O Canabidiol (CBD), principal composto não-psicotomimético da Cannabis sativa, possui diversas propriedades farmacológicas, incluindo a indução de efeitos tipoantidepressivos e ansiolíticos em roedores após administração sistêmica. O isolamento social aumenta comportamentos agressivos em camundongos, condição denominada agressão induzida pelo isolamento social ou agressão territorial. Drogas ansiolíticas e antidepressivas podem atenuar comportamentos agressivos. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se o CBD atenuaria comportamentos agressivos induzidos pelo isolamento social em camundongos. Camundongos Suíços machos (7-8 semanas de idade no dia do isolamento, 30-40 g no dia do teste) foram mantidos isolados (camundongos residentes) para indução dos comportamentos agressivos. Paralelamente, camundongos co-específicos (camundongos intrusos) foram mantidos agrupados (oito por caixa). Neste modelo, um camundongo intruso da mesma linhagem, sexo e idade foi colocado na caixa moradia do residente. As interações entre os camundongos residente e intruso foram gravadas por 20 min e a latência para a primeira mordida contra o intruso, o número de ataques e o tempo total de ataques foram analisados por um observador cego aos grupos experimentais. Após 10 dias de isolamento social, foi testado se a administração aguda (i.p.) de CBD (5, 15, 30 ou 60 mg/kg), 30 min antes do teste, atenuaria comportamentos agressivos dos camundongos residentes contra os intrusos. Para avaliar a participação de receptores 5-HT1A e CB1 nos efeitos do CBD, grupos independentes de animais receberam 1 injeção prévia de WAY 100635 (antagonista dos receptores 5-HT1A, 0,3 mg/kg) ou AM251 (antagonista dos receptores CB1, 1 mg/kg), 30 min antes do CBD (15 mg/kg). Para controlar possíveis efeitos motores da droga, grupos independentes de animais tratados com doses efetivas de CBD ou não efetivas de WAY100635 ou AM251 foram submetidos ao actímetro para avaliação da atividade locomotora total. O CBD (15 mg/kg) aumentou a latência para o residente atacar o intruso e este efeito foi atenuado tanto pela administração prévia de AM251 (VEI+VEI: 186,62±83,16; VEI+CBD: 956,25±150,77; AM+VEI: 271,71±156,18; AM+CBD: 395,86±208,24; p=0,030) quanto WAY100635 (VEI+VEI: 116,33±29,38; VEI+CBD: 860,87±177,36; WAY+VEI: 305,12±159,16; WAY+CBD: 302,57±154,68; p=0,011). Além disso, o CBD reduziu o número de ataques em todas as doses testadas (VEI: 23,00±3,66; CBD 5: 12,25±2,43; CBD 15: 6,62±2,43; CBD 30: 7,71±3,24; CBD 60: 8,16±2,36; p=0,002) e as doses intermediárias (15 e 30 mg/kg) foram capazes de diminuir o tempo total de ataques (VEI: 114,37±22,65; CBD 5: 80,87±23,83; CBD 15: 40,00±14,58; CBD 30: 25,86±12,88; CBD 60: 54,67±9,68; p=0,018), ambos os efeitos sendo atenuados pelo AM251 (Número de ataques - VEI+VEI: 19,25±2,56; VEI+CBD: 3,25±2,36; AM+VEI: 22,86±4,97; AM+CBD: 14,14±4,10; p=0,028; Tempo total de ataques - VEI+VEI: 66,62±9,19; VEI+CBD: 11,75±9,56; AM+VEI: 118,86±31,00; AM+CBD: 58,71±17,45; p=0,049) e WAY100635 (Número de ataques - VEI+VEI: 30,83±6,77; VEI+CBD: 7,87±4,68; WAY+VEI: 22,50±5,06; WAY+CBD: 23,57±6,74; p=0,059; Tempo total de ataques - VEI+VEI: 151,17±32,65; VEI+CBD: 16,75±10,88; WAY+VEI: 113,75±24,66; WAY+CBD: 76,29±21,36; p=0,002). Não foi observado efeito motor do CBD em nenhuma das doses testadas, bem como do WAY100635 e AM251. Esses resultados evidenciam que o CBD atenua comportamentos agressivos em camundongos e nos permitem sugerir um mecanismo misto, visto que há o envolvimento de receptores CB1 e 5-HT1A. Desse modo, este fitocanabinoide poderia ser uma alternativa terapêutica para tratar comportamentos agressivos associados a transtornos psiquiátricos / Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa plant, induces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rodents after systemic administration. Long-term individual housing increases aggressive behavior in mice, a condition named isolation-induced aggression or territorial aggression, which can be attenuated by anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify whether CBD would attenuate the aggressive behavior induced by social isolation. Male Swiss mice (7-8 weeks of age on the isolation day, 30-40 g on the test day) were individually housed (resident mice) to induce aggressive behavior, while conspecific mice (intruder mice) were grouped housed (eight per cage). In this model, an intruder mouse of the same strain, sex and age is placed in the resident home cage. The resident-intruder interactions were videotaped for 20 min and the latency to the first bite against the intruder, the number of attacks and the total duration of aggressive encounters were recorded and later analyzed by an observer blind to the treatment groups. After 10 days of social isolation, we tested if acute intraperitoneal CBD administration (5, 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) to the resident mice 30 min prior to the test would attenuate aggressive-like behavior towards the intruder animal. To evaluate the involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors in the CBD effects, independent groups of animals were injected with WAY100635 (0.3 mg/kg) or AM251(1 mg/kg) 30 min prior to CBD (15 mg/kg). To control possible motor effects, independent animals treated with effective doses of CBD or ineffective doses of WAY100635 or AM251 