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Einsatzmöglichkeiten, Neuheiten und Ausblick auf kommende Releases von Mathcad Prime

Till följd av EU:s miljömål 2020 har svenska statliga och kommunala miljömål satts upp för att minska energianvändningen. EU:s 2020-mål syftar till att minska energianvändningen i Europa med 20 procent fram till år 2020 från det att målet sattes upp 2010. På kommunal nivå har detta inneburit att fastighetsbolag, privata men främst kommunala aktörer, har tvingats att se över sin energianvändning. Arbetet i denna rapport föranleds av en av de besparingsåtgärder som har vidtagits nämligen att komplettera befintliga fjärrvärmeuppvärmningssystem med värmepumpar. Uppdraget avser utveckling och utvärdering av en beräkningsmodell för denna typ av system. För att skapa ett pålitligt beslutsunderlag i arbetet med att minska energianvändningen krävs välgrundade beräkningar. Befintliga beräkningsmodeller lägger stor vikt vid ekonomiska faktorer och tar därmed liten hänsyn till tekniska aspekter och omgivande faktorer. Målet med arbetet har varit att skapa en beräkningsmodell vilken i större utsträckning speglar den faktiska situationen och påvisar ett mer välgrundat beslutsunderlag. Arbetet inleddes med en litteraturstudie vilken innefattade relevant forskning och grundläggande fakta om värmepumpar och fjärrvärmesystem. Beräkningsmodellen har utvecklats löpande under projektet där nya funktioner samt ny information ständigt tillkommit. Projektet har resulterat i en fungerande beräkningsmodell vilken innefattar fler parametrar än tidigare motsvarigheter. Tillsammans med uppdragsgivaren sattes tre olika mål upp för beräkningsmodellen, dessa var:  Att på ett intuitivt sätt presentera information och data.  Att skapa en transparent struktur vilken är enkel att följa.  Att skapa ett flöde genom modellen vilket följer en önskad arbetsgång. Dessa mål anses ha blivit uppfyllda, dock finns möjlighet till vidareutveckling. Modellen skulle exempelvis kunna kompletteras med mer automatiserade optimeringsberäkningar och justeras för att hantera andra typer av systemlösningar. / As a result of the EU's environmental 2020 goal, the Swedish government and municipal boards has put up internal goals to reduce energy consumption. EU 2020 goal aims to reduce energy consumption in Europe by 20 percent by the year 2020 from that the target was set in 2010. At the municipal level, this has meant that private but mainly public housing properties have been required to review their energy use. The work in this report is based on one of the savings measures that have been taken, which is to supplement existing district heating systems with exhaust air heat pumps. The project aims to develop a calculation model for evaluation and computation for this type of system. To create a reliable basis for decisions, efforts were made to produce just calculations. Existing computational models are focused on economic factors and thus takes little consideration of technological aspects and environmental factors. The aim of the work has been to create a computational model which more closely reflects the real situation and demonstrates a more informative decision basis. The work began with a literature review which included relevant research and basic facts about exhaust air heat pumps and district heating systems. The calculation model has been developed continuously during the project in which new functions and new information constantly has been added. The project has resulted in a working computational model which includes many more parameters than previous reviewed models. Together with the client three sub goals were set up for the model, these were:  To intuitively present information and data.  To create a transparent structure which is simple to follow.  To create a flow through the model, which follows a desired work process. These goals are considered to have been fulfilled in the developed calculation model, however, it's possible to further develop this model. The model could, for example, be supplemented with more automated optimization calculations and be adjusted to handle other kinds of heating systems.

