação. / External radiotherapy occupies a prominent place in cancer treatments. The constructions of the rooms that shelter the linear accelerators are costly and this is a limiting factor to have more equipment installed. It is necessary to research construction options with the objective of reducing costs, maintaining the structural stability and the radiological protection barrier. For the shielding of these installations, various materials can be used for the attenuation of radiation. Reinforced concrete is used in many of these facilities, either for its cost or the constructive practice in Brazil, due to the know-how of this material and abundance of raw material. Two structural bunker structural projects were developed. The buried bunker project was designed with a structure located underground and dimensioned taking into account including the efforts from the soil adjacent to the walls. Concrete shield was used in the ceiling. The other faces of the construction have radiation attenuation by compacted soil. The not buried bunker project considered the geometry of a standard design of the Health Ministry and its access is by the ground floor. Due to the required thickness of shielding, a structure with dimensions that contemplate the barrier in the ceiling and walls was designed. The results obtained in this study were satisfactory, regarding the two proposed structural models, taking in consideration advantages and disadvantages. The difference in costs of a buried structure and not buried one was provided. The buried structure proved to be more viable, since it utilizes adjacent compacted soil to attenuate the radiation.

A radioterapia externa ocupa lugar de destaque nos tratamentos de câncer. As construções das salas que abrigam os aceleradores lineares são custosas e este fator é limitante para que sejam instalados mais equipamentos. Faz-se necessária a pesquisa de opções construtivas com objetivo de redução de custos, mantendo-se a estabilidade estrutural e a barreira de proteção radiológica. Para a blindagem destas instalações podem ser empregados diversos materiais para a atenuação de radiação. O concreto armado é empregado em muitas destas instalações, seja pelo seu custo ou a prática construtiva no Brasil, face ao notório conhecimento deste material e abundância de matéria prima. Foram elaborados dois projetos estruturais de bunker em concreto armado. O projeto denominado bunker enterrado foi concebido com estrutura localizada no subsolo e dimensionado levando-se em conta inclusive os esforços decorrentes do solo adjacente às paredes. Foi adotada blindagem de concreto no teto. As demais faces da construção tem atenuação de radiação por solo compactado. O projeto do bunker não enterrado considerou a geometria de um projeto padrão do Ministério da Saúde e o acesso é pelo pavimento térreo. Em função da espessura necessária de blindagem, foi projetada uma estrutura com dimensões que contemplam a barreira no teto e paredes. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo foram satisfatórios quanto aos dois modelos estruturais propostos, com vantagens e desvantagens. Foi mostrada a diferença de custos entre uma estrutura de edificação enterrada e outra não enterrada. A estrutura enterrada mostrou-se mais viável, pois aproveita o solo compactado adjacente para atenuação da radiação. / External radiotherapy occupies a prominent place in cancer treatments. The constructions of the rooms that shelter the linear accelerators are costly and this is a limiting factor to have more equipment installed. It is necessary to research construction options with the objective of reducing costs, maintaining the structural stability and the radiological protection barrier. For the shielding of these installations, various materials can be used for the attenuation of radiation. Reinforced concrete is used in many of these facilities, either for its cost or the constructive practice in Brazil, due to the know-how of this material and abundance of raw material. Two structural bunker structural projects were developed. The buried bunker project was designed with a structure located underground and dimensioned taking into account including the efforts from the soil adjacent to the walls. Concrete shield was used in the ceiling. The other faces of the construction have radiation attenuation by compacted soil. The not buried bunker project considered the geometry of a standard design of the Health Ministry and its access is by the ground floor. Due to the required thickness of shielding, a structure with dimensions that contemplate the barrier in the ceiling and walls was designed. The results obtained in this study were satisfactory, regarding the two proposed structural models, taking in consideration advantages and disadvantages. The difference in costs of a buried structure and not buried one was provided. The buried structure proved to be more viable, since it utilizes adjacent compacted soil to attenuate the radiation.

