CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Protium heptaphyllum March (Burseraceae) populary known as âalmÃcegaâ is a popular medicinal plant largely encountered in the Amazon region, various States of Brazil and in several South American Countries. The oily amorphous exudate obtained from this plant is widely used in skin diseases, healing of ulcers, and as an analgesic and anti-inflamatory agent. Phytochemical studies reveled the presence of several monoterpenes and pentacyclic triterpenes such as a mixture of α- e β â amyrin, maniladilol and breine. The present study aimed to investigate the general toxicity and to establish the pharmacological activity of resin and is major triterpenoid mixture, the α and β â amyrin. In toxicity tests, both the resin and triterpene mixture exhibited low toxicity to mice. Resin at doses up 5 g/kg, (p.o.) or 2 g/kg (i.p.) and triterpene mixture up to 3 g/kg, (p.o.) or 2 g/kg (i.p.) failed to induce any mortality in mice. In Artemia-lethality test, the calculated (probit analysis) CL50 values for resin and triterpenes were in the order of 42,54  19,96 and 400  27,85 μg/mL, respectively. In pharmacological tests, the resin was analysed for anti-inflamatory (carrageenan-induced edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma, and vascular permeability increase induced by i.p. acetic acid) and gastroprotective (absolute ethanol and acidified ethanol) effects, whereas the triterpene mixture was examined in assays that demostrate gastroprotective (against lesions induced by absolute ethanol), antipruritus (against pruritus induced by Dextran T40 and compound 48/80), acute and visceral antinociceptive (test of subplantar and intracolonic capsaicin) and hepatoprotective (against acetaminophen- and Ga1N/LPS-induced models of hepatitis) effects. In anti-inflammatory test, the resin (200 e 400 mg/kg, p.o.) although failed to modify the carrageenan-induced acute rat paw-edema response, it caused signficant inhibitions at a dose of 400mg/kg on the formation of cotton pellet-induced granulomas and on the vascular permeability increase induced by i.p. acetic acid in mice. In addition, the (200 e 400 mg/kg) showed gastroprotective potential against absolute- and acidified ethanol- induced gastric lesions as evidenced from siginificant diminution in lesion scores, restoration of the ethanol-induced depletion of non-protein sulfhydryl content More over, the resin demonstrated an antisecretory effect on gastric acid secretion induced in 4-h pylorus ligated rats. The triterpene mixture also produced similar gastroprotection against ethanol-induced lesions in a manner similar to capsaicin, a pungent principle from hot peppers. This protection possibly involves capsaicin-sencitive primary afferents since it was abolished in mice pretreated with a neurotoxic dose of capsaicin. The α and β â amyrin mixture (100 mg/kg) manifested antipruritus effect as evidenced from suppression of scratching behaviour in the mouse model of prurits induced by s.c. injections of dextran T40 and compound 48/80. Besides, it also produced an antiedematogenic effect in model of hind paw edema induced by histamine, compound 48/80 and dextran T40 and markedly depressed the compound 48/80-elicited rat mast cell degranulation (ex vivo). An antinociceptive effect of triterpenoid mixture (3-100 mg/kg) was observed in capsaicin-evoked somatic (1.6 μg/site, suplantar) and visceral (149 μg, intracolonic) models of nociception in mice. Greater suppression of nociceptive behaviors were evidenced at a dose of 10 mg/kg α and β â amyrin mixture, which mimicked the effect produced by ruthenium red, a non-competitive capsaicin antagonist. The antinociceptive effect of triterpenoid mixture was found to be naloxone (2 mg/kg)- sensitive, suggesting an opioid mechanism. A blockade by triterpene mixture was also evidenced on the hyperthermic but not the hypothermic response of subcutaneously administered capsaicin (10 mg/kg) suggesting possible incolvement of TRPV1 receptor. In open-field and rota-rod tests, the triterpene mixture did not manifest signs of either sedation or motor abnormality in mice that could account for the observed antinociception. In the model of acetaminophen (500 mg/kg)-induced hepatotoxicity, the triterpenoid mixture (50 and 100 mg/kg) effectively reduced the elevated serum AST and ALT levels, restored the depleted GSH and markedly diminished the histopathological alterations. Potentation of pentobarbital-sleeping time was, however observed at these doses of triterpenoid, incidating a probable suppression of cytochrome P450 and thus a diminished metabolite formation that may account for reduced acetaminophen toxicity. The α- and β â amyrin mixture offered complete protection against the mortality associated with Ga1N/LPS , but caused only a moderate diminution of serum enzymes and histopathological alterations. Taken together, these findings show that the resin and α- and β â amyrin mixture possess low toxicity and have a wide therapeutic potential with anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipruritus, and gastro- and hepato-protective actions. Most of the effects of triterpenoid mixture appear to involve in part the participation of primary sensory afferents in their actions. / A espÃcie Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March (Burseraceae) popularmente conhecida como almÃcega, à encontrada na regiÃo AmazÃnica, em vÃrios Estados do Brasil e paÃses da AmÃrica do Sul. Esta espÃcie exsuda uma resina oleosa e amorfa, usada na medicina popular como analgÃsico, cicatrizante e expectorante. Estudos fitoquÃmicos demonstraram a presenÃa de monoterpenos e triterpenos pentacÃclicos, tais como α - amirina e β - amirina, maniladilol e breina. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos tÃxicos e farmacolÃgicos da resina e de seus constituintes majoritÃrios, a mistura de triterpenos α e β â amirina. Na avaliaÃÃo dos efeitos tÃxicos observamos a toxicidade aguda destes produtos em camundongos e Artemia sp. Analisando os efeitos sistÃmicos, avaliamos a atividade antiinflamatÃria da resina (edema de pata induzido por carragenina, granuloma induzido por âpelletsâ de algodÃo e permeabilidade vascular induzida por Ãcido acÃtico) e da mistura de α e β â amirina (edema induzido por histamina, serotonina, dextrana T40 e composto 48/80). Examinamos ainda as atividades gastroprotetora e antisecretÃria da resina (lesÃes gÃstricas induzidas pelo etanol absoluto e etanol acidificado e secreÃÃo Ãcida induzida pela ligaÃÃo pilÃrica) e as atividades gastroprotetora (lesÃes gÃstricas induzidas pelo etanol absoluto, com animais dessensibilizados por capsaicina), antipruriginosa (prurido induzido pelo dextrana T40 e composto 448/80 e desgranulaÃÃo de mastÃcitos ex vivo) antinociceptiva (nocicepÃÃo induzida pela administraÃÃo subplantar e intracolÃnica de capsaicina, resposta hipotÃrmica induzida por capsaicina) e hepatoprotetora (lesÃes hepÃticas induzidas por acetaminofeno e Ga1N/LPS) da mistura de α e β â amirinas. NÃo foi possÃvel estabelecer as DL50 da resina (atà 5 g/kg, v.o. e 1 g/kg, i.p.) e da mistura de α e β â amirina (atà 3 g/kg, v.o. e atà 2 g/kg, i.p.) em camundongos. A mistura de α e β â amirina, mas nÃo a resina, mostrou toxicidade para Artemisa sp, sendo as CL50 de 42,54  19,96 e 400  27,85 μg/mL, respectivamente. Nos modelos de permeabilidade vascular induzido por Ãcido acÃtico (camundongo) e granuloma induzido por âpelletâ de algodÃo (ratos), a resina demonstrou efeito antiinflamatÃrio significativo na dose de 400mg/kg, reduzindo a permeabilidade vascular e o peso seco do granuloma. Contudo, a reina nÃo apresentou atividade sobre edema induzido por carragenina (ratos). Adicionalmente, a resina preveniu as lesÃes gÃstricas induzidas por etanol absoluto e etanol acidificado, alÃm de impedir a depleÃÃo dos grupos sulfidrilas produzida pelo etanol absoluto nas doses de 200 e 400 mg/kg. Um efeito antisecretÃrio da resina (200 e 400mg/kg) foi observado no modelo de secreÃÃo Ãcida induzida pela ligaÃÃo pilÃrica em ratos. A mistura de α e β â amirina tambÃm exibiu atividade gastroprotetora inibindo as lesÃes gÃstricas por etanol absoluto, cujo mecanismo parece envolver os neurÃnios sensoriais primÃrios sensÃveis à capsaicina. A administraÃÃo oral dos triterpenos α e β â amirina (100 mg/kg), apresentou atividade antiedematogÃnica, nos modelos de edema de pata induzidos por histamina, composto 48/80 e dextrana T40, mas nÃo sobre o edema induzido por serotonina. A atividade antipruriginosa tambÃm foi observada com as α e β â amirina nas doses variando de 50 a 200 mg/kg, em modelos de prurido induzido por dextrana T40 e pelo composto 48/80 e na reduÃÃo (100 mg/kg) da degranulaÃÃo de mastÃcitos peritoneais ex vivo pelo composto 48/80. O efeito antinociceptivo da mistura, nas doses de 3 a 100 mg/kg, foi verificado atravÃs da inibiÃÃo dos comportamentos de nocicepÃÃo induzidos pela administraÃÃo subplantar ou intracolÃnica de capsaicina em camundongos. A antinocicepÃÃo produzida por estes triterpenos (10 mg/kg) sobre o tempo de lambedura induzido pela capsaicina (1,6 μg/20 μL) nÃo foi potencializada nem revestida pelo vermelho de rutÃnio (1,5 mg/kg), mas foi significativamente inibida pela naloxona (2 mg/kg), sugerindo mecanismo opiÃide. A participaÃÃo dos receptores α2 - adrenÃrgicos neste efeito tambÃm foi eliminada, tendo em vista que a ioimbina nÃo reverteu o efeito antinociceptivo das amirinas no modelo de nocicepÃÃo visceral induzida pela capsaicina. Estes triterpenos bloquearam ainda a hipertermia induzida pela capsaicina (10 mg/kg), mas nÃo reverteram a resposta hipotÃrmica induzida por este agente, sugerindo a participaÃÃo do receptor vanilÃide (TRPV1) no efeito antinociceptivo das amirinas. Nos modelos de hepatoxidade, a mistura de α e β â amirina (50 e 100 mg/kg) reduziu o aumento dos nÃveis sÃricos de ALT e AST e restabeleceu os nÃveis de GSH hepÃticos, diminuindo as alteraÃÃes histopatolÃgicas induzidas pelo acetaminofeno (500 mg/kg), alÃm de potencializar o tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital sÃdico (50 mg/kg), indicando que este efeito hepatoprotetor envolve a inibiÃÃo do citocromo P â 450. A mistura ofereceu ainda completa proteÃÃo contra a mortalidade induzida por Ga1N/LPS, reduzindo as lesÃes hepÃticas em camundongos e reduzindo os nÃveis sÃricos de ALT, mas nÃo de AST ou GSH hepÃticos, sugerindo um possÃvel feito neuroimunomodulatÃrio neste modelo. Os triterpenos α e β â amirina nas doses variando de 3 a 30 mg/kg, nÃo manifestam efeitos sedativos ou incoordenaÃÃo motora em camundongos. A resina e mistura de α e β â amirina possuem baixa toxicidade e atividades antiinflamatÃria e gastroprotetora. Os triterpenos α e β â amirina exibiram atividade antipruriginosa, antinociceptiva e hepatoprotetora, cujos efeitos envolvem, pelo menos em parte, a participaÃÃo dos neurÃnios aferentes sensoriais primÃrios.