were submitted to the actimeter to evaluate the total locomotor activity. CBD (15 mg/kg) increased latency to attack the intruder and this effect was attenuated by the prior administration of AM251 (VEI+VEI: 186.62±83.16; VEI+CBD: 956.25±150.77; AM+VEI: 271.71±156.18; AM+CBD: 395.86±208.24; p=0.030) or WAY100635 (VEI+VEI: 116.33±29.38; VEI+CBD: 860.87±177.36; WAY+VEI: 305.12±159.16; WAY+CBD: 302.57±154.68; p=0.011). Moreover, CBD reduced the number of attacks in all tested doses (VEI: 23.00±3.66; CBD 5: 12.25±2.43; CBD 15: 6.62±2.43; CBD 30: 7.71±3.24; CBD 60: 8.16±2.36; p=0.002) as well as the duration of aggressive behavior encounters in the intermediary doses (15 and 30 mg/kg; VEI: 114.37±22.65; CBD 5: 80.87±23.83; CBD 15: 40.00±14.58; CBD 30: 25.86±12.88; CBD 60: 54.67±9.68; p=0.018), both effects were attenuated by AM251 (Number of attacks - VEI+VEI: 19.25±2.56; VEI+CBD: 3.25±2.36; AM+VEI: 22.86±4.97; AM+CBD: 14.14±4.10; p=0.028; Total time of attacks - VEI+VEI: 66.62±9.19; VEI+CBD: 11.75±9.56; AM+VEI: 118.86±31.00; AM+CBD: 58.71±17.45; p=0.049) and WAY100635 (Number of attacks - VEI+VEI: 30.83±6.77; VEI+CBD: 7.87±4.68; WAY+VEI: 22.50±5.06; WAY+CBD: 23.57±6.74; p=0.059; Total time of attacks - VEI+VEI: 151.17±32.65; VEI+CBD: 16.75±10.88; WAY+VEI: 113.75±24.66; WAY+CBD: 76.29±21.36; p=0.002). CBD, in all tested doses, as well as WAY100635 and AM251, did not induce locomotor changes. These findings suggest that CBD decreases aggressive behaviors in mice and allow us to suggest that this effect involves CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors. Therefore, this phytocannabinoid may be therapeutically useful to treat aggressive behaviors that are usually associated with psychiatric disorders

O receptor canabinoide CB1, altamente expresso em várias regiões do sistema límbico, possui um importante papel na regulação da plasticidade sináptica implicada nas diferentes fases da memória emocional. Em roedores, embora já estejam bem caracterizados os efeitos da manipulação farmacológica do receptor CB1 na amígdala, no hipocampo e no córtex pré-frontal medial sobre a modulação de memórias aversivas, sua função no córtex retrosplenial (RSC) permanece desconhecida. Neste trabalho, usando o paradigma pavloviano de condicionamento aversivo ao contexto em ratos, exploramos o papel do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre as fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória. Demostramos que a infusão intra-RSC imediatamente pós-treino de AM251 (11 μg/μL), um antagonista seletivo CB1, causa amnésia retrógrada no teste de retenção da memória conduzido 48 h após o condicionamento, enquanto que a infusão bilateral de CP55940, um agonista canabinoide CB1/CB2 (5μg/μL), facilita a consolidação da memória. No protocolo de reconsolidação (injeção intra-RSC após uma sessão de reativação de 4 min, conduzida 48 h depois do condicionamento) foram encontramos efeitos opostos no teste de retenção da memória realizado 24 h após a reativação: o bloqueio dos receptores CB1 facilita, enquanto que sua ativação prejudica o fenômeno de reconsolidação da memória. Além disso, quando o AM251 é injetado intra-RSC 20 min antes de uma reexposição prolongada (de 30 min), observamos que a consolidação da memória de extinção é prejudicada, enquanto que o CP55940 acelera a extinção e impede sua recuperação espontânea ao longo do tempo. Concluindo, nossos resultados apresentam novas evidências sobre a função do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre a modulação das fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória emocional. / The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is highly expressed in many regions of the limbic system, having an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity implicated in different phases of emotional memory processing. In rodents, although are well characterized the effects of the pharmacological manipulations of the CB1 receptor in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex upon the modulation of aversive memories, their function in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) remains unknown. In this study, using pavlovian contextual fear conditioning in rats, we explored the role of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction. We showed that posttraining intra-RSC infusion of AM251 (11 μg/μL), a selective CB1 antagonist, causes retrograde amnesia during the test for memory retention conducted 48 h after learning, whereas the bilateral infusion of CP55940 (5 μg/μL), a CB1/CB2 agonist, enhanced fear memory consolidation. In the reconsolidation protocol (postreactivation intra-RSC infusions conducted 48 h after training) we found opposite effects in the test session performed 24 h after memory reactivation: blocking CB1 receptors enhanced, whereas the activation of cannabinoid receptors impaired memory reconsolidation. Furthermore, when AM251 was infused intra-RSC 20 min before a prolonged reexposure (30 min), memory extinction was impaired, whereas the infusion of CP55940 accelerates memory extinction and prevents spontaneous recovery, maintaining memory extinguished over time. In conclusion, these data shed new light about the function of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on the role of contextual-fear related memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction.