Bakgrund: KPP står för Kostnad Per Patient, vilket är en kalkylmodell som gör det möjligt att redovisa kostnader för varje enskild patients vårdkontakt. Syftet med KPP är att bidra med information vilket möjliggör jämförelse och analys av den utförda hälso- och sjukvården. KPP-modellen har funnits sedan 80-talet, men ännu inte nått sin fulla potential, vi ansåg därför det intressant att studera användningen av KPP inom landstingen samt deras svårigheter och möjligheter. Syftet: Denna uppsats syftar till att kartlägga utbredningen och användningen av KPP i Sveriges landsting samt analysera de svårigheter och möjligheter som finns med användandet av KPP. Metod: Denna studie utgår från en tvärsnittsdesign med både kvantitativa och kvalitativa aspekter. Studiens insamlade empiri utgörs av telefonintervjuer med 15 KPP-kontaktpersoner ute i Sveriges landsting.  Kvantitativa delen redogör för KPP-användningsområden. I den kvalitativa delen analyseras svårigheter och möjligheter utifrån respondenternas perspektiv. Teoretisk referensram: Studiens teoretiska referensram består till stor del av KPP-modellen samt dess olika användningsområden inom ekonomistyrning. Vidare har vi redogjort för de relevanta ekonomistyrningsteorier som kan kopplas till KPP, vilket i grova drag är kalkylering, benchmarking samt verksamhetsuppföljning. Eftersom sjukvården är en komplex verksamhet behandlas slutligen svårigheter och problem, vilka kan uppstå i samband med ekonomistyrning inom sjukvården. Slutsats: Användningsområden för KPP är många och, största nyttan upplevs i benchmarking, kostnadsanalys samt verksamhetsuppföljning. Svårigheter med KPP-användandet hör av förklarliga skäl samman med tidpunkten vid införandet av KPP inom landstingen. För att överbygga svårigheter och problem, vilka upplevs idag ser vi att utveckling av det gemensamma språket mellan ekonomi och sjukvård är en nyckel till framgång. Genom att utveckla och förbättra arbetet med KPP kopplat till kvalitetsregister där kostnader knyts till uppnådd kvalitet skulle potentiellt bidra till ökad acceptans och användning av KPP inom verksamheten samt bidra till KPP-metodens framtida utveckling. / Background: KPP stands for cost per patient, which is a calculation method, enabling accounting for a specific patient´s contact in the healthcare. The purpose with KPP is to contribute with information, which enables comparison and analysis of the treatment given. The model of KPP has existed since the late 1980´s but hasn’t reached its full potential. Thus we found it interesting to analyse the use of KPP among the counties of Sweden, including the difficulties and possibilities related to KPP. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to map the spread and areas of use for KPP among the Swedish counties and to analyse the existing difficulties and possibilities related with the use of KPP. Method: This thesis proceeds from a cross-sectional study and includes both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The collected data of this thesis constitutes of telephone interviews with 15 persons in charge of KPP among the Swedish counties. The quantitative part of this thesis narrates the use of KPP. In the qualitative part analyses the difficulties and possibilities from the counties perspective. Theoretical framework: In this thesis the theoretical framework contains of the model of KPP as well as the it´s different areas of use related to management accounting. The theoretical framework also includes relevant theories connected to management accounting and the difficulties and complications related to management accounting in the healthcare sector. Conclusion: The areas of for KPP are many and the greatest utility is perceived to be benchmarking, cost analysis and monitoring activities. Difficulties with the use of KPP are for obvious reasons related to the time of implementation in the different counties. To overcome the difficulties perceived today we can conclude that the development of a mutual language between economy and healthcare is a key for success. By developing a connection between KPP and quality, where costs are connected to the quality in medical procedures, we see that KPP´s potential would reach higher levels. Thus it would contribute to an increase of acceptance and use of KPP among the healthcare sector, which also would gild the development of the KPP model in the future.

Zusammenfassung "Prozessgebundene Berechnungs-Baugruppen bieten Konstrukteuren die Möglichkeit, ihre zum Teil mehrstufigen Berechnungen durch den Einsatz modularer Funktionsbausteine ablauforientiert, verbindlich, nachvollziehbar und vor allem zeitsparender zu gestalten. Die Grundlage dieser neuen Methode bilden Ansätze, die sich bereits in der Informationstechnik und in der Konstruktionsmethodik bewährt haben. Vom Anforderungsmanagement bis zur Validierung kann dabei auf eine Bibliothek modularer Berechnungsobjekte in Form von Prozess-Bausteinen zugegriffen werden, deren Schnittstellen und Datenstrukturen ausnahmslos einheitlichen Definitionen entsprechen. Gemeinsam mit der in Anlehnung an den eCl@ss - Standard entwickelten Merkmalsstruktur der Prozess-Bausteine wird so eine hohe Wiederverwendbarkeit in unterschiedlichen Berechnungskonfigurationen erzielt. Ihre Klassifizierung orientiert sich an konstruktionssystematischen Gesichtspunkten. Die Methode wird beispielhaft an Berechnungen für Getriebekomponenten erläutert."

In order to simulate virtual humans more realistically and enable them life-like behaviours, several exploration research on emotion calculation, synthetic perception, and decision making process have been discussed. A series of sub-modules have been designed and simulation results have been presented with discussion. A visual based synthetic perception system has been proposed in this thesis, which allows virtual humans to detect the surrounding virtual environment through a collision-based synthetic vision system. It enables autonomous virtual humans to change their emotion states according to stimuli in real time. The synthetic perception system also allows virtual humans to remember limited information within their own First-in-first-out short-term virtual memory. The new emotion generation method includes a novel hierarchical emotion structure and a group of emotion calculation equations, which enables virtual humans to perform emotionally in real-time according to their internal and external factors. Emotion calculation equations used in this research were derived from psychologic emotion measurements. Virtual humans can utilise the information in virtual memory and emotion calculation equations to generate their own numerical emotion states within the hierarchical emotion structure. Those emotion states are important internal references for virtual humans to adopt appropriate behaviours and also key cues for their decision making. The work introduces a dynamic emotional motion database structure for virtual human modelling. When developing realistic virtual human behaviours, lots of subjects were motion-captured whilst performing emotional motions with or without intent. The captured motions were endowed to virtual characters and implemented in different virtual scenarios to help evoke and verify design ideas, possible consequences of simulation (such as fire evacuation). This work also introduced simple heuristics theory into decision making process in order to make the virtual human’s decision making more like real human. Emotion values are proposed as a group of the key cues for decision making under the simple heuristic structures. A data interface which connects the emotion calculation and the decision making structure together has also been designed for the simulation system.