Submitted by Karem Dantas (karem.c.dantas@gmail.com) on 2018-10-01T14:56:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação 2018 (Versão Final) HENRIQUE.pdf: 2771283 bytes, checksum: 0e6d05fb1c2089cb90d03b898c8779b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Roberto Gomes (mrobertosg@gmail.com) on 2018-10-01T17:35:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação 2018 (Versão Final) HENRIQUE.pdf: 2771283 bytes, checksum: 0e6d05fb1c2089cb90d03b898c8779b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-02T15:39:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação 2018 (Versão Final) HENRIQUE.pdf: 2771283 bytes, checksum: 0e6d05fb1c2089cb90d03b898c8779b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T15:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação 2018 (Versão Final) HENRIQUE.pdf: 2771283 bytes, checksum: 0e6d05fb1c2089cb90d03b898c8779b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Traditional logging activities in Brazil are waste generators and much of it is underutilized due to lack of knowledge about their use. In partnership work, the research group "Plants of the Amazon: Chemistry, Chemosystematics and Biological Activity", use as wood lefovers from the Wood Technology Laboratory (LTM) of the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) as a research source, to provide the scientific community with chemical and biological knowledge about the wood of different species. In this study the remains of the wood of Protium puncticulatum (Burseraceae) were available and used to chemical research and evaluation of antifungal activity. After the chromatographic fractionations and the analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the work with the hexane extract resulted in the mixture of triterpenes α and β-amirina, in addition to lupeol; of steroids β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The fractionation with methanolic extract led to the isolation of the lignans 7-oxo-parabenzolactone and 7'-hydroxy-9α-methylcubebin. Considering the high biological potential of the compounds belonging to the class of lignans, the antifungal test was carried out with the lignans isolated from the wood residues against the strains of Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC90112), Cryptococcus gattii (ATCC32269) and Candida albicans (ATCC60193). The lignan 7'-hydroxy-9α-methylcubebin showed higher activity against the strains of C. neoformans and C. gattii (MIC 160 μg/ml) by broth microdilution technique. / As atividades madeireiras tradicionais no Brasil são geradoras de resíduos e grande parte é subutilizada por falta de conhecimento sobre seu aproveitamento. Em trabalho de parceria, o grupo de pesquisa “Plantas da Amazônia: Química, Quimiossistemática e Atividade Biológica” utiliza as sobras de madeira do Laboratório de Tecnologia da Madeira (LTM) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) como fonte de pesquisa, para fornecer a comunidade científica conhecimentos químicos e biológicos sobre a madeira de diferentes espécies. Nesse trabalho as sobras da madeira de Protium puncticulatum (Burseraceae) foram estudadas na investigação química e avaliação da atividade antifúngica. Após os fracionamentos cromatográficos e análise por espectroscopia por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN), o trabalho com o extrato hexânico resultou na obtenção em mistura dos triterpenos lupeol, de α e β-amirin e dos esteroides β-sitosterol e estigmasterol. O fracionamento com extrato metanólico conduziu ao isolamento das lignanas 7-oxo-parabenzolactona e 7’-hidroxi-9α-metillcubebina. Considerando o alto potencial biológico das substâncias pertencente à classe das lignanas, foi realizado o ensaio antifúngico com as lignanas isoladas dos resíduos madeireiros frente às cepas de Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC90112), Cryptococcus gattii (ATCC32269) e Cândida albicans (ATCC60193). A lignana 7’-hidroxi-9α-metillcubebina apresentou maior atividade contra as cepas de C. neoformans e C. gattii (CIM 160 μg/ml) pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo.