O Canabidiol (CBD), principal composto não-psicotomimético da Cannabis sativa, possui diversas propriedades farmacológicas, incluindo a indução de efeitos tipoantidepressivos e ansiolíticos em roedores após administração sistêmica. O isolamento social aumenta comportamentos agressivos em camundongos, condição denominada agressão induzida pelo isolamento social ou agressão territorial. Drogas ansiolíticas e antidepressivas podem atenuar comportamentos agressivos. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se o CBD atenuaria comportamentos agressivos induzidos pelo isolamento social em camundongos. Camundongos Suíços machos (7-8 semanas de idade no dia do isolamento, 30-40 g no dia do teste) foram mantidos isolados (camundongos residentes) para indução dos comportamentos agressivos. Paralelamente, camundongos co-específicos (camundongos intrusos) foram mantidos agrupados (oito por caixa). Neste modelo, um camundongo intruso da mesma linhagem, sexo e idade foi colocado na caixa moradia do residente. As interações entre os camundongos residente e intruso foram gravadas por 20 min e a latência para a primeira mordida contra o intruso, o número de ataques e o tempo total de ataques foram analisados por um observador cego aos grupos experimentais. Após 10 dias de isolamento social, foi testado se a administração aguda (i.p.) de CBD (5, 15, 30 ou 60 mg/kg), 30 min antes do teste, atenuaria comportamentos agressivos dos camundongos residentes contra os intrusos. Para avaliar a participação de receptores 5-HT1A e CB1 nos efeitos do CBD, grupos independentes de animais receberam 1 injeção prévia de WAY 100635 (antagonista dos receptores 5-HT1A, 0,3 mg/kg) ou AM251 (antagonista dos receptores CB1, 1 mg/kg), 30 min antes do CBD (15 mg/kg). Para controlar possíveis efeitos motores da droga, grupos independentes de animais tratados com doses efetivas de CBD ou não efetivas de WAY100635 ou AM251 foram submetidos ao actímetro para avaliação da atividade locomotora total. O CBD (15 mg/kg) aumentou a latência para o residente atacar o intruso e este efeito foi atenuado tanto pela administração prévia de AM251 (VEI+VEI: 186,62±83,16; VEI+CBD: 956,25±150,77; AM+VEI: 271,71±156,18; AM+CBD: 395,86±208,24; p=0,030) quanto WAY100635 (VEI+VEI: 116,33±29,38; VEI+CBD: 860,87±177,36; WAY+VEI: 305,12±159,16; WAY+CBD: 302,57±154,68; p=0,011). Além disso, o CBD reduziu o número de ataques em todas as doses testadas (VEI: 23,00±3,66; CBD 5: 12,25±2,43; CBD 15: 6,62±2,43; CBD 30: 7,71±3,24; CBD 60: 8,16±2,36; p=0,002) e as doses intermediárias (15 e 30 mg/kg) foram capazes de diminuir o tempo total de ataques (VEI: 114,37±22,65; CBD 5: 80,87±23,83; CBD 15: 40,00±14,58; CBD 30: 25,86±12,88; CBD 60: 54,67±9,68; p=0,018), ambos os efeitos sendo atenuados pelo AM251 (Número de ataques - VEI+VEI: 19,25±2,56; VEI+CBD: 3,25±2,36; AM+VEI: 22,86±4,97; AM+CBD: 14,14±4,10; p=0,028; Tempo total de ataques - VEI+VEI: 66,62±9,19; VEI+CBD: 11,75±9,56; AM+VEI: 118,86±31,00; AM+CBD: 58,71±17,45; p=0,049) e WAY100635 (Número de ataques - VEI+VEI: 30,83±6,77; VEI+CBD: 7,87±4,68; WAY+VEI: 22,50±5,06; WAY+CBD: 23,57±6,74; p=0,059; Tempo total de ataques - VEI+VEI: 151,17±32,65; VEI+CBD: 16,75±10,88; WAY+VEI: 113,75±24,66; WAY+CBD: 76,29±21,36; p=0,002). Não foi observado efeito motor do CBD em nenhuma das doses testadas, bem como do WAY100635 e AM251. Esses resultados evidenciam que o CBD atenua comportamentos agressivos em camundongos e nos permitem sugerir um mecanismo misto, visto que há o envolvimento de receptores CB1 e 5-HT1A. Desse modo, este fitocanabinoide poderia ser uma alternativa terapêutica para tratar comportamentos agressivos associados a transtornos psiquiátricos / Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa plant, induces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rodents after systemic administration. Long-term individual housing increases aggressive behavior in mice, a condition named isolation-induced aggression or territorial aggression, which can be attenuated by anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify whether CBD would attenuate the aggressive behavior induced by social isolation. Male Swiss mice (7-8 weeks of age on the isolation day, 30-40 g on the test day) were individually housed (resident mice) to induce aggressive behavior, while conspecific mice (intruder mice) were grouped housed (eight per cage). In this model, an intruder mouse of the same strain, sex and age is placed in the resident home cage. The resident-intruder interactions were videotaped for 20 min and the latency to the first bite against the intruder, the number of attacks and the total duration of aggressive encounters were recorded and later analyzed by an observer blind to the treatment groups. After 10 days of social isolation, we tested if acute intraperitoneal CBD administration (5, 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) to the resident mice 30 min prior to the test would attenuate aggressive-like behavior towards the intruder animal. To evaluate the involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors in the CBD effects, independent groups of animals were injected with WAY100635 (0.3 mg/kg) or AM251(1 mg/kg) 30 min prior to CBD (15 mg/kg). To control possible motor effects, independent animals treated with effective doses of CBD or ineffective doses of WAY100635 or AM251 were submitted to the actimeter to evaluate the total locomotor activity. CBD (15 mg/kg) increased latency to attack the intruder and this effect was attenuated by the prior administration of AM251 (VEI+VEI: 186.62±83.16; VEI+CBD: 956.25±150.77; AM+VEI: 271.71±156.18; AM+CBD: 395.86±208.24; p=0.030) or WAY100635 (VEI+VEI: 116.33±29.38; VEI+CBD: 860.87±177.36; WAY+VEI: 305.12±159.16; WAY+CBD: 302.57±154.68; p=0.011). Moreover, CBD reduced the number of attacks in all tested doses (VEI: 23.00±3.66; CBD 5: 12.25±2.43; CBD 15: 6.62±2.43; CBD 30: 7.71±3.24; CBD 60: 8.16±2.36; p=0.002) as well as the duration of aggressive behavior encounters in the intermediary doses (15 and 30 mg/kg; VEI: 114.37±22.65; CBD 5: 80.87±23.83; CBD 15: 40.00±14.58; CBD 30: 25.86±12.88; CBD 60: 54.67±9.68; p=0.018), both effects were attenuated by AM251 (Number of attacks - VEI+VEI: 19.25±2.56; VEI+CBD: 3.25±2.36; AM+VEI: 22.86±4.97; AM+CBD: 14.14±4.10; p=0.028; Total time of attacks - VEI+VEI: 66.62±9.19; VEI+CBD: 11.75±9.56; AM+VEI: 118.86±31.00; AM+CBD: 58.71±17.45; p=0.049) and WAY100635 (Number of attacks - VEI+VEI: 30.83±6.77; VEI+CBD: 7.87±4.68; WAY+VEI: 22.50±5.06; WAY+CBD: 23.57±6.74; p=0.059; Total time of attacks - VEI+VEI: 151.17±32.65; VEI+CBD: 16.75±10.88; WAY+VEI: 113.75±24.66; WAY+CBD: 76.29±21.36; p=0.002). CBD, in all tested doses, as well as WAY100635 and AM251, did not induce locomotor changes. These findings suggest that CBD decreases aggressive behaviors in mice and allow us to suggest that this effect involves CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors. Therefore, this phytocannabinoid may be therapeutically useful to treat aggressive behaviors that are usually associated with psychiatric disorders

Le système opioïde contrôle la douleur et la récompense, et le récepteur opioïde mu est la cible moléculaire de l’analgésie et de la dépendance aux opiacés. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons montré que ce récepteur est également nécessaire au développement de l’hyperalgie se développant lors d’une administration chronique de morphine. Dans la seconde partie de thèse, nous avons étudié l’impact des interactions entre systèmes opioïde et cannabinoïde sur les effets associés à l’administration chronique de morphine. Nous avons exploré les effets d’un prétraitement avec un agoniste sélectif du récepteur cannabinoïde CB1, l’arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA) sur le développement de réponses nociceptives morphiniques, le sevrage, la récompense et des comportements naturels. L’étude comportementale a été complétée par des analyses transcriptionnelles et fonctionnelles afin d’identifier les processus neuroadaptatifs mis en jeu. Nos travaux montrent que l’activation des récepteurs CB1 et Mu présentent des effets bénéfiques sur les paramètres comportementaux associés à l’addiction, suggérant un intérêt thérapeutique potentiel à associer ces composés en clinique. / The opioid system controls pain and reward, and the Mu opioid receptor plays a central role in these effects. In the first part of the thesis, we showed that Mu receptor is also involved in the development of hyperalgesia induced by chronic opiate exposure. In the second part of the thesis, we studied the impact of opioid and cannabinoid interactions on effects associated to chronic morphine administration. We explored the effects of a pretreatment with a CB1 cannabinoid receptor selective agonist, arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA), on morphine-associated nociceptive, withdrawal, reward and naturalistic behaviors. To complete this behavioral study, we performed transcriptional and functional analyses to identify the neuroadaptative processes involved. Our study demonstrates that dual activation of CB1 and Mu receptors has a beneficial effect on behavioral parameters related to addiction, pointing to potential usefulness of combining both medications for therapeutic interventions.

O receptor canabinoide CB1, altamente expresso em várias regiões do sistema límbico, possui um importante papel na regulação da plasticidade sináptica implicada nas diferentes fases da memória emocional. Em roedores, embora já estejam bem caracterizados os efeitos da manipulação farmacológica do receptor CB1 na amígdala, no hipocampo e no córtex pré-frontal medial sobre a modulação de memórias aversivas, sua função no córtex retrosplenial (RSC) permanece desconhecida. Neste trabalho, usando o paradigma pavloviano de condicionamento aversivo ao contexto em ratos, exploramos o papel do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre as fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória. Demostramos que a infusão intra-RSC imediatamente pós-treino de AM251 (11 μg/μL), um antagonista seletivo CB1, causa amnésia retrógrada no teste de retenção da memória conduzido 48 h após o condicionamento, enquanto que a infusão bilateral de CP55940, um agonista canabinoide CB1/CB2 (5μg/μL), facilita a consolidação da memória. No protocolo de reconsolidação (injeção intra-RSC após uma sessão de reativação de 4 min, conduzida 48 h depois do condicionamento) foram encontramos efeitos opostos no teste de retenção da memória realizado 24 h após a reativação: o bloqueio dos receptores CB1 facilita, enquanto que sua ativação prejudica o fenômeno de reconsolidação da memória. Além disso, quando o AM251 é injetado intra-RSC 20 min antes de uma reexposição prolongada (de 30 min), observamos que a consolidação da memória de extinção é prejudicada, enquanto que o CP55940 acelera a extinção e impede sua recuperação espontânea ao longo do tempo. Concluindo, nossos resultados apresentam novas evidências sobre a função do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre a modulação das fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória emocional. / The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is highly expressed in many regions of the limbic system, having an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity implicated in different phases of emotional memory processing. In rodents, although are well characterized the effects of the pharmacological manipulations of the CB1 receptor in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex upon the modulation of aversive memories, their function in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) remains unknown. In this study, using pavlovian contextual fear conditioning in rats, we explored the role of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction. We showed that posttraining intra-RSC infusion of AM251 (11 μg/μL), a selective CB1 antagonist, causes retrograde amnesia during the test for memory retention conducted 48 h after learning, whereas the bilateral infusion of CP55940 (5 μg/μL), a CB1/CB2 agonist, enhanced fear memory consolidation. In the reconsolidation protocol (postreactivation intra-RSC infusions conducted 48 h after training) we found opposite effects in the test session performed 24 h after memory reactivation: blocking CB1 receptors enhanced, whereas the activation of cannabinoid receptors impaired memory reconsolidation. Furthermore, when AM251 was infused intra-RSC 20 min before a prolonged reexposure (30 min), memory extinction was impaired, whereas the infusion of CP55940 accelerates memory extinction and prevents spontaneous recovery, maintaining memory extinguished over time. In conclusion, these data shed new light about the function of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on the role of contextual-fear related memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction.

O receptor canabinoide CB1, altamente expresso em várias regiões do sistema límbico, possui um importante papel na regulação da plasticidade sináptica implicada nas diferentes fases da memória emocional. Em roedores, embora já estejam bem caracterizados os efeitos da manipulação farmacológica do receptor CB1 na amígdala, no hipocampo e no córtex pré-frontal medial sobre a modulação de memórias aversivas, sua função no córtex retrosplenial (RSC) permanece desconhecida. Neste trabalho, usando o paradigma pavloviano de condicionamento aversivo ao contexto em ratos, exploramos o papel do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre as fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória. Demostramos que a infusão intra-RSC imediatamente pós-treino de AM251 (11 μg/μL), um antagonista seletivo CB1, causa amnésia retrógrada no teste de retenção da memória conduzido 48 h após o condicionamento, enquanto que a infusão bilateral de CP55940, um agonista canabinoide CB1/CB2 (5μg/μL), facilita a consolidação da memória. No protocolo de reconsolidação (injeção intra-RSC após uma sessão de reativação de 4 min, conduzida 48 h depois do condicionamento) foram encontramos efeitos opostos no teste de retenção da memória realizado 24 h após a reativação: o bloqueio dos receptores CB1 facilita, enquanto que sua ativação prejudica o fenômeno de reconsolidação da memória. Além disso, quando o AM251 é injetado intra-RSC 20 min antes de uma reexposição prolongada (de 30 min), observamos que a consolidação da memória de extinção é prejudicada, enquanto que o CP55940 acelera a extinção e impede sua recuperação espontânea ao longo do tempo. Concluindo, nossos resultados apresentam novas evidências sobre a função do sistema canabinoide no RSC sobre a modulação das fases de consolidação, reconsolidação e extinção da memória emocional. / The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is highly expressed in many regions of the limbic system, having an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity implicated in different phases of emotional memory processing. In rodents, although are well characterized the effects of the pharmacological manipulations of the CB1 receptor in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex upon the modulation of aversive memories, their function in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) remains unknown. In this study, using pavlovian contextual fear conditioning in rats, we explored the role of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction. We showed that posttraining intra-RSC infusion of AM251 (11 μg/μL), a selective CB1 antagonist, causes retrograde amnesia during the test for memory retention conducted 48 h after learning, whereas the bilateral infusion of CP55940 (5 μg/μL), a CB1/CB2 agonist, enhanced fear memory consolidation. In the reconsolidation protocol (postreactivation intra-RSC infusions conducted 48 h after training) we found opposite effects in the test session performed 24 h after memory reactivation: blocking CB1 receptors enhanced, whereas the activation of cannabinoid receptors impaired memory reconsolidation. Furthermore, when AM251 was infused intra-RSC 20 min before a prolonged reexposure (30 min), memory extinction was impaired, whereas the infusion of CP55940 accelerates memory extinction and prevents spontaneous recovery, maintaining memory extinguished over time. In conclusion, these data shed new light about the function of the cannabinoid system in the RSC on the role of contextual-fear related memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction.

Le système endocannabinoïde est un système neuromodulateur majeur du cerveau. Ainsi, il contrôle la mémoire et l’apprentissage, et ce, principalement par l'intermédiaire des récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes de type 1 (CB1) qui régulent de manière fine les activités neuronales et gliales. Dans l’hippocampe, une communication bidirectionnelle entre neurones et astrocytes modèle la plasticité synaptique et le comportement. Il a été rapporté que les effets disruptifs des cannabinoïdes sur la plasticité synaptique et la mémoire de travail sont dépendants de récepteurs CB1 présents dans les astrocytes. Cependant, le rôle de ce récepteur dans la modulation physiologique des processus mnésiques n’est pas encore connu. De précédentes études ont également montré que les récepteurs CB1 exprimés dans les cellules hébergeant le récepteur dopaminergique D1 sont impliqués dans la modulation hippocampique de la mémoire associée aux évènements aversifs. Toutefois, leur implication dans la modulation de la formation de la mémoire associée à des évènements non aversifs ainsi que dans la plasticité synaptique sous-jacente reste encore inconnue. Dans cette thèse, mon objectif était d’identifier les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires par lesquels des populations distinctes de récepteurs CB1 dans des populations gliales et des régions cérébrales bien définies contribuent à la modulation physiologique de la plasticité synaptique, de l’apprentissage et de la mémoire. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des souris mutantes conditionnelles dans lesquelles le récepteur CB1 a été rendu silencieux sélectivement dans les astrocytes ou dans les cellules exprimant le récepteur D1. En couplant ces modèles génétiques murins avec des approches comportementales, pharmacologiques et électrophysiologiques in vitro et in vivo, nous avons disséqué le rôle de ces populations de récepteurs CB1 dans la formation de la mémoire. Tout d’abord, nous avons montré que les récepteurs CB1 astrogliaux dans l’hippocampe contrôlaient la potentialisation à long terme (PLT) de la transmission synaptique CA3-CA1 et la mémoire de reconnaissance à long terme. En contrôlant, via la gliotransmission, la disponibilité effective de D-sérine aux récepteurs NMDA, les astrocytes sont des éléments importants contrôlant les interactions glie-neurones qui sous-tendent la plasticité synaptique et les fonctions mnésiques. Les données obtenues montrent que les récepteurs CB1 astrogliaux contrôlent la plasticité et la mémoire en régulant la disponibilité synaptique de la D-sérine aux récepteurs NMDA. Deuxièmement, nous avons montré que les récepteurs CB1 dans les cellules exprimant le récepteur D1 contrôlaient la consolidation, mais pas l’acquisition, de nouveau souvenirs et l’augmentation de la PLT induite par l’apprentissage. Ces résultats indiquent que des populations spécifiques de cellules exprimant le récepteur CB1 modulent ces processus de manière différentielle.En conclusion, ces travaux démontrent que le système endocannabinoïde dans les astrocytes est un important modulateur de l’apprentissage et de la mémoire alors que les récepteurs CB1 dans les cellules exprimant le récepteur D1 semblent importants pour des composantes spécifiques de la formation de la mémoire. Prise dans son ensemble, cette thèse apporte des preuves fonctionnelles quant à la régulation complexe de la mémoire de reconnaissance à long-terme par des populations distinctes de récepteurs CB1. / The endocannabinoid system is a major brain modulatory system that controls memory and learning mainly via the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1)-dependent regulation of neuronal and glial activity. In the hippocampus, bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes shapes synaptic plasticity and behavior. CB1 receptors have been shown to be present in the astrocytes and to mediate the disruptive effects of cannabinoids in synaptic plasticity and working memory. Yet, it is not currently known the role of this receptor in the physiological modulation of memory processes. Also, previous studies have shown that CB1 receptors expressed in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing cells are involved in the modulation of hippocampal-dependent aversive memories. However, their involvement in the modulation of non-aversive long-term memory formation and synaptic plasticity is presently unknown. In this thesis, I aimed at identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which specific CB1 receptors in distinct brain neuronal and glial populations contribute to the physiological modulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. For this aim we used conditional genetic mutant mice lacking CB1 receptors specifically in astrocytes or in D1-positive cells. By coupling these genetic mouse models with behavioral, pharmacological, and in vitro and in vivo electrophysiological approaches, we dissected the role of these CB1 receptors in the formation of memory. First, we show that astroglial CB1 receptors in the hippocampus control long-term potentiation (LTP) of CA3-CA1 synaptic transmission and long-term recognition memory. By allowing physiological availability of D-serine at NMDA receptors via gliotransmission, astrocytes are important elements controlling glia-neuron interactions that underlie synaptic plasticity and memory functions. The data show that astroglial CB1 receptors control plasticity and memory by regulating the synaptic availability of D-serine at NMDA receptors. Second, we show that CB1 receptors D1-positive cells control the consolidation, but not acquisition, of new memories and the enhancement of LTP induced by learning, showing that specific subpopulations CB1 receptor-expressing cells differentially modulate these processes.Overall, by showing that the endocannabinoid system in astrocytes is an important modulator of learning and memory and by suggesting that CB1 receptors in D1-positive cells are important for specific components of memory formation, we provide functional evidence for the complex cell type-dependent regulation of long-term recognition memory by the CB1 receptors.

Le système endocannabinoïde est un important modulateur des fonctions physiologiques. Dans le cerveau, son contrôle s’exerce essentiellement par les récepteurs cannabinoïdes de type 1 (CB1). Les récepteurs CB1 sont abondamment exprimés sur les neurones excitateurs glutamatergiques et les interneurones inhibiteurs GABAergiques et leur stimulation inhibe la libération du glutamate et du GABA. Récemment, l’activité des récepteurs CB1 sur les astrocytes a été proposée comme facilitant la transmission excitatrice. Par ce contrôle général de la neurotransmission, l’activité des récepteurs CB1 induit différents phénomènes de plasticté synaptique associés aux processus de mémoire. Les récepteurs CB1 jouent un rôle complexe dans les fonctions de mémoire. En particulier, la stimulation exogène des récepteurs CB1 perturbe la mémoire de travail. D’autre part, la signalisation endogène des récepteurs CB1 est nécessaire à l’adaptation des réponses de peur apprises. Cependant, les mécanismes par lesquels les récepteurs CB1 régulent ces processus de mémoire n’ont été que peu analysés. L’objectif de ce travail fut de caractériser les mécanismes cellulaires par lesquels les récepteurs CB1 contrôlent la mémoire de travail et les réponses de peur apprises. Nous avons utilisé les modèles de mutation constitutive et conditionnelle des récepteurs CB1 chez la souris afin d’analyser les conséquences de la délétion de ces récepteurs sur des types cellulaires particuliers. Dans une première étude, nous avons montré que les cannabinoïdes exogènes tels que le Δ9-tetrahydocannabinol (THC, principal composé psychoactif du cannabis) induisent des déficits de mémoire de travail spatiale par la stimulation des récepteurs CB1 exprimés sur les astrocytes. Les cannabinoides induisent une forme de dépression à long-terme dans l’hippocampe dont plusieurs mécanismes cellulaires sont similaires à ceux supportant les déficits de mémoire mis en évidence par l’analyse comportementale. Ces résultats suggèrent que les cannabinoïdes altèrent la mémoire de travail spatiale par une modification de la plasticité synaptique de l’hippocampe induite par la stimulation des récepteurs CB1 astrogliaux. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons mis en évidence que les récepteurs CB1 localisés sur les neurones GABAergiques et glutamatergiques exercent un contrôle opposé sur le type de réponse élicité par un stimulus conditioné aversif. La ré-expression sélective des récepteurs CB1 dans l’amygdale des souris mutantes constitutives a permis de préciser l’implication de cette structure dans la régulation des réponses de peur conditionnées par les récepteurs CB1.L’ensemble de ces travaux indiquent que le système endocannabinoïde contrôle les fonctions de mémoire par une régulation de l’activité de cellules spécifiques dans le cerveau. L’implication des astrocytes dans les effets des cannabinoïdes sur la mémoire souligne l’importance de ces cellules dans les processus cognitifs et suggère que les récepteurs CB1 astrogliaux jouent un rôle dans d’autres fonctions cérébrales. Nos résulats révèlent également l’importance de l’évaluation de différents comportements dans le cadre des modèles expérimentaux d’adaptation à la peur. / The endocannabinoid system is an important regulator of physiological functions. In the brain, this control is mainly exerted through the type-1-cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. CB1 receptors are abundant at excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neuron terminals where their stimulation inhibits neurotransmitter release. The activity of CB1 receptors on astrocytes has been recently proposed as facilitating excitatory transmission. Through this general control on brain neurotransmission, CB1 receptors mediate distinct forms of synaptic plasticity that are associated with memory processing. Indeed, CB1 receptors control memory functions. In particular, the exogenous stimulation of CB1 receptors impairs working memory. Moreover, the endogenous CB1 receptor signalling ensures the adaptation of learned fear responses. However, the brain mechanisms of this CB1-mediated control of memory functions are poorly characterized. The goals of this research work were to dissect the cellular mechanisms by which CB1 receptors control both working memory and learned fear responses. We used constitutive and conditional mutagenesis in mice to address the roles of CB1 receptors on particular cell types in these functions. We first showed that exogenous cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydocannabinol (THC, the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis), impairs spatial working memory through the stimulation of astroglial CB1 receptors. Cannabinoids also induce a form of in vivo long-term depression in the hippocampus that shares several cellular mechanisms with the cannabinoid-induced working memory impairments. These results suggest that cannabinoids disrupt spatial working memory by altering hippocampal synaptic plasticity through astroglial CB1 receptor stimulation. We then showed that CB1 receptors expressed on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons oppositely control fear coping strategies in the presence of fear conditioned stimuli. The selective and local re-expression of CB1 receptors in the amygdala of constitutive CB1 mutant mice allowed to precise the involvement of this brain structure in the regulation of conditioned fear responses by CB1 receptors. Altogether, these studies indicate that the endocannabinoid system differentially controls memory functions through its distinct modulation of the activity of specific brain cells. The involvement of astrocytes in the effects of cannabinoids on memory highlights their key roles in cognitive processes and further suggests that astroglial CB1 receptors might play a role in other high order brain functions. Our results also point the importance of performing thorough behavioral analyses in the experimental models of fear adaptation.

Le système endocannabinoïde (SEC) est composé : de deux neurotransmetteurs principaux qui sont l’anandamide (AEA) et le 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), de deux enzymes de catabolisme associées, respectivement la Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) et la Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL); et de deux récepteurs principaux qui sont les récepteurs cannabinoïdes de type 1 (CB1) et de type 2 (CB2). Le SEC exerce un rôle critique dans le contrôle des propriétés récompensantes des substances addictives, dont la nicotine. Cependant, le SEC possède un mode de fonctionnement biphasique et complexe. Par exemple, alors que les propriétés renforçantes et incitatrices de la nicotine sont diminuées par le blocage aigu des récepteurs CB1, le comportement de recherche de nicotine peut également être bloqué par l’augmentation aigüe du tonus endocannabinoïde (eCB). Par ailleurs, les essais cliniques suggèrent que le traitement chronique avec l’antagoniste des récepteurs CB1 produit des effets secondaires liés à l’état émotionnel des fumeurs abstinents. Ces résultats indiquent clairement, que l’utilisation optimale de la pharmacologie cannabinoïde pour le traitement chronique du sevrage tabagique reste compliquée et encore mal maitrisée. Le but de ce travail de thèse était d’abord de préciser le rôle des récepteurs CB1 dans le contrôle aigu des propriétés addictives de la nicotine, puis de déterminer le rôle de l’AEA dans le contrôle à long terme des propriétés incitatives de la nicotine. L’hypothèse générale était que la prise volontaire de nicotine, puis le traitement chronique avec un inhibiteur de la FAAH, produiraient une augmentation de l’AEA persistante chez le rat abstinent. Celle-ci aurait 2 conséquences : d’une part la réduction du comportement de recherche de nicotine, et d’autre part le développement d’un état anxieux généralisé indépendant de la transmission via les récepteurs CB1. Pour tester cette hypothèse, des rats ont été exposés à l’auto-administration intraveineuse de nicotine pendant 8 semaines puis mis en abstinence pendant 8 semaines. Pendant cette seconde période, les animaux ont été injectés quotidiennement avec un inhibiteur de la FAAH et nous avons caractérisé le comportement de recherche de nicotine et l’état émotionnel de ces rats. Les résultats ont d’abord montré une grande variabilité inter-individuelle dans la prise volontaire de nicotine, nous avons pu identifier des rats à faible consommation (« low consumers ») et des rats à forte consommation (« high consumers »). Il semble que l’inhibition chronique de la FAAH bloque significativement la rechute induite par la drogue et par les stimuli environnementaux chez les « low consumers » abstinents, et reste sans conséquence sur l’état émotionnel des rats. En revanche chez les « high consumers », l’inhibition de la FAAH bloque uniquement la rechute induite par la nicotine et ces animaux restent sensibles aux effets précipitants des stimuli environnementaux. Par ailleurs, ils développent un état anxieux modéré qui n’est pas bloqué par le traitement avec un antagoniste des récepteurs CB1. Ces données suggèrent donc que chez les « high consumers » abstinents, il existe un excès d’AEA qui cible des circuits différents pour moduler les propriétés incitatrices de la nicotine et l’anxiété. En conclusion, cette étude montre que l’inhibiteur de FAAH pourrait être un outil thérapeutique adapté au traitement de l’addiction à la nicotine si l’on prend en compte la variabilité inter-individuelle rencontrée dans la consommation abusive de nicotine. / The endogenous cannabinoid system, also called the endocannabinoid system (ECS), comprises two principal neurotransmitters: anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), whose specific degradation enzymes are fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively. Both AEA and 2-AG bind to cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors. The ECS is a key element for the expression of both natural and pharmacological reward processes, including nicotine reward. However, the biphasic and complex nature of the ECS renders it a difficult system to study. For example, although acute blockade of CB1 receptors reduces the reinforcing and incentive properties of nicotine, it has also been demonstrated that an acute increase of AEA (CB1 agonist) blocks nicotine-seeking behavior. The aim of the present work is twofold: first, to better characterize the neural substrates through which CB1 receptors regulate the voluntary intake of nicotine; and second, to determine the effect of a chronic increase of AEA tone in nicotine-abstinent rats on i) their persistent motivation for nicotine and ii) their affective phenotype. The hypothesis tested here is that chronic treatment with a FAAH inhibitor after chronic exposure to nicotine will induce a large and persistent increase of AEA during a period of nicotine abstinence. Subsequently, high levels of AEA would reduce the incentive properties of nicotine and nicotine-related stimuli, thus reducing nicotine seeking, and it would also promote high levels of anxiety which might be CB1-independent. In order to test this hypothesis, rats were exposed to nicotine (60 µg/kg/0.1 ml) intravenous self-administration (IVSA) for 8 weeks, after which they remained nicotine-free until the end of the experiment. During the period of abstinence, animals were injected daily with a FAAH inhibitor for 8 weeks (URB597, 0.3 mg/kg i.p.), and both their motivation for nicotine and their affective profile were assessed. Animals were classified into “low consumers” and “high consumers” since a high degree of inter-individual variability was observed in the total amount of nicotine taken over the 8-week IVSA period. We show that in the “low consumers”, chronic FAAH inhibition dramatically reduces nicotine seeking behavior and cue-related incentive salience, and does not induce anxiety-related side-effects during abstinence. In the “high consumers”, however, chronic FAAH inhibition reduces nicotine seeking but not cue-related incentive salience, and causes an increase in anxiety-like behaviors that are not blocked by a CB1 receptor antagonist. These data suggest that in the population of “high consumers”, the effects of increased AEA tone on motivation and anxiety might be mediated by different neuronal circuits. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of chronic FAAH inhibition as an important therapeutic tool for the treatment of nicotine addiction in subjects with a moderate nicotine intake.

During marijuana and alcohol consumption as well as during inflammation the reproductive axis is inhibited, mainly through the inhibition of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release. In male rats, this inhibitory effect is mediated, at least in part, by the activation of hypothalamic cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1). During inflammation, this activation of the endocannabinoid system seems to be mediated by an increase in TNF-α production followed by anandamide augmentations, similarly the effect of intragastric administration of ethanol (3 g/kg) seems to be due to an increase in anandamide. On the other hand, a number of different actions mediated by the endocannabinoid system in various organs and tissues have been described. Both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, are localized in the submandibular gland where they mediate the inhibitory effect of intrasubmandibular injections of the endocannabinoid anandamide (6 × 10–5M) on salivary secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg/3 h) injected intraperitoneally and ethanol (3 g/kg/1 h) injected intragastrically inhibited the salivary secretion induced by the sialogogue metacholine; this inhibitory effect was blocked by CB1 and/or CB2 receptor antagonists. Similar to the hypothalamus, these effects seem to be mediated by increased anandamide. In summary, similar mechanisms mediate the inhibitory actions of endocannabinoids and cannabinoids in both hypothalamus and submandibular gland during drug consumption and inflammation. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.