Skievvá spa, an opportunity to discover and take part of the peculiar landscape in one of the most beautiful fjords in Northern Norway, Skjomenfjorden (Narvik).An opportunity to discover the “real” Narvik. An architecture that reinforces the impressions and the sensations in the landscape on different scales. Here the bath is the central space. A spa, a landscape hotel and a trekking station.The complex scale of nature is intensified through the large scale framing architecture. The unique and custom site with its program strengthens the tourism industry and attract more visitors to the North Norwegian mountains.ountains and Narvik.I have always been fascinated by the tremendous and dramatic scenographic landscape of northern Norway. This is where I have my roots. I visit Narvik and Skjomen(Skievvá) every year since have family here, and also I’m addicted of the sensational nature and the purifying boost and revitalisation it gives you. I want more people to visit and explore this treasure. The scenery and outlooks in different scales have been an important part of my process. The buildings have framings and windows to frame and enhence the beautiful  scenery and elements in the environment. In an open complex landscape like this, the relationship between volumes is very important, spacing and proportions. An architecture that blends in with the surrounding and competes with it at the same time. I wanted to give the landscape, the mountain, a scale.The project is largely about architectural elements meeting the scenery and terrain and how to encounter the landscape. But just as much about  how the architecture affects and enables one to take advantage of this incredible landscape. / Skievvá spa, en möjlighet att upptäcka och ta del av den säregna landskapet i en av de vackraste fjordar i Nordnorge, Skjomenfjorden (Narvik). En möjlighet att upptäcka den "riktiga" Narvik. En arkitektur som förstärker intrycken och förnimmelser i landskapet på olika skalor. Här badet är det centrala utrymmet. Ett spa, ett landskap hotell och en vandringsstation. Komplexiteten i naturens skala intensifieras genom storskalig inramande arkitektur. Den unika och anpassade platsen med sitt program stärker turistnäringen och lockra fler besökare till de nordliga norska fjällens och Narvik. Jag har alltid varit fascinerad av den enorma och dramatiska scenografiska landskap i norra Norge. Det är där jag har mina rötter. Jag besöker Narvik och Skjomen (Skievvá) varje år sedan har familj här, och även jag beroende av den sensationella karaktär och renande boost och vitalisering det ger dig. Jag vill att fler människor att besöka och utforska denna skatt. Landskap och synsätt i olika skalor har varit en viktig del av min process. Byggnaderna har framings och fönster till ramen och enhence den vackra naturen och elementen i miljön. I ett öppet komplext landskap som denna, är förhållandet mellan volymerna är mycket viktigt, avstånd och proportioner. En arkitektur som smälter in i omgivningen och konkurrerar med den på samma gång. Jag ville ge landskapet, berg, en skala.Projektet är till stor del om arkitektoniska element som uppfyller landskap och terräng och hur man möter landskapet. Men lika mycket om hur arkitekturen påverkar och möjliggör att man kan dra nytta av denna fantastiska landskapet.

This study has examined a selection of the wrecks of Narvik, which comes from the battle of Narvik in april 1940. The essay introduces every ship that was involved in the battle of Narvik in a chart, and the wreck which is still in Narvik on a map over Ofotfjorden. Ofotfjorden is the fjord where Narvik is located. The chart shows which country the ships comes from, what kind of ship and when it was built. Then the study used an object biography to study the life stories of P/S Norge, S/S Rauenfels, Wilhelm Heidkamp and Anton Schmitt. The result shows that the ships had been used in different ways before the battle of Narvik, both for war, transportation and escorting, and then met the same fate. The result also tells about the interest in the wrecks and discusses how marine archealogy can be used to use the source material to get more knowledge about the ships that were involved in the dramatic battle in april 1940.