Submitted by Dominick Jesus (dominickdejesus@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-06T19:07:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Carolina de Oliveira Silva Scarazatti.pdf: 3118249 bytes, checksum: e7475d9fd2787dfbae5b6fa454ac89c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-06T19:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Carolina de Oliveira Silva Scarazatti.pdf: 3118249 bytes, checksum: e7475d9fd2787dfbae5b6fa454ac89c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study evaluated the natural production of pitch Burseraceae species of the family in the rural settlement Christ the King Uatumã, Amazonas, Brazil. Ecological aspects as the floristic and structural composition of these species were analyzed at this location. It also evaluated the resin production induced species Protium hebetatum cuts through the incision and application of chemical stimulants in the trunk of these trees. / Este estudo avaliou a produção natural de breu de espécies da família Burseraceae no assentamento rural Cristo Rei do Uatumã, Amazonas, Brasil. Aspectos ecológicos como a composição florística e estrutural destas espécies foram analisados neste local. Foi avaliada também a produção induzida de resina da espécie Protium hebetatum mediante a incisão de cortes e aplicação de estimulantes químico no tronco destas árvores.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-15T12:32:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Gildo Rufino de Freitas.pdf: 1009671 bytes, checksum: 1050c6adc525bb75326167b5ec91f6d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T12:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Gildo Rufino de Freitas.pdf: 1009671 bytes, checksum: 1050c6adc525bb75326167b5ec91f6d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-16 / They are found in Brazilian territory, about 10% of described species on the whole planet. Even reduced and fragmented, especially in the state of Pernambuco, the Atlantic Forest continues to be vital by saving one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. This paper aims to identify the volatile chemical components by GC-FID and GC / MS, obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of the Protium giganteum (PG) and P. aracouchine (PA), collected in a fragment of Atlantic Forest known as the Cruzinha Forest, located in Engenho São José, municipality of Igarassu, northern coast of Pernambuco. The oil yields obtained were similar (PG = 0.05 ± 0.09% and PA = 0.04 ± 0.06%). The specific rotation revealed that they are dextrorotatórios [α] D = +1.7 for the oil PG and [α] D = +4.4 ° for oil PA). Thirty-two and twenty-nine substances were identified, representing 93.9% and 97.8% of the total oil of PG and PA, respectively. Among the thirty-two identified components in oil of PG, 93.6% are sesquiterpenes and β-Caryophyllene (26.0 ± 0.8%), globulol (9.3 ± 0.2%), α-cadinol (7.0 ± 0.5%), α-humulene (6.4 ± 0.1%) and germacrene D (6.2 ± 0.3%) are the majority of the chemical components. In BP oil, about 95.9% refer to sesquiterpenes. On the other hand, the main components were Spathulenol (31.8 ± 1.6%), α-cisbergamotene (8.8 ± 0.2%) and Viridiflorol (9.7 ± 0.7%). In spite of the oils of these species are constituted by sesquiterpens basically, they are different qualitatively and quantitatively. The data found for these two species of Protium are compared and discussed with those reported in the literature for other counterparts samples collected in other regions of Brazil and the world. / São encontradas em território brasileiro, cerca de 10% das espécies descritas em todo o planeta. Mesmo reduzia e fragmentada, principalmente no estado de Pernambuco, a Mata Atlântica continua a ter importância vital por guardar um dos maiores índices de biodiversidade do mundo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar os constituintes químicos voláteis por CG-FID e CG/EM, obtidos por hidrodestilação a partir das folhas de Protium giganteum (PG) e P. aracouchine (PA), coletadas em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica conhecido por Mata da Cruzinha, localizada no Engenho São José, município de Igarassu, litoral Norte de Pernambuco. Os rendimentos dos óleos obtidos foram similares (PG = 0.05±0.09% e PA = 0.04±0.06%). A rotação específica revelou que são dextrorotatórios [α]D = +1,7 para o óleo de PG e [α]D = +4.4° para o óleo de PA). Trinta e dois e vinte e nove substâncias foram identificadas, representando 93.9% e 97.8% do total de óleo de PG e PA, respectivamente. Entre os trinta e dois constituintes identificados no oleo de PG, 93.6% são sesquiterpenos e β-Cariofileno(26.0 ± 0.8%), globulol (9.3 ± 0.2%), α-Cadinol (7.0 ± 0.5%), α-Humuleno (6.4 ± 0.1%) e Germacreno D (6.2 ± 0.3%) são os constituintes químicos majoritário. No óleo de PA, cerca de 95,9% referem-se aos sesquiterpenos. Por outro lado, os constituintes principais foram Espatulenol (31.8 ± 1.6%), α-cis-Bergamotene (8.8 ± 0.2 %) e Viridiflorol (9.7 ± 0.7%). Apesar do oleo essencial dessas especies serem constituídas basicamente por compostos da dos sesquiterpenos, eles são qualitativamente e quantitativamente diferentes. Os dados encontrados para essas duas espécies de Protium são comparados e discutidos com os reportados na literatura para outras amostras congêneres coletadas em outras regiões do Brasil e do mundo.