Traditionally, uncertainties are handled by expanding the irradiated volume to ensure target dose coverage to a certain probability. The uncertainties arise from e.g. the uncertainty in positioning of the patient at every fraction, organ motion and in defining the region of interests on the acquired images. The applied margins are inherently population based and do not exploit the geometry of the individual patient. Probabilistic planning on the other hand incorporates the uncertainties directly into the treatment optimization and therefore has more degrees of freedom to tailor the dose distribution to the individual patient. The aim of this thesis is to create a framework for probabilistic evaluation and optimization based on the concept of dose coverage probabilities. Several computational challenges for this purpose are addressed in this thesis. The accuracy of the fraction by fraction accumulated dose depends directly on the accuracy of the deformable image registration (DIR). Using the simulation framework, we could quantify the requirements on the DIR to 2 mm or less for a 3% uncertainty in the target dose coverage. Probabilistic planning is computationally intensive since many hundred treatments must be simulated for sufficient statistical accuracy in the calculated treatment outcome. A fast dose calculation algorithm was developed based on the perturbation of a pre-calculated dose distribution with the local ratio of the simulated treatment’s fluence and the fluence of the pre-calculated dose. A speedup factor of ~1000 compared to full dose calculation was achieved with near identical dose coverage probabilities for a prostate treatment. For some body sites, such as the cervix dataset in this work, organ motion must be included for realistic treatment simulation. A statistical shape model (SSM) based on principal component analysis (PCA) provided the samples of deformation. Seven eigenmodes from the PCA was sufficient to model the dosimetric impact of the interfraction deformation. A probabilistic optimization method was developed using constructs from risk management of stock portfolios that enabled the dose planner to request a target dose coverage probability. Probabilistic optimization was for the first time applied to dataset from cervical cancer patients where the SSM provided samples of deformation. The average dose coverage probability of all patients in the dataset was within 1% of the requested.

This thesis describes the use of calculation and the quality of information which is given. The goal of this thesis is to analyse the current situation in the company, assess and propose appropriated options for improving the structure of costs in a calculation formula and then the management would receive quality information for managing. The theoretical part describes the classification of costs, calculations and the system of calculations. The practical part is based on acquired knowledge and is illustrated by this specific water-supply company including its financial analysis and analysis of methodology for compiling calculations and related proposals to improve.

Vid kundspecifika produkter kan det finnas svårigheter i att få den budgeterade tiden att stämma med den verkliga tiden som arbetet behöver vid installation. Detta skapar inte minst svårighet vid planering, utan kan även påverka företagets kapital genom extra kostnader. Det skapar även längre väntetider för slutkund, något som kan bidra till missnöjda kunder (Hemanta 2012). Denna rapport undersöker skillnaden på den planerade installationstiden och vad den verkliga installationstiden faktiskt blev hos företaget DELTA med fokus på företagets olika produktkategorier och underkategorier. I rapporten analyseras given data från företaget där rapporter med planerad tid och verklig tid presenteras.  Rapportens syfte att hitta om det finns någon skillnad i rapporterad installationstid för att sedan försöka hitta orsakerna till varför den planerade installationstiden inte stämmer med den verkliga. Avgränsningar som gjorts i rapporten beror till största del på att det fanns en deadline som gjorde att tiden var begränsad.  Insamlingen av data för rapporten har till största del tagits fram genom en litteraturstudie och intervjuer hos DELTA. Litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar har tagits fram med hjälp av biblioteket på högskolan i Borås och med hjälp av bibliotekets sökmotorer. Även tidigare använda kursböcker har använts som hjälp och som källor vid informationsframtagning.  Rapporten slutar i att en slutsats kan dras över att det finns problem med att den planerade installationstiden inte stämmer överens med den verkliga. Det finns skillnader i hur bra man sätter tiderna mellan de olika produktkategorierna, men tidsättningen är inte bra för någon kategori. Slutsatser dras att man måste förbättra förarbetet när man sätter upp den planerade tiden och att företaget måste jobba med bland annat sin företagskultur och kommunikation för att lättare lyckas med att få en så liten differens som möjligt mellan tiderna. / For customer-specific products, there may be difficulties in getting the budgeted time to match the actual time needed for installation. This creates difficulty in planning, but can also affect the company's capital through additional costs. It also creates longer delivery time for the end customers. This can contribute to dissatisfied customers (Hemanta 2012). This report analyzes the difference between the planned installation time and the actual installation time at DELTA, focusing on the company's different product categories and subcategories. The report analyzes data provided by the company where reports of planned time and real time are presented.   The purpose of the report is to analyze if there is a difference in actual installation time and then try to find the reasons why the scheduled installation time does not match the actual one. Limitations made in the report are largely due time limit.  The collection of data for the report has been largely developed through a literature study and interviews at DELTA. Literature and scientific articles have been produced using the library at Borås University and also using the library's search engines. Even previously used coursebooks have been used as a source of information.  A conclusion can be drawn that there is a problem that the planned installation time does not match the actual time. There are differences in how well the times are set between the different product categories, but the time set is not good for any of the category. Conclusions can be drawn that the company must improve the preparation when setting up the planned time and the company must also work with its corporate culture as well as communication to reduce the difference between times.