Uppsatsen är en fallstudie av landstriderna kring Narvik 1940 analyserade utifrån degrundläggande förmågorna med perspektivet att ta emot stöd.Trots tillskyndande stöd från allierade förband kunde inte de norska och allierade förbanden komma till ett avgörande mot de numerärt underlägsna och tillsynes avskurna tyska förbanden i fjällen kring Narvik. För att belysa de förutsättningar som rådde på taktisk nivå så används tre frågeställningar: -Hur fördelade sig de grundläggande förmågorna hos tyska förband respektive allierade förband under det studerade händelseförloppet? -Vilka förmågor var särskilt framträdande för de olika förbandens strid? -Vilka eventuella svårigheter att ta emot stöd i striderna kring Narvik är relevanta för svenska förhållanden? Resultatet av studien visar att avsevärda brister i förmågan till ledning hos de allierade förbanden förelåg varvid det tillskyndande stödet blev ineffektivt. Dessutom var de tyska förbandens goda förmåga till skydd samt uthållighet, viktiga faktorer för de allierades svårighet att komma till ett avgörande. / This study is a case study of the land war in the vicinity of Narvik 1940, analysed in perspective of the six basic capabilities of combat; effect on target, protection, mobility, command and control, sustainability and intelligence. The main angle is the challenges of receiving support. How come the Norwegians and supporting allied units weren’t able to defeat the outnumbered German troops in the mountains? To be able to filter out the essential factors on a tactical level the following questions are used: -How did the basic capabilities of combat appear among the allied and the German units? -Which capability was most decisive for the outcome of the battle between the opponents? -Which difficulties in receiving support are relevant for Swedish conditions? The result of the study reveals that severe mistakes in the command and control among the allied units caused ineffective support from the allied units. It also reveals that the protection and sustainability among the German units had an important role for the outcome.

Uppsatsen syftar till att belysa moderna lämningar som kulturarv, i synnerhet andra världskrigets (1939-1945) bunkrar i Sverige och Norge. Bunkrar/värn syftar till anläggningar kopplade till militär aktivitet och krigsföring. En jämförande kulturarvsanalys har gjorts mellan bunkrar i Narvik samt längs Skånelinjen för att kunna diskutera ländernas tillvägagångssätt gällande kulturarvsprocesser. Vidare eftersträvades en förståelse i huruvida bunkrarna ingår i ett mörkt kulturarv och platserna i en mörk turism. Uppsatsen avser också att få en förståelse i hur allmänheten ser på värnen och dess historia och om de ingår i ett nationellt kulturarv, därför genomfördes en enkätundersökning. Fältbesök till ett flertal värn i Skånelinjen och Narvik har gjorts för att få en uppfattning om bunkrarna. Eftersom Sverige inte medverkade i kriget medan Norge var delaktiga var det av intresse att urskilja likheter och skillnader. Vidare var Narvik en intressant plats att analysera med tanke på dess stora medverkan och påverkan i kriget. Skånelinjen valdes på grund av att det var Sveriges enda försvar mot främmande makter under andra världskriget.  Studien kom att resultera i att moderna arkeologiska lämningar inte är lika skyddade som äldre lämningar i Sverige och Norge. Värnen i båda länderna är inte skyddade av någon lag men kan gå under särskilda bestämmelser. Vidare var de svenska värnen bättre bevarade, förmodligen på grund av att Sverige inte fick utstå förtryck och ockupering. Skyltar, böcker och digitala plattformar finns att tillgå om de svenska värnen. Inget liknande finns om Narviks värn. Enkätsvaren utföll i att ländernas befolkning anser att de är bevaringsvärdiga och del av ett inofficiellt kulturarv. Dessutom skulle värnen kunna ingå i ett mörkt kulturarv och mörk turism. / This study has aimed to bring light to modern cultural remains as cultural heritage, especially from World War II (1939-1945) in Sweden and Norway. Bunkers are buildings aimed to protect and attack during warfare and house soldiers and military supplies. A comparing cultural heritage analysis has been applied to the bunkers, both from Narvik and Skånelinjen to be able to discuss the countries' cultural heritage process. Furhermore, an understanding regarding if the bunkers are a part of a dark heritage and dark tourism was of interest. The thesis also aims to get the publics point of view on the bunkers and their history and if they reason the bunkers are part of the national heritage. On that note a questionnaire was sent out. A couple of field trips were made to bunkers both at Skånelinjen and in Narvik to get a bigger perspective and understanding of them. Also, because Sweden did not participate in the war and Norway did it was also of relevance to analyze if that caused any differences or similarities. Additionally, as Narvik had such a significant role in the war and participated in many battles it was of interest to discuss it in contrast to Sweden. Sweden´s only defense against any country participating in the war was Skånelinjen which made it an easy choice.  The study concluded that modern archaeological remains are not as well protected as older remains in Sweden and Norway. The bunkers in both bunkers in both countries are not protected by any law but could be protected to some extent by special provisions. The Swedish bunkers were better preserved than the Norwegian ones, probably because Sweden did not have to suffer through occupation and oppression. Signs, books and digital platforms are available for the Swedish bunkers but not for the Norwegians. Very little is established regarding the bunkers in Narvik. The answers from the questionnaires resulted in that the participants consider the bunkers worthy of preservation and that they are part of an unofficial cultural heritage. Furthermore, the bunkers are considering to be part of a dark heritage and dark tourism, but only to some extent.