This dissertation presents a comprehensive study on the origin and evolutionary relationships of the species of Bursera in Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and the Bahamas. The goals of the first chapter were to test monophyly of the group, revisit a recent transfer of two species of Bursera to Commiphora, and place recently discovered mainland species using the reconstructed phylogenies. Additionally, divergence estimations using fossils were used as independent tests of several hypotheses regarding the arrival of the modern biota to the Greater Antilles and Bahamas (GAB). I conclude that all endemic taxonomic entities of the genus in this region belong to Bursera subgen. Bursera but that two separate lineages colonized the GAB via dispersal. The genus diversified during the Middle Miocene to Pliocene, and the data corroborate several paleogeographic events during that interval. The second chapter presents informative characters from leaf anatomy and leaf architecture for the 14 endemic species of Bursera distributed in the GAB. There is evidence for some evolutionary tendencies in the group, among them a trend toward small, simple, amphistomatic and unifacial leaves, character states for which ecological correlates can now be studied. Morphological and anatomical evidence corroborates phylogenetic results in suggesting that a population of B. glauca in Cuba is a new species. Finally, the third chapter constitutes the first taxonomic account and description of all known endemic species of Bursera in the region and reflects the results of the previous chapters. The primary results are as follows: (1) a new species from eastern Cuba, B. yaterensis, is described; (2) five species of Commiphora are returned to Bursera; (3) B. nashii is treated as conspecific with B. glauca; and (4) B. ovata is treated as conspecific with B. trinitensis. A dichotomous key is provided using mostly vegetative characters due to the frequent lack of adequate reproductive material and the relative uniformity of most floral and fruit characters. Each species description includes leaf architecture (morphology and venation pattern) and anatomy, introducing characters that could and should be used for describing and distinguishing other Bursera in Meso- and South America as well as for African Commiphora.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-08-28T18:23:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Samirimi J. Silva.pdf: 1676841 bytes, checksum: 2e9d111400f09448ad0241d62b265c17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-08-28T18:23:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Samirimi J. Silva.pdf: 1676841 bytes, checksum: 2e9d111400f09448ad0241d62b265c17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-28T18:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Samirimi J. Silva.pdf: 1676841 bytes, checksum: 2e9d111400f09448ad0241d62b265c17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-19 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Protium (Burseraceae) and Manilkara (Sapotaceae) occur in the Amazon and show economic importance in the timber industry beyond the biological potential of its secondary metabolites. Considering the scarcity of studies on wood and forest residues of these genus, this study was evaluated from the chemical point of view, forest and wood residues of Protium tenuifolium and Manilkara huberi. Thus, the phytochemical study of the methanol extract of wood residues from Manilkara huberi led to the isolation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and a new saponin triterpen identified as 2β, 3β, 6β, 28-tetrahydroxy-olean-12-en-23-oic ester 23-O-α-L-ramnosepyranosyl. In the hexane, extract of forest residues (branches) from Protium tenuifolium were identified the mixture α and β-amyrin (triterpenes) β-sitosterol and stigmasterol (steroids). The study of the methanol extract of this species resulted in the isolation of the unpublished polyketides in the Burseraceae family; known as integracin A and B. Identification of compound were based in NMR spectra uni and two-dimensional. The volatile constituents of the bark of P. tenuifolium were evaluated, the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical constituents analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. In the composition predominated the monoterpenes limonene (56.17%), α- phellandrene (16.22%) and ρ-cymene (10.52%). This study contributed significant to the chemical knowledge of Amazonian species studied, aggregating commercial, scientific and biological value to compounds identified in wood and forest residues. / Protium (Burseraceae) e Manilkara (Sapotaceae) ocorrem na Amazônia e apresentam importância econômica no setor madeireiro, além do potencial biológico dos seus metabólitos secundários. Considerando a escassez de estudos em resíduos madeireiros e florestais desses gêneros, neste trabalho foi avaliado do ponto de vista químico, resíduos florestais e madeireiros de Protium tenuifolium e Manilkara huberi. Assim, o estudo fitoquímico do extrato metanólico dos resíduos madeireiros de Manilkara huberi conduziu ao isolamento do p-hidroxibenzaldeído e de uma nova saponina triterpênica identificada como 2β,3β,6β,28-tetra-hidroxi-olean- 12-en-23-oico éster 23-O-α-L-ramnosepiranosil. No extrato hexânico de resíduos florestais (galhos) de Protium tenuifolium foram identificadas misturas de triterpenos (α e β- amirina) e de esteroides (β-sitosterol e estigmasterol). O estudo do extrato metanólico desta espécie resultou no isolamento de policetídeos inéditos na família Burseraceae, conhecidos como integracina A e Integracina B. A identificação das substâncias foram baseadas nos espectros de RMN uni e bidimensional. Os constituintes voláteis das cascas de P. tenuifolium foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e avaliados por CG/DIC e CG/EM. Na composição predominou os monoterpenos limoneno (56,17%), α-felandreno (16,22%) e ρ-cimeno (10,52%). O presente estudo contribuiu de maneira significante para o conhecimento químico das espécies amazônicas, agregando valor comercial, científico e biológico aos resíduos madeireiros e florestais.

Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-07-16T19:44:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Igor Medeiros de Assis.pdf: 4375576 bytes, checksum: 7ac029eb5410ee434c8875ab34abe8c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-17T18:37:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Igor Medeiros de Assis.pdf: 4375576 bytes, checksum: 7ac029eb5410ee434c8875ab34abe8c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-17T18:45:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Igor Medeiros de Assis.pdf: 4375576 bytes, checksum: 7ac029eb5410ee434c8875ab34abe8c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-17T18:45:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Igor Medeiros de Assis.pdf: 4375576 bytes, checksum: 7ac029eb5410ee434c8875ab34abe8c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Lignoids are a class important of plants substances phenolic which is structurally characterized by coupling phenylpropanoids. It is a group with a large structural variation resulting in the wide variety of classes found in nature such as lignans and neolignans. Few studies have been conducted in relation to the family Burseraceae lignoids, being reported in only five genera, Bursera, Commiphora, Crepisdospermum, Tetragastris and Protium. With interest to perform the chemical profile of several species of the same family using chromatographic techniques, spectrometric and spectroscopic, from the crude extract, without the need of thorough insulation work, this project aimed to direct the phytochemical study by spectroscopic techniques of Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and mass spectrometry spray ionization of electrons (MS-ESI) techniques and gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the extracts of low and medium polarity species in the family Burseraceae Amazon. The metabolic profile was performed by 1H NMR, showed great similarity among the extracts in relation to the region of methyl hydrogens, which can be explained by the presence of triterpenes. Among these spectra, only four showed major differences: ECJN52, ECJN42, ECJN55 and ECON55. Were also observed, chemical shifts aromatic protons between δ 6.5 and 7.5 ppm and methylenedioxy groups between δ 5.9 and 6.04 ppm. The results obtained by ISE-MS showed also very similar among species. In a range of m/z predetermined between 300 and 600, which were seen only extracts EFAM52, ECON52, ECJN42, ECJN55 ECJN52 and showed ions m/z lignoids possible. As occurred in the analysis by 1H NMR and MS-ESI, the analysis by GC-MS, similar chromatographic profiles were observed between extracts. Comparing the fragmentation of literature with the results obtained from mass spectra by GC-MS, there was a great similarity with the fragment patterns of lignans dibenzylbutyrolactone. Could suggest that substances with m / z 352 and 354, may be of lignans and gadaina hinokinin respectively. The results for the CCD extracts in ethyl ether and ethyl acetate also a showed similar profile, as well as the spectroscopic analyzes. The results were statistically analyzed by TLC by hierarchical clustering method "hclust-ward" demonstrating the presence of two chemical groups for the extracts obtained in ethyl ether and EtOAc. The extracts obtained in ethyl ether and AcOEt were analyzed by MS-ESI, being observed substances with molecular characteristics of triterpenes and sterols acetylated and glycosylated, and biflavanóides lignoids. / Lignóides constituem uma importante classe de substâncias fenólicas das plantas, que são estruturalmente caracterizados por acoplamento de unidades de fenilpropanóides. É um grupo com uma grande variação estrutural resultando na grande diversidade de classes encontradas na natureza como as lignanas e neolignanas. Poucos estudos foram realizados em relação aos lignóides na família Burseraceae, sendo reportados em apenas cinco gêneros, Bursera, Commiphora, Crepisdospermum, Tetragastris e Protium. Com interesse de realizar o perfil químico de várias espécies de uma mesma família utilizando técnicas cromatográficas, espectrométricas e espectroscópicas, a partir do extrato bruto, sem a necessidade do exaustivo trabalho de isolamento, este projeto teve como objetivo direcionar o estudo fitoquímico através das técnicas espectroscópicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Hidrogênio (1H RMN) e Espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletrospray (EM-ESI) e das técnicas de cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a detectores de ionização de chama (CG-DIC) e espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) dos extratos de baixa e média polaridade de espécies da família Burseraceae da Amazônia. O perfil metabólito realizado por RMN de 1H, apresentou grande similaridade entre os extratos, em relação à região dos hidrogênios metílicos, sendo justificada pela possível presença de triterpenos. Dentre esses espectros, apenas quatro apresentaram maiores diferenças: ECJN52, ECJN42, ECJN55 e ECON55. Foram observados também, deslocamentos químicos de prótons aromáticos, entre δ 6,5 e 7,5 ppm e de grupos metilenodioxi, entre δ 5,9 e 6,04 ppm. Os resultados obtidos por EM-ISE demonstraram também grande semelhança entre as espécies. Em uma faixa de m/z pré-determinada, entre 300 e 600, foram observados que apenas os extratos EFAM52, ECON52, ECJN42, ECJN55 e ECJN52, apresentaram íons de possíveis lignóides. Assim como ocorreu nas analises por RMN de 1H e EM- ESI, nas analises por CG-EM foram observados perfis cromatográficos semelhantes entre os extratos. Comparando as fragmentações da literatura com os resultados obtidos nos espectros de massas por CG-EM, verificou-se uma grande semelhança com os padrões de fragmentação de lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas. Podendo sugerir que as substâncias com m/z 352 e 354, possam ser das lignanas gadaina e hinoquinina, respectivamente. Os resultados de CCD para os extratos obtidos em éter etílico e em acetato de etila também demonstraram perfis semelhantes, assim como nas analises espectroscópicas. Os resultados obtidos por CCD foram analisados estatisticamente por agrupamento hierárquico pelo método “hclust-ward” demonstrando a presença de 2 grupos químicos para os extratos obtido em éter etílico e AcOEt. Os extratos obtidos em éter etílico e AcOEt foram analisados por EM-ISE, sendo observadas substâncias com massas moleculares características de triterpenos e esteróis acetilados e glicosilados, biflavanóides e lignóides.