Visualizações imersivas são muito valiosas para melhorar a compreensão de uma variedade de fenômenos físicos, que podem ser eventualmente modelados na forma discreta e simulados por computador. Dentre possíveis aplicações podemos utilizar a visualização imersiva como ferramenta pedagógica para percepção aumentada de tópicos complexos, ou como uma poderosa ferramenta de apoio analítico para ajudar os engenheiros a interpretarem os resultados de projetos. Este projeto de pesquisa aborda o uso da visualização imersiva de campos eletromagnéticos, especificamente os campos gerados por redes sem fio, largamente utilizadas no cotidiano como é o caso das redes IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi). Para tanto este trabalho propõe métodos novos para visualizar, em tres dimensões, campos eletromagnéticos variantes no tempo e distribuições de parâmetros interessantes relacionados a redes sem fio. Para atingir este objetivo, uma versão aprimorada do método de diferenças finitas no domínio do tempo (FDTD) é desenvolvido: o método FDTD de alta ordem e malha grosseira (Coarse Grid Higher Order FDTD, CGHO-FDTD). Portanto, soluções numéricas muito precisas, mais rápidas, e computacionalmente mais eficientes das equações de Maxwell podem ser obtidas. Os cálculos numéricos podem ser ainda mais rápidos pelo uso de computação paralela em um aglomerado de computadores. As características de domínio de tempo facilitam a criação de instantâneos de campos eletromagnéticos que estão se propagando, e desta maneira é possível criar figuras e animações tridimensionais que podem ser usadas para explicar alguns dos seguintes fenômenos físicos comuns em redes sem fio: difração, reflexão, e atenuação. Para que aumente a percepção física ainda mais, visualizações imersivas são feitas em um ambiente de realidade virtual. Por fim, a ferramenta desenvolvida também pode ser usada para criar distribuições muito detalhadas de parâmetros importantes que afetam o desempenho em uma rede sem fio. É mostrado que simulações de um ambiente fechado para prever a distribuição de potência de uma rede sem fio do tipo IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), estão de acordo com as medidas. / Immersive visualizations are very valuable in order to improve the understanding of a variety of physical phenomena that can be modeled numerically and simulated by computers. Amongst the possible applications, we could utilize immersive visualizations as a pedagogical tool for enhanced perception of complex topics, or as a powerful tool that helps engineers interpret the outcome of simulations. This research project approaches the use of immersive visualizations of electromagnetic fields, especially fields generated by wireless networks widely utilized in the everyday life, as is the case for networks of the type IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi). For such a purpose this work proposes new methods to three-dimensionally visualize time-varying electromagnetic fields, and distributions of interesting parameters related to wireless networks. To achieve these objectives, a better version of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is developed: the Coarse Grid Higher Order FDTD (CGHO-FDTD) method. Thus highly accurate, faster and more computationally efficient numerical solutions of Maxwells equations can be obtained. The numerical calculations are made even faster by the use of parallel computing on a cluster of computers. The characteristics of the time domain facilitate the creation of snapshots of the propagating electromagnetic fields, and in this manner it is possible to create three-dimensional figures and animations that can be used to explain some of the following common physical effects found in wireless networks: diffraction, reflection, and attenuation. To further enhance the perception of the physics, immersive visualizations are carried out in a virtual reality environment. Finally, the developed tool can also be used to create highly detailed distributions of important parameters that affect the performance in wireless networks. It is shown that simulations to predict the power distribution in an indoor wireless network of the type IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), agree very well with measurements.