<p>The work aims to clarify what nautical officers onboard in today's merchant can do to help reduce bunker consumption during the voyage? The question we have asked ourselves during the autumn term in 2008 much was said about the premium bunker prices, and how the future could affect our daily lives as nautical officer. We felt here that the school had relatively little knowledge of the subject and therefore felt that it would be interesting to identify how it really looks like onboard the ships today. To collect information we contacted 7 Swedish companies that operate with different types of vessels, in order to get a broad picture of the whole industry. For shipping companies we asked questions about how actively they were working on the issue and what methods they used. We found that the owners worked with the issue but that it so far was a little on the go. All but one company in the survey provided the vessels are instructed to run bunker efficiently.</p> / <p>Arbetet syftar till att klarlägga vad nautikerna ombord i dagens handelsfartyg kan göra för att reducera bunkerförbrukningen under pågående sjöresa? Frågan ställde vi oss eftersom det under höstterminen 2008 talades mycket om de ”skyhöga” bunkerpriserna och hur de i framtiden skulle påverka vår vardag som nautiker. Vi kände att det på skolan fanns förhållandevis lite kunskap i ämnet och tyckte därför att det vore intressant att kartlägga hur det verkligen ser ut ombord i fartygen idag. Främst gällande direktiv till befälen rörande bunkerreducerande metoder.</p><p>För att få underlag för arbetet kontaktade vi 7 stycken svenska rederier som är verksamma med olika typer av fartyg, detta för att få en bred bild av hela sjöfartsbranschen. Till rederierna ställde vi frågor om de aktivt arbetade med frågan och i så fall vad de använde sig av för metoder. Vi kunde konstatera att redarna arbetade med frågan men att det än så länge låg lite i startgroparna. Alla utom ett rederi i undersökning gav fartygen instruktioner om att köra bunkereffektivt.</p>

The work aims to clarify what nautical officers onboard in today's merchant can do to help reduce bunker consumption during the voyage? The question we have asked ourselves during the autumn term in 2008 much was said about the premium bunker prices, and how the future could affect our daily lives as nautical officer. We felt here that the school had relatively little knowledge of the subject and therefore felt that it would be interesting to identify how it really looks like onboard the ships today. To collect information we contacted 7 Swedish companies that operate with different types of vessels, in order to get a broad picture of the whole industry. For shipping companies we asked questions about how actively they were working on the issue and what methods they used. We found that the owners worked with the issue but that it so far was a little on the go. All but one company in the survey provided the vessels are instructed to run bunker efficiently. / Arbetet syftar till att klarlägga vad nautikerna ombord i dagens handelsfartyg kan göra för att reducera bunkerförbrukningen under pågående sjöresa? Frågan ställde vi oss eftersom det under höstterminen 2008 talades mycket om de ”skyhöga” bunkerpriserna och hur de i framtiden skulle påverka vår vardag som nautiker. Vi kände att det på skolan fanns förhållandevis lite kunskap i ämnet och tyckte därför att det vore intressant att kartlägga hur det verkligen ser ut ombord i fartygen idag. Främst gällande direktiv till befälen rörande bunkerreducerande metoder. För att få underlag för arbetet kontaktade vi 7 stycken svenska rederier som är verksamma med olika typer av fartyg, detta för att få en bred bild av hela sjöfartsbranschen. Till rederierna ställde vi frågor om de aktivt arbetade med frågan och i så fall vad de använde sig av för metoder. Vi kunde konstatera att redarna arbetade med frågan men att det än så länge låg lite i startgroparna. Alla utom ett rederi i undersökning gav fartygen instruktioner om att köra bunkereffektivt.

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diplomarbeit, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-[185]).

Something essential in this project is to highlight the spirit of the archipelago. My project is creating spaces where you can experience the calm, the ruff, the warm and the cold. The sea can give such a variety of conditions. It changes with the seasons but it also changes with the weather and can quickly go from still breeze to full storm. It is a place that offers an escape in the same time as it ground you in the purest of realities. I have located my project at Landsort, in the south part of Stockholm archipelago, close to Nynäshamn. This part of the archipelago has a close connection to main land, and also takes you out fast to open sea. On Landsort I have created something I call Örum. In opposite of a Naturum, I want to preserve the possibility to explore the nature rather than preserve the nature itself. I believe the nature will change and the outer archipelago will be harder to visit. With my structures it will be possible to visit &amp; explore Landsort for many years to come.

Dans un Beyrouth en pleine mutation, les habitats délaissés sont des lieux en suspens, condamnés à terme par la spéculation foncière. Notre recherche se propose d’examiner les transformations subies par ces architectures hors d’usage. Basé sur le terrain (près de 750 édifices répertoriés), les archives, témoignages et histoires orales, le travail réévalue également les pratiques artistiques et les regards qu’elles ont posé sur la ville. Cette imprégnation est d’autant plus importante que son déclencheur est un projet photographique entamé par l’auteur sur ce sujet. Trois chapitres sont consacrés aux interventions guerrières. Le premier, la bataille des hôtels aborde un espace disputé, le second explore la ligne de démarcation et le troisième s’intéresse aux baraquements, prisons et lieux de torture. Le quatrième chapitre réunit habitats informels, squats et autres réappropriations. Ces fonctionnalités qui s’enchevêtrent découlent de flux migratoires consécutifs à des violences. La guerre, plutôt les guerres, restent en toile de fond. / In a rapidly changing Beirut, neglected dwellings are places in abeyance, condemned to disappear as a result of land speculation. Our research aims at examining the transformations that these obsolete architectures undergo. The study, carried on site (nearly 750 buildings have been identified), based on archives, testimonies and oral history, also re-examines artistic endeavours and the way artists have viewed the city, which is particularly important considering that its trigger has been a photographic project undertaken by the author. Three chapters are devoted to belligerent activities. The first, on the “Battle of the hotels”, addresses contested space; the second explores the demarcation line and the third examines the military barracks, prisons, and torture centres. The fourth covers informal dwellings, squatted buildings and other reappropriations. It observes the background of entangled features stemming from migration flows that were triggered by the violence of war, or rather wars.

Bunker Kunst Bunker Kunst is an experimental and community platform, aiming at potential and contemporary role of post-war fortress. The point of interest is reinterpretation of bunker architectural phenomenon and its relationship with landscape. Bunker Pneumaticon Bunker Pneumaticon is co-working project, aiming on resuscitation of bunkers and post-war landscape. The point is community realisation of pneumatic architectures connected to the bunkers. The border is becoming a route.

Bunker Kunst is an experimental and co-working platform, exploring potential and contemporary role of formal borders, post-military landscape and Czechoslovakian fotress built before 2WW. The point is a resuscitation of post-war space, where tens thousand of concrete mementos are still present. Deadly border line is becoming an environment of freedom. The project consist of theoretical, studio and site-specific works and happenings. More than 40 volunteers, students and specialists have been participating. Live long freedom!

Uppsatsen syftar till att belysa moderna lämningar som kulturarv, i synnerhet andra världskrigets (1939-1945) bunkrar i Sverige och Norge. Bunkrar/värn syftar till anläggningar kopplade till militär aktivitet och krigsföring. En jämförande kulturarvsanalys har gjorts mellan bunkrar i Narvik samt längs Skånelinjen för att kunna diskutera ländernas tillvägagångssätt gällande kulturarvsprocesser. Vidare eftersträvades en förståelse i huruvida bunkrarna ingår i ett mörkt kulturarv och platserna i en mörk turism. Uppsatsen avser också att få en förståelse i hur allmänheten ser på värnen och dess historia och om de ingår i ett nationellt kulturarv, därför genomfördes en enkätundersökning. Fältbesök till ett flertal värn i Skånelinjen och Narvik har gjorts för att få en uppfattning om bunkrarna. Eftersom Sverige inte medverkade i kriget medan Norge var delaktiga var det av intresse att urskilja likheter och skillnader. Vidare var Narvik en intressant plats att analysera med tanke på dess stora medverkan och påverkan i kriget. Skånelinjen valdes på grund av att det var Sveriges enda försvar mot främmande makter under andra världskriget.  Studien kom att resultera i att moderna arkeologiska lämningar inte är lika skyddade som äldre lämningar i Sverige och Norge. Värnen i båda länderna är inte skyddade av någon lag men kan gå under särskilda bestämmelser. Vidare var de svenska värnen bättre bevarade, förmodligen på grund av att Sverige inte fick utstå förtryck och ockupering. Skyltar, böcker och digitala plattformar finns att tillgå om de svenska värnen. Inget liknande finns om Narviks värn. Enkätsvaren utföll i att ländernas befolkning anser att de är bevaringsvärdiga och del av ett inofficiellt kulturarv. Dessutom skulle värnen kunna ingå i ett mörkt kulturarv och mörk turism. / This study has aimed to bring light to modern cultural remains as cultural heritage, especially from World War II (1939-1945) in Sweden and Norway. Bunkers are buildings aimed to protect and attack during warfare and house soldiers and military supplies. A comparing cultural heritage analysis has been applied to the bunkers, both from Narvik and Skånelinjen to be able to discuss the countries' cultural heritage process. Furhermore, an understanding regarding if the bunkers are a part of a dark heritage and dark tourism was of interest. The thesis also aims to get the publics point of view on the bunkers and their history and if they reason the bunkers are part of the national heritage. On that note a questionnaire was sent out. A couple of field trips were made to bunkers both at Skånelinjen and in Narvik to get a bigger perspective and understanding of them. Also, because Sweden did not participate in the war and Norway did it was also of relevance to analyze if that caused any differences or similarities. Additionally, as Narvik had such a significant role in the war and participated in many battles it was of interest to discuss it in contrast to Sweden. Sweden´s only defense against any country participating in the war was Skånelinjen which made it an easy choice.  The study concluded that modern archaeological remains are not as well protected as older remains in Sweden and Norway. The bunkers in both bunkers in both countries are not protected by any law but could be protected to some extent by special provisions. The Swedish bunkers were better preserved than the Norwegian ones, probably because Sweden did not have to suffer through occupation and oppression. Signs, books and digital platforms are available for the Swedish bunkers but not for the Norwegians. Very little is established regarding the bunkers in Narvik. The answers from the questionnaires resulted in that the participants consider the bunkers worthy of preservation and that they are part of an unofficial cultural heritage. Furthermore, the bunkers are considering to be part of a dark heritage and dark tourism, but only to some extent.