La phylogéographie intègre l’information géographique et génétique pour inférer l’histoire démographique et les processus évolutifs des espèces. La présente étude recherche à travers les patrons de différenciation de l’ADN chloroplastique (ADNcp) au sein de Santiria trimera (Oliv.) H.J.LAM ex AUBR. [Emend. ONANA] la reconstitution d’une histoire des végétations des écosystèmes de forêts tropicales humides d’Afrique. Le modèle S. trimera est un arbre dioïque endémique des forêts humides d’Afrique dont les drupes sont dispersées par les primates et les oiseaux. Les formes morphologiques de ce modèle sont très variables et suscitent la délicate question de délimitation des espèces. Trois régions de l’ADNcp (l’intergène trnL-F, une portion du gène rbcL et l’intron rpl36-infA-rps8) ont été séquencées chez 377 individus issus de 42 populations de l’île de São Tomé, du Haut- et Bas-Guinéen pour étudier la phylogéographie. Des arbres phylogénétiques ont été réalisés sur des séquences d’un intron nucléaire du gène Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (72 individus) et sur les trois régions chloroplastiques. Une analyse morphométrique a été réalisée sur des données collectées sur des arbres en fruits. A l’aide de 10 locus microsatellites nucléaires, nous avons déterminé la structure génétique entre trois morphotypes sympatriques et analysé la structure génétique spatiale au sein de chaque groupe génétique. Le séquençage de l’ADNcp a mis en évidence des doubles pics sur les chromatogrammes de séquences. L’analyse des séquences clonées de produits PCR, la distribution des sites à doubles pics dans les séquences et dans les populations et les états ancestraux des positions à doubles pics nous ont permis d’interpréter les doubles pics comme résultant d’une co-amplification d’une copie chloroplastique et de copies nucléaires des régions séquencées. Les pics majeurs ont été considérés comme les nucléotides d’ADNcp d’origine maternelle et les pics mineurs ont été exclus de notre jeu de données. Les domaines phytogéographiques de São Tomé, du Haut- et Bas-Guinéen ne partagent aucun haplotype chloroplastique. Le Bas-Guinéen montre une plus grande diversité génétique. Les zones de distribution des haplotypes rares coïncident avec les refuges forestiers hypothétiques. L’analyse morphométrique et la phylogénie des séquences d’ADNcp suggèrent conjointement la reconnaissance de deux espèces bien différenciées. La structure génétique au sein d’une même population présumée suggère que les trois morphotypes en sympatrie dans les populations du Gabon constituent deux réservoirs génétiques différenciés sans individus hybrides. Selon le Concept Biologique de l’Espèce, S. trimera est probablement un mélange de deux espèces. On peut définir une espèce constituée d’individus avec des racines échasses et petites folioles coriaces (SRsl) et une seconde espèce constituée à la fois d’individus avec des racines échasses et de grandes folioles papyracées (SRll) et d’individus sans racine échasse avec de grandes folioles coriaces (NSR). Au vu de ces résultats, la classification taxonomique de S. trimera nécessite une révision. La confusion de ces deux espèces dans les forêts du Gabon explique une plus forte divergence de lignées chloroplastiques sympatriques par rapport aux lignées issues des régions biogéographiques isolées. L’un des deux haplotypes principaux de l’espèce à grandes folioles (SRll + NSR) est distribué dans le nord du Gabon et l’autre est distribué dans le sud. Au sein de l’espèce à petites folioles (SRsl), les zones d’endémisme de lignées chloroplastiques se situent dans l’Ouest du Cameroun qui est considéré comme une zone de fort endémisme et de forte diversité en espèces. Globalement, les patrons phylogéographiques mis en évidence entre lignées chloroplastiques de S. trimera sont compatibles avec les hypothèses biogéographiques basées sur les patrons de diversité et d’endémisme des espèces. / Phylogeography combines geographic and genetic information to infer demographic history and evolutionary processes. The present study of the spatial structure of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) within Santiria trimera H.J.LAM ex AUBR. [Emend. ONANA], a primate- and bird-dispersed dioecious tree typical of African rainforests, provides insights into African vegetation history. This tree displays striking morphological variation which poses the problem of species delineation. Three regions of cpDNA (intergene trnL-F, a portion of rbcL gene and intron rpl36-infA-rps8) were sequenced in 377 individuals from 42 populations from São Tomé island and from Upper- and Lower-Guinean forests to study phylogeography. To study genetic divergence among morphotypes of S. trimera, phylogenies of a nuclear intron of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from 72 individuals and concatenated sequences of the three cpDNA sequences were compared to morphological data from fruit-bearing trees. Using ten nuclear microsatellite markers, we defined the genetic structure among three sympatric morphotypes and analysed the spatial genetic structure within each genetic group. CpDNA sequences revealed double-peaks on sequence chromatograms. Sequences of cloned PCR products, the distribution of double peaks on sequences and in populations and ancestral nucleotides inferred from different taxa of the Burseraceae family enabled us to deduce that double peaks were due to the co-amplification of chloroplast and nuclear copies of the cpDNA region. Major peaks were considered as originating from maternal cpDNA. Subordinated peaks corresponding to the nuclear copies were excluded from our data set. The phytogeographic domains of São Tomé, Upper and Lower Guinea did not share any haplotype. Lower Guinea was the most diversified and the most divergent haplotypes were found in Gabonese forests. Endemism areas of haplotypes coincide with hypothetic forests refuges. Morphometric analyses and phylogenies cpDNA converge to delineating two well-differentiated species within S. trimera. Likewise, the genetic structure within one assumed population suggests that the three sympatric