Since coastal defense operations tend to fail, this thesis aims to investigate how this type of operation can be more effective and lead to success. The thesis tests two coastal defense theories, developed by Jacob Børresen and Geoffrey Till, on two cases of coastal defense operations by evaluating the validity of the outcomes. Applying the theories as a tool and analyzing the coastal defense operations in the Falklands War in 1982 and Narvik in 1940, a comparative case study is carried out through a qualitative text analysis. The result shows the importance of offensive actions, joint operations and the ability to unity of effort. However, the theories tends to miss important underlying factors and, if the theories are to be used for explaining success in coastal defense operations, they should be further developed.

In environmental impact assessment (EIA), accident risk should be considered as one impact. However, few studies have compared assessed risk levels with documented accidents. There is thus a need for assessing accuracy of risk assessment methodologies. The aim of this study was to develop and examine a risk assessment guideline based on environmental assessment. The guideline examination was carried out along the railway and the road between Kiruna and Narvik, Northern Scandinavia. The examined hazards were avalanches, debris flows, rock falls, slush flows, torrents, moose and reindeer. Documented accidents were quantified into an accident level. For each hazard type, six sections/sites were assessed. The propensities of these hazards were analysed through environmental assessments, especially by utilising geomorphology. Then, the accident densities along the sections/sites were compared with assessed accident phase indices describing risk and hazard in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The average uncertainty factors for both the risk and the hazard indices were about 5. This implies a fairly good precision. Risk and hazard indices were also rated and compared to the accident density rates. Thereafter, railway and road information was split up as different proposal alternatives in an EIA context. The total risk for each proposal was compared with the total accident density. The risk assessment guideline proved to be cost-efficient, rapid and relatively reliable in comparing accident risk.

In environmental impact assessment (EIA), accident risk should be considered as one impact. However, few studies have compared assessed risk levels with documented accidents. There is thus a need for assessing accuracy of risk assessment methodologies. The aim of this study was to develop and examine a risk assessment guideline based on environmental assessment. The guideline examination was carried out along the railway and the road between Kiruna and Narvik, Northern Scandinavia. The examined hazards were avalanches, debris flows, rock falls, slush flows, torrents, moose and reindeer. Documented accidents were quantified into an accident level. For each hazard type, six sections/sites were assessed. The propensities of these hazards were analysed through environmental assessments, especially by utilising geomorphology. Then, the accident densities along the sections/sites were compared with assessed accident phase indices describing risk and hazard in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The average uncertainty factors for both the risk and the hazard indices were about 5. This implies a fairly good precision. Risk and hazard indices were also rated and compared to the accident density rates. Thereafter, railway and road information was split up as different proposal alternatives in an EIA context. The total risk for each proposal was compared with the total accident density. The risk assessment guideline proved to be cost-efficient, rapid and relatively reliable in comparing accident risk.