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No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Albertinho.pdf: 2368551 bytes, checksum: 417090fff955b8696ce1e600d35af5e0 (MD5) / CNPq, à CAPES e à FINE / Este trabalho foi realizado com os seguintes objetivos: apresentar uma metodologia analítica aplicável à determinação de compostos carbonílicos (CC) em fase vapor, em amostras estacionárias e pessoais coletadas em ambientes de trabalho de carvoarias; determinar o perfil dos CC presentes no ar inalado pelos trabalhadores e; quantificar os CC no ar, na fase vapor, em locais de trabalho e na zona respiratória de trabalhadores carvoeiros. Os trabalhos de campo foram realizados em quatro carvoarias que produziam o carvão a partir da queima de pinho e de eucalipto, todas localizadas a cerca de 150 km, a nordeste de Salvador. Cartuchos Sep-Pak® C18 impregnados com solução ácida a 0,2% de 2,4 dinitrofenilhidrazina coletaram eficientemente os CC atmosféricos, em vazões em torno de 0,1 L/min e quando a duração da coleta foi de, no máximo, 240 minutos, para as amostras pessoais e 120 minutos, para as estacionárias. Foram desenvolvidos dois protocolos analíticos (Método “1” e Método “2”), ambos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência utilizando bomba com gradiente de eluição de solventes e sistema de detecção por UV/Visível (365 nm), para a separação e quantificação das 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazonas de vários CC. O Método “1” permitiu separar e quantificar, em menos de 16 minutos, acetaldeído, acroleína, benzaldeído, ciclohexanona, ciclopentanona, 2- etil hexanal, formaldeído, furfural, hexanal, 2-hexenal, octanal, 2-pentenal, propanal, e propanona, com destaque para a separação dos pares acroleína-furfural e propanona-propanal. Além disso, permitiu estimar a soma das concentrações dos isômeros C4, butanal-isobutanal- butanona. O Método “2” permitiu separar e quantificar, em menos de 30 minutos, 13 dos 17 CC citados para o Método “1”. Por este método foi possível separar a butanona da mistura de butanal e isobutanal. O mesmo não ocorreu com a acroleína e o furfural, que co-eluíram. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação para o formaldeído, o acetaldeído e a propanona foram bastante afetados pelos níveis desses compostos encontrados nos brancos de amostra. Acetaldeído, formaldeído, furfural, isômeros C4 e propanona foram os CC confirmados em todas as amostras coletadas, nas quatro carvoarias. Vários outros CC desconhecidos foram detectados nas amostras. Ciclopentanona, 2-pentenal e CC acima de C8 não foram detectados nas amostras pelos dois métodos cromatográficos. Em amostras válidas foram determinadas concentrações de formaldeído entre 15,0 e 139,1 µg m-3, de acetaldeído entre 37,9 e 164,8 µg m-3, de propanona entre 9,6 e 483,0 µg m-3, de furfural entre 38,9 e 113,7 µg m-3 e de isômeros C4 (butanal+isobutanal+butanona) entre 9,8 e 132,4 µg m-3, em amostras pessoais. Em amostras estacionárias, as faixas de concentrações desses mesmos compostos foram respectivamente, 20,4 a 160,2 µg m-3, 118,6 a 283,6 µg m-3, 327,5 a 643,6 µg m-3, 69,9 a 162,9 µg m-3 e 100,0 a 176,1 µg m-3. Os resultados indicam que os trabalhadores das carvoarias se expõem a concentrações de formaldeído, acetaldeído e furfural acima dos limites estabelecidos por alguns organismos internacionais, como o National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - NIOSH e o Health Based Exposure Levels Committee - HBELC, ambos dos Estados Unidos. Estes são os primeiros resultados de concentrações de CC no ar obtidos em ambientes de trabalho e na zona respiratória de trabalhadores de carvoarias, que se tem conhecimento até o momento. / The goals of the present work were to present an analytical methodology applicable to the determination of carbonyl compounds (CC) in vapor phase, in area and personal samples collected in charcoal company workplaces; to determine the CC profile in air inhaled by charcoal workers; and to quantify the CC in vapor phase in air of workplaces and breathing zone of workers in charcoal companies. The measurements were obtained in air samples collected in four companies located about 150 km north of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, which burn eucalyptus and pinus to produce charcoal. The results showed that CC were efficiently collected on Sep-Pak® C18 cartridges coated with 0.2% acidic solution of 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine when the sampling flow rates were around 100 mL/min and the sampling time was 240 minutes for the personal samples and 120 minutes for area samples. Two chromatographic methods (Method 1 and Method 2) for separation and quantification of several 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (2,4-DNPHO) were developed using a high performance liquid chromatography system with a gradient pump for the solvent elution and a UV detector (365 nm). Method 1 was able to separate and quantify, in less than 16 minutes, the 2,4- DNPHO of acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, 2-ethyl hexanal, formaldehyde, furfural, hexanal, 2-hexenal, octanal, 2-pentenal, propanal, and propanone, and estimated the sum of C4 isomers, butanal-isobutanal-butanone. This method separated well acrolein from furfural and propanal from propanone hydrazones. Method “2” allowed separation and quantification, in less than 30 minutes, of 13 of the 17 CC listed for Method 1. This method separated butanone from other components of the C4 mixture and enables the separation of acrolein from furfural. In both methods, the detection and the quantification limits of acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and propanone were affected by the amount of these compounds found in the blank samples. Acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, furfural, C4 isomers, and propanone were the CC confirmed in all samples collected in all charcoal companies. Several unknown CC were also found. Cyclopentanone, 2-pentenal, and carbonyl compounds with more than 8 carbon atoms were not detected in any of the samples by these methods. Concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanone, furfural, and C4 isomers (butanal+isobutanal+butanone) found in personal samples ranged between 15.0 and 139.1 µg m-3, 37.9 and 164.8 µg m-3, 9.6 and 483.0 µg m-3, 38.9 and 113.7 µg m-3, and 9.8 and 132.4 µg m-3, respectively. In area samples, the concentrations of the same CC were between 20.4 and 160.2 µg m-3, 118.6 and 283.6 µg m-3, 327.5 and 643.6 µg m-3, 69.9 and 162.9 µg m-3, and 100.0 and 176.1 µg m-3. These results indicated that charcoal workers were exposed to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and furfural concentrations that exceed the limit values suggested by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - NIOSH and the Health Based Exposure Levels Committee - HBELC. These were the first results of CC concentrations in workplace air and in breathing zone of charcoal workers reported in the scientific literature up to this mome

xvii, 382 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The debate concerning the role of natural versus anthropogenic burning in shaping the prehistoric vegetation patterns of the Willamette Valley of Oregon and Washington remains highly contentious. To address this, pollen and high-resolution charcoal records obtained from lake sediments were analyzed to reconstruct the Holocene fire and vegetation history, in order to assess the relative influence of climate variability and anthropogenic activity on those histories. Two sites provided information on the last 11,000 years. At one site at the northern margin of the Willamette Valley, shifts in fire activity and vegetation compared closely with millennial- and centennial-time scale variations in climate, and there was no evidence that anthropogenic burning affected the natural fire-climate linkages prior to Euro-American arrival. In contrast, the fire and vegetation history at a site in the central Willamette Valley showed relatively little vegetation change in response to both millennial- and centennial-scale climate variability, but fire activity varied widely in both frequency and severity. A comparison of this paleoecological reconstruction with archaeological evidence suggests that anthropogenic burning near the site may have influenced middle- to late-Holocene fire regimes. The fire history of the last 1200 years was compared at five sites along a north-south transect through the Willamette Valley. Forested upland sites showed stronger fire-climate linkages and little human influence, whereas lowland sites located in former prairie and savanna showed temporal patterns in fire activity that suggest a significant human impact. A decline in fire activity at several sites in the last 600 years was attributed to the effects of a cooling climate as well as the decline of Native American populations. The impacts of Euro-American settlement on the records include dramatic shifts in vegetation assemblages and large fire events associated with land clearance. The results of this research contribute to our understanding of long-term vegetation dynamics and the role of fire, both natural- and human-ignited, in shaping ecosystems, as well as provide an historical context for evaluating recent shifts in plant communities in the Willamette Valley. / Advisers: Cathy Whitlock, Patrick J. Bartlein

The savanna woodlands of Southern Africa, colloquially termed the miombo, are poorly described in terms of biodiversity compared to other biomes. They have therefore been underrepresented in the wider understanding of how land use intensification is shaping global biodiversity. Land use change is known to reduce biodiversity and disrupt intactness of ecological communities with consequences for ecosystem functioning, resilience, and services. Miombo woodlands are described as biodiversity hotspots due to a high endemism of species and the presence of megafauna. At the same time, they are also considered dynamic socio-ecological systems shaped by disturbances and the land use activities of people. The patterns of biodiversity change in these tropical ecosystems may, therefore, have their own unique contexts, understanding of which will be essential for biodiversity and land use management in these ecosystems. In this thesis, I identified the patterns of biodiversity change in response to the two major land use practices in the two dominant woodland types in southern African woodlands: the selective logging due to charcoal production in the mopane woodlands, and agricultural expansion in the miombo. I also examined the impact of two main disturbance agents, humans and elephants, on habitat structure and biodiversity in mopane woodlands. Across all chapters in this thesis, I investigated the effects of land use change and habitat modification on biodiversity empirically using chronosequences. To understand biodiversity change, I employed a hierarchical multilevel modelling approach making inferences at the three levels of ecological communities: species, community, and meta-community (set of ecological communities at different sites). I selected six villages in the charcoal production hotspot of southern Mozambique and carried out field surveys for three taxonomic groups: trees, mammals and ground beetles. I modelled the counts of trees and beetles and incidence of mammals using meta-community occurrence models in a Bayesian framework with the intensity class of the villages, above-ground biomass and land cover type as predictors. The results suggested that the species richness of trees and mammals declined by 12 and 8.5 % respectively while that of beetles increased by 3.5%, albeit non-significantly. In addition, the beta diversity of trees decreased while that of mammals increased. The results show that while both trees and mammals reduced in richness, they responded differently to charcoal production in terms of community organisation. The trees underwent subtractive homogenisation (decrease in alpha and beta diversities) primarily because of deterministic processes induced by selective harvesting of tree stems for charcoal. Mammal communities, on the other hand, showed subtractive heterogenization (decrease in alpha, but increase in beta diversity) mainly due to random extinctions. In the agriculture frontier of miombo-dominated northern Mozambique, I investigated the effects of fragmentation and habitat loss caused by agricultural expansion on diversity and composition of trees and mammals. I modelled the occurrences of trees and mammals using occupancy models with the fragmentation and quantity of woodland cover as predictors. The model showed that most tree species (n=10), mainly the timber and firewood species, linearly declined in population size as fragmentation increased. Mammals, on the other hand, showed a nonlinear response. Seven mammal species increased at the lower levels of fragmentation. However, at the higher levels, none of the mammal species increased while two declined. Similarly, the species richness of trees linearly declined, while that of mammals increased up to a fragmentation level of 55-65% and declined above this limit. The beta diversity of trees increased with fragmentation while that of mammals decreased. The results suggest that, although fragmentation reduces species richness of both trees and mammals, it affects their species compositions in different ways. Trees undergo subtractive heterogenization due to random species losses while mammals experience subtractive homogenisation mainly due to the combined effects of fragmentation-led habitat loss and intensified hunting. Finally, this study concludes that, above 75% fragmentation or below 26% habitat quantity, both taxonomic groups endure biodiversity loss. The threshold results here corroborate similar habitat quantity thresholds (20-30%) observed elsewhere in different ecosystems. However, they differ with the widespread notion that above 30% habitat quantity, the effect of fragmentation is non-existent. The results here emphasize that taxonomic groups respond differently, the diversity and population size of mammals reduced only after the habitat threshold, whereas, those of trees showed linear decrease with fragmentation most likely due to fragmentation-led habitat loss. Lastly, I examined the effects of disturbance by humans and elephants on habitat structure and bird diversity by conducting a space for time substitution comparison in the mopane woodlands of Zambia. To examine the woodland structure, I modelled the structural attributes of habitat (stem diameter, stand density, and basal area) using mixed models with the proportion of affected stems by humans and elephants as explanatory variables. I found that elephant disturbance was associated with higher stem diameters, low stand densities, but no change in basal area. Human disturbance, on the other hand, was related to reductions in stand density and basal area, but no change in the stem diameter. Further, I tested species and functional diversity of birds against the covariates of habitat structure and disturbance. I found that bird communities reduced in species richness in both, human as well as elephant disturbed areas. However, the functional diversity did not change with elephant disturbance. I concluded that human disturbance reduces woody biomass (basal area is correlated with woody biomass) of mopane woodlands and functional diversity of birds whilst elephants do not. In this thesis, I conclude that human driven land use change in the miombo woodlands erodes alpha diversity of all taxonomic groups. However, increases in beta diversity of mammals with charcoal land use and trees in agricultural land use may maintain their diversities at the meta-community level.

O estudo do metabolismo de poliaminas (PAS), envolvendo parâmetros fisiológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares, pode gerar uma melhor compreensão do processo de maturação, e criar estratégias importantes para a otimização da embriogênese somática (ES) em cana-de-açúcar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a relação entre os conteúdos endógenos de PAs, associados à determinação da competência embriogenética e a maturação progressiva de embriões somáticos em cana-de-açúcar. Calos embriogênicos (E) e não-embriogênicos (NE) da variedade SP-803280, foram submetidos a diferentes tratamentos, utilizando agentes de maturação adicionados ao meio MS. Observou-se que as culturas NE não foram capazes de promover a diferenciação de embriões somáticos, devido principalmente, ao alto grau de oxidação das culturas. Os tratamentos suplementados com 0,75 e 1,5 g.L-1 de carvão ativado (CA), foram os que apresentaram as maiores freqüências de formação de embriões somáticos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível associar a ES em calos de cana-de-açúcar ao aumento do conteúdo endógeno de Spd (Espermidina) e Spm (Espermina), principalmente Spd, acompanhado por uma redução nos níveis de Put (Putrescina). / Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a highly potential supplier of the material involved in the regeneration and genetic transformation of transgenic plants. The aim was to study correlations between endogenous PA contents, associated to defining embryogenetic competence and the progressive maturation of somatic embryos. Embryogenic (E) and non-embryogenic (NE) calli from the SP-803280 variety, were submitted to different maturation treatments. It was found that the NE cultures submitted to the two maturation experiments, were incapable of promoting somatic embryo differentiation, mainly due to browning. It was noted that in the first experiment, total PA endogenous content of the E callus was higher than in the NE, although, in the control, no significant differences between both callus types were encountered. We can associate the progression of sugarcane somatic embryogenesis to an increase in endogenous content of Spd e Spm, mainly Spd, accompanied for a reduction in Put levels. Thus, it was shown that somatic embryo maturation in sugarcane can be related with PA biosynthesis, thereby indicating the importance of their metabolism in the competence of sugarcane embryogenic cultures.

No description available.

This paper describes a unique method for the semi-automatic detection of historic charcoal production sites in LiDAR-derived digital elevation models. Intensified iron production in the early 17th century has remarkably influenced ways of how the land in Sweden was managed. Today, the abundance of charcoal kilns embedded in the landscape survives as cultural heritage monuments that testify about the scale forest management for charcoal production has contributed to the uprising iron manufacturing industry. An arbitrary selected study area (54 km2) south west of Gävle city served as an ideal testing ground, which is known to consist of already registered as well as unsurveyed charcoal kiln sites. The proposed approach encompasses combined morphometric classification methods being subjected to analytical image processing, where an image that represents refined terrain morphology was segmented and further followed by Hough Circle transfer function applied in seeking to detect circular shapes that represent charcoal kilns. Sites that have been identified manually and using the proposed method were only verified within an additionally established smaller validation area (6 km2). The resulting outcome accuracy was measured by calculating harmonic mean of precision and recall (F1-Score). Along with indication of previously undiscovered site locations, the proposed method showed relatively high score in recognising already registered sites after post-processing filtering. In spite of required continual fine-tuning, the described method can considerably facilitate mapping and overall management of cultural resources.

Five lake and one soil sediment record from six mountainous sites on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, were examined for changes in pollen, macrofossils, charcoal, and mineral clasts to reconstruct late Quaternary history of vegetation, fire and climate. The results provide insights into the history and dynamics of the Mountain Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone and highlight the role of several species and species groups not previously recognized. During the early Holocene, Alnus crispa expanded throughout the region following deglaciation, playing a more important role in these ecosystems than today. Abies lasiocarpa was the dominant Abies species at these sites during the late glacial and early Holocene until it was replaced by A. amabilis between about 10,500 and 7300 calBP, perhaps due to changes in regional atmospheric circulation and greater seasonal variability in insolation than we experience today. A. amabilis increased during the mid Holocene and was later replaced at the sites by increased abundance of T. mertensiana while T. heterophylla became much more abundant at nearby low elevations. Ericaceous-heath communities were established soon after deglaciation at the moister sites but not until about 7000 calBP at drier sites. These drier sites show more variation in vegetation throughout their records than the wetter sites. High charcoal and clast concentrations coincident with rapid vegetation shifts during the early Holocene suggest that these changes were probably the result of large stand-clearing fires that exposed mineral soils. A peak in charcoal at several of the sites occurs at ca. 4000 calBP suggesting more frequent fire at that time. During the late glacial and very early Holocene, P. contorta was an important seral species until A. crispa became well established. In the mid to late Holocene when Ericaceous-heath became established, A. crispa was unable to predominate, possibly because of reduced fire activity or because the heath communities hindered the exposure of fresh mineral soil surfaces. As a consequence, conifer-dominated stands were favoured. Basal sediments from these sites are not as old as they are at lower elevations, suggesting that deglaciation may have happened later at higher elevations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rogerio Gomes Pereira.pdf: 1311913 bytes, checksum: 594d4803b27bb1b817ac16d754681cbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-14 / The average national rice yield was 11,3 million tones, with a harvested area of about 2,7 million hectares (IBGE 2010). Part of this comes from upland production systems in savannas that have high acidity, low fertility, with low phosphorus and potassium levels, low cation exchange capacity and high aluminum saturation. Upland rice in the Brazilian savannas (Cerrados) experiences multiple abiotic stresses and is characterized by high levels of uncertainty caused by rainfall variability. The increasing consumption of plant biomass to generate energy has produced products and by-products with high potential for agricultural use. Among these products is charcoal, that, due to its physical-chemical and molecular properties, have beneficial effects for the physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of charcoal on soil chemical properties and on the development of upland rice, and on the transpiration rate response of upland rice as an alternative to decrease the effect of drought on its growth and development. Two pot experiments were carried out using a random split-plot experimental design. The main treatments (plots) were water stress (WS) and no-water stress (NWS) and the sub treatments (subplots) were different biochar doses, 0% or control (T1), 6% (T2), 12% (T3) and 24% (T4) in growing medium (sand). The plastic pots were randomized within the sub plots with six replications. The total transpirable soil water (TTSW), the p factor, defined as the average fraction of TTSW that can be depleted from the root zone before reduction in transpiration occurs and the normalized transpiration rate (NTR) were determined. Charcoal significantly increased dry matter accumulation and leaf area of rice plants in both experiments and positively affected the chemical and physical soil properties such as water retention and nitrate availability to the plants. Biochar addition increased TTSW, p factor and reduced NTR. Consequently, biochar addition was able to change the moisture threshold (p factor) of the growing medium, up to a maximum concentration of 12%, hence delaying the point where transpiration declines and affects yield. / A safra nacional de arroz foi de 11,3 milhões de toneladas, com uma área colhida de aproximadamente 2,7 milhões hectares (IBGE 2010). Parte desta produção é cultivada em sistema de sequeiro sob solos de cerrados que é caracterizado por apresentar elevada acidez e baixa fertilidade natural, com baixos teores de fósforo, potássio, capacidade de troca catiônica e elevada saturação por alumínio. O arroz de terras altas cultivado no Brasil Central (Cerrados) experimenta múltiplos estresses abióticos e sua produtividade é caracterizada pela incerteza devido à variabilidade na precipitação. O crescente consumo de biomassa vegetal para a geração de energia tem disponibilizado subprodutos com alto potencial para o uso agrícola. Dentre esses subprodutos, destaca-se o carvão vegetal, que devido as suas características físico-químicas e moleculares, tem-se mostrado benéfico para as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de diferentes doses de carvão vegetal de eucalipto na produção de matéria seca na cultura do arroz de terras altas e nas características físico-químicas e hídricas em substrato areia, e na resposta da taxa de transpiração do arroz de terras altas como uma alternativa para minimizar os efeitos da seca no seu desenvolvimento e crescimento. Dois experimentos em vasos foram realizados por meio do delineamento em parcela sub-dividida. A parcela principal foi constituída pelo tratamento deficiência hídrica (WS) e não deficiência hídrica (NWS) e as sub-parcelas pelas diferentes doses de carvão; 0% (controle, T1), 6% (T2), 12% (T3) e 24% (T4) adicionadas no substrato (areia). Os vasos foram inteiramente casualizados nas sub-parcelas com seis repetições por dose de carvão. A quantidade de água transpirável no solo (TTSW), o fator de depleção (p), definido como a fração de água disponível no solo que pode ser retirada da zona radicular antes de ocorrer a redução da taxa de transpiração, e a taxa de transpiração normalizada (NTR) foram determinadas. A adição de carvão ao substrato proporcionou um aumento significativo na produção de matéria seca e área foliar das plantas de arroz em ambos os experimentos. Nos tratamentos T2, T3 e T4, a adição de carvão vegetal alterou significativamente as características químicas e físico-hídricas do solo, aumentando a retenção de água e a disponibilidade de nitrato para as plantas. A adição de carvão aumentou a TTSW, o fator p e reduziu a NTR. Conseqüentemente, o carvão foi responsável por modificar o fator p, até uma concentração máxima de 12% e retardar o ponto no qual o declínio da transpiração afeta o rendimento.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiana Schimmel.pdf: 595506 bytes, checksum: dbbd0a361e4ff6c113c1cb50439292d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-10 / The textile industries understand one of the largest of the world now in production terms and number of generated jobs. They are characterized by requesting great amounts of water, coloring and chemical products used along a complex productive chain. Besides the enormous consumption of water, those industries generate effluent composed by organic and complex salts, which ones turn pollute more when the liberation of dyes is observed no fastened, or no degraded in the conventional processes of treatment, what represents a high potential of environmental impact. Several methods of removal of dyes and of other existent chemical compositions in the effluent have been used in industrial level. One of the most employed methods is the adsorption onto carbon activated due to the versatility, efficiency and low obtaining costs. However, the project of the treatment of textile effluent for adsorption requests information regarding the removal capacity and of the kinetics. They are several factors that interfere in that process, among them they stand out the temperature and the pH, being this one what has larger effect. In this work the removal of the dyes reactive blue 5G and turquoise blue QG were investigated onto carbon activated commercial driven in system batch, once these dyes are plenty employed in the processes involving fabrics type jeans . Initially they went rehearsals to characterize the adsorbent, determination of the point of zero charge (PCZ) and of the surface area for the method BET using N2 to 77K, infrared to obtain the functional groups of the carbon, and sifting to determine the diameter of the particles. For PCZ the obtained value was of 8,10 and the surface area was of 618,7 m2/g. Kinetic tests were accomplished in pH 2 and in three different temperatures, 30, 45 and 600C. They were appraised the pseudo-first-order models and the pseudo-second-order to describe the kinetics of adsorption of the dyes, and the model of second order presented the best results. It was also certain the coefficient of diffusion of the dyes in the temperatures of 30, 45 and 600C, that presented the following values respectively: 5,38 x 10-7, 1,42 x 10-7, 2,74 x 10-7 cm2/min for the blue color 5G, and 2,54 x 10-7, 9,38 x 10-8, 1,48 x 10-6 cm2 /min for the blue turquise QG. For the influence of the pH and of the temperature in the balance of the adsorption of the dyes experiments were accomplished in system batch. The strip of investigated acidity was among pH 2 even pH 8. It was also accomplished the experiments for the obtaining of the equilibrium data in the temperatures of 30, 45 and 600C and in the best pH condition. The equilibrium data were represented by the following models of Isotherms of adsorption: Langmuir, Freudlich, Toth, Radke-Praunstiz, Sips and Redlich-Peterson. The process of adsorption had a better acting in the conditions of pH 2 and temperature of 300C, the removed amount was of 140,48 mg / g for the dye blue 5G and 148,54 mg / g for the dye turquise blue QG. The Isotherm of Sips, Tóth and Redlich-Peterson were what best represented the experimental data of equilibrium for the dye blue 5G and also for the turquoise blue QG. The thermodynamic parameters ∆H0, ∆G0 and ∆S0 were appraised and they showed that the adsorption of the colors in activated coal is an exothermic and spontaneous process due to the negative values of enthalpy and energy free from Gibbs, respectively. / As indústrias têxteis compreendem atualmente uma das maiores do mundo em termos de produção e número de empregos gerados. Caracterizam-se por requerer grandes quantidades de água, corantes e produtos químicos utilizados ao longo de uma complexa cadeia produtiva. Além do enorme consumo de água, essas indústrias geram efluentes compostos por sais orgânicos e complexos, os quais se tornam ainda mais poluidores quando observa-se a liberação de corantes não fixados, ou não degradados nos processos convencionais de tratamento, o que representa um elevado potencial de impacto ambiental. Vários métodos de remoção de corantes e de outros compostos químicos existentes no efluente tem sido utilizados em nível industrial. Um dos métodos mais empregados é a adsorção em carvão ativado devido à versatilidade, eficiência e baixos custos de obtenção. Entretanto, o projeto do tratamento de efluentes têxteis por adsorção requer informações a respeito da capacidade de remoção e da cinética. São vários fatores que interferem nesse processo, dentre eles destacam-se a temperatura e o pH, sendo este ultimo o que tem maior efeito. Neste trabalho foram investigadas a remoção dos corantes reativos azul 5G e azul turquesa QG em carvão ativado comercial conduzidos em sistema batelada, uma vez que estes corantes são bastante empregados nos processos envolvendo tecidos tipo jeans. Com o objetivo de caracterizar o adsorvente, análises como determinação do ponto de carga zero (PCZ), área superficial pelo método BET utilizando N2 a 77K, infravermelho para obter os grupos funcionais do carvão e peneiramento para determinar o diâmetro das partículas foram realizadas. Para o PCZ o valor obtido foi de 8,10 e a área superficial foi de 618,7 m2/g. Os testes cinéticos tiveram o pH fixado em 2, e foram avaliados em três diferentes temperaturas, 30, 45 e 600C. Os modelos de pseudo-primeira-ordem e o pseudo-segunda-ordem foram realizados para descrever a cinética de adsorção dos corantes, sendo que o modelo de segunda ordem apresentou os melhores resultados. Além disso, o coeficiente de difusão dos corantes foi avaliado nas temperaturas de 30, 45 e 600C, que apresentaram respectivamente os seguintes valores: 5,38 x 10-7, 1,42 x 10-7, 2,74 x 10-7 cm2/min para o corante azul 5G, e 2,54 x 10-7, 9,38 x 10-8, 1,48 x 10-6 cm2/min corante azul turquesa.Para a influência do pH e da temperatura no equilíbrio da adsorção dos corantes foram realizados experimentos em sistema bateladas. A faixa de acidez investigada foi entre pH 2 até pH 8. Também foram realizadas experimentos para a obtenção dos dados de equilíbrio nas temperaturas de 30, 45 e 600C e na melhor condição de pH. Os dados de equilíbrio foram representados pelos seguintes modelos de Isotermas de adsorção: Langmuir, Freudlich, Toth, Radke-Praunstiz, Sips e Redlich-Peterson. O processo de adsorção teve um melhor desempenho nas condições de pH 2 e temperatura de 300C, a quantidade removida foi de 140,48 mg/g para o corante azul 5G e 148,54 mg/g para o corante azul turquesa QG. As Isoterma de Sips, Tóth e Redlich-Peterson foram as que melhor representaram os dados experimentais de equilíbrio para o corante azul 5G e também para o corante azul turquesa QG. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos ∆H0, ∆G0 e ∆S0 foram avaliados e mostraram que a adsorção dos corantes em carvão ativado é um processo exotérmico e espontâneo devido aos valores negativos de entalpia e energia livre de Gibbs, respectivamente.

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