morphotypes constitute two genetically isolated populations without any hybrid. Following the Biological Species Concept, S. trimera is probably a mixture of two species in Lower Guinean forests. The first species is composed of all individuals with stilt roots and small leaflets (SRsl) and the second one is composed of both the morphotype with stilt roots, large and thin leaflets (SRll) and the morphotype without stilt roots with large and tough leaflets (NSR). In the view of our results, the taxonomical classification of S. trimera requires a revision. The confusion of both species in Gabonese forests explains that the highest divergence among chloroplast lineages was found in sympatric populations instead of among isolated biogeographic regions. One of the two major haplotypes of the second species (NSR + SRll) was distributed in the north of Gabon while the other haplotype was distributed in the south. Within the species with small leaflets (SRsl), areas of elevated haplotype endemism in West Cameroon coincided with hypothetic forest refuges. Overall, phylogeographic patterns within our model were in accordance with biogeographic hypotheses based on species endemism and diversity patterns.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patricia.pdf: 1402951 bytes, checksum: fa643b3df0305f63289e3de3b444457e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Protium is the main genus of the Burseraceae family and one of the most common genera in South America, being representative of the flora of the Amazon region. In folk medicine, gums and oil-resins Protium species are used for various diseases, as a tonic and stimulating, for the treatment of ulcers and inflammation. The present study aimed investigates the anti-inflammatory activity of triterpenes compounds isolated from oil-resin of Protium paniculatum Engler (Burseraceae). Were evaluated the cytotoxic potential of pentacyclic triterpenes in murine J774 macrophage lines by Alamar Blue method. Cells were treated with triterpenoids and stimulated with LPS after 24 hours and the cell supernatant was collected for evaluation of nitric oxide (NO ) by Griess reaction and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ) by flow cytometry. In the assessment of cytotoxicity was observed that triterpenes pentacyclic αβ-amyrin, αβ-amyrin acetylated, αβ-amyrone and brein/maniladiol did not alter the viability of murine J774 macrophages (IC50 > 20 μg/mL), with the exception of triterpene brein/maniladiol which showed moderate cytotoxic activity. Analyzing the effects on the production of inflammatory mediators, it was observed that the triterpene compounds at 10 μg/mL inhibited more than 80% production of NO , although only α,β-amyrin was able to inhibit the production of TNF-α (52.03 ± 2.4%). All analyzed triterpenes compounds inhibited the production of IL-6 and induced the production of IL-10 in murine J774 macrophages stimulated by LPS. The triterpene αβ-amyrone inhibited the expression of COX-2 in the same way that inhibited the formation of paw edema in rats induced by carrageenan, producing a quick and immediated effect. This study may provide a basis for future investigations on the therapeutic role of α, β-amirona in treating inflammation. / Protium é o principal gênero pertencente à família Burseraceae e um dos gêneros mais comuns na América do Sul, sendo representativo na flora da Região Amazônica. Na medicina popular, gomas e óleo-resinas de espécies de Protium são utilizadas para diversas enfermidades, como tônico e estimulante, para o tratamento de ulcerações e inflamações. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a atividade antiinflamatória dos compostos triterpênicos isolados de óleo-resina de Protium paniculatum Engler (Burseraceae). Foi avaliado o potencial citotóxico dos triterpenos pentacíclicos na linhagem de macrófagos murinos J774 pelo método Alamar Blue. As células foram tratadas com os triterpenóides e estimuladas com LPS após 24 horas e o sobrenadante celular foi coletado para avaliação da produção de óxido nítrico (NO ) pela reação de Griess, e das citocinas (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 e IFN-γ) por citometria de fluxo. A atividade antiinflamatória do triterpeno αβ-amirona foi evidenciada pela expressão da COX-2 pelo método de western blotting e no edema de pata em ratos induzido por carragenina. Na avaliação da citotoxicidade foi observado que os triterpernos pentacíclicos αβ-amirina, αβ-amirina acetilada, αβ-amirona e breína/ maniladiol não alteraram a viabilidade de macrófagos murino J774 (CI50 > 20 μg/mL), com exceção do triterpeno breína/maniladiol que apresentou atividade citotóxica moderada. Analisando os efeitos sobre a produção de mediadores inflamatórios, foi observado que os compostos triterpênicos na concentração de 10 μg/mL inibiram acima de 80% a produção de NO , embora apenas os triterpenos α,β-amirina tenham apresentado a capacidade de inibir a produção de TNF-α (52,03±2,4%), todos os compostos triterpênicos analisados inibiram a produção de IL-6 e induziram a produção de IL-10 em macrófagos murino J774 estimulados por LPS. O triterpeno αβ-amirona inibiu a expressão de COX-2, da mesma forma em que inibiu a formação do edema de pata em ratos induzido por carragenina. Este estudo pode fornecer uma base para investigações futuras sobre o papel terapêutico da α,β-amirona no tratamento da inflamação.

La phylogéographie intègre l’information géographique et génétique pour inférer l’histoire démographique et les processus évolutifs des espèces. La présente étude recherche à travers les patrons de différenciation de l’ADN chloroplastique (ADNcp) au sein de Santiria trimera (Oliv.) H.J.LAM ex AUBR. [Emend. ONANA] la reconstitution d’une histoire des végétations des écosystèmes de forêts tropicales humides d’Afrique. Le modèle S. trimera est un arbre dioïque endémique des forêts humides d’Afrique dont les drupes sont dispersées par les primates et les oiseaux. Les formes morphologiques de ce modèle sont très variables et suscitent la délicate question de délimitation des espèces.<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished