Since the second world war, most nations have prepared for further armed inter-state conflicts. Although this being useful, most nations have not succeeded in preparing for other types of conflicts, insurgencies being one of them. The current means and measures of best countering an insurgency have not yet been identified and the ones being used are met with hard criticism. Therefore, more theories need to be studied. The aim of this thesis is to examine the explanatory power of Jaqueline Hazelton’s ”Coercion-theory” by applying it on two cases of counterinsurgency conflicts. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the current discussion regarding a state actors’ choice of methods within counterinsurgency. Despite the theory´s broad variables, this paper concludes that the ”Coercion-theory” is unable to explain the outcome of the second Lebanese war from 2006 and operation Cast Lead from 2008. This thesis can also be used to further underline the need for new tools for decision-makers when faced with an insurgency.

This exploratory study examined risk factors for sexual coercion using data provided by 87 couples that were screened to participate in a couples treatment program for domestic violence. Risk factors examined included: level of alcohol use, anger, beliefs about wife beating, jealousy, dominance, depression, physical and psychological violence. Overall, 46.9% of the women reported that their partners were sexually coercive. Slightly over 46% of the women whose partners were severely violent reported that they also were sexually coercive and slightly less than 46% of the women whose partners engaged in minor aggression reported that their partners were sexually coercive. Almost 23% of the female participants reported that their partners raped them during the past year. Furthermore, results from correlational analyses indicate that level of male physical violence and male beliefs about wife beating are risk factors for sexual coercion within the context of a violent relationship. Level of alcohol use, anger, male depression, jealousy, dominance and psychological violence do not appear to be risk factors. These results have implications for further understanding and treatment of sexually coercive male batterers. / Master of Science

Alleghany County, an extractive community, has depended heavily upon a single paper mill known as MeadWestvaco for over a century. The purpose of this study is to explore the degree to which MeadWestvaco utilizes paternalism and economic coercion as forms of power to control and maintain community quiescence regarding the company's negative environmental impact in Alleghany County. This paper mill has negatively affected Alleghany County relative to other Virginia communities. However, there has been very little local action against the paper mill's environmental impact. To define and recognize paternalism and economic coercion, I undertake a historical analysis of the cotton textile industry of the Southern Piedmont and coal mining industry of Southern Appalachia, where these systems of power have been documented. In applying the indicators of paternalism and economic coercion found in these nearby Southern industries to Alleghany County, Virginia, I find that MeadWestvaco utilizes both strategies to some degree to control and influence community awareness of and response to the company's environmental damage. / Master of Science

Bakgrund: Användandet av informellt tvång riskerar begränsa patientens självbestämmande i   utformandet av sin vård. Trots detta vidmakthåller vårdpersonal användandet av informellt tvång på grund av dess effektivitet för patientens följsamhet till föreslagen behandling och för att upprätthålla en säker vårdmiljö. Att begränsa patientens självbestämmande utöver vad som regleras i lag är i gråzonen till vad som kan betraktas vara tillåtet. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av informellt tvång samt beskriva alternativ som främjar personcentrerad vård.  Metod: En systematisk integrativ litteraturöversikt av nio kvalitativa artiklar. Dataanalysen genomfördes utifrån Whittemore och Knafls metod.   Resultat: Två övergripande teman identifierades; Vårdens inverkan på informellt tvång och Konsekvenser av informellt tvång med två respektive tre subteman som inspirerades av   NANDA-I; Otillräcklig relation, Potential för förbättrad stresshantering, Risk för hotad värdighet, Maktlöshet samt Defensiv- och ineffektiv stresshantering. Slutsats: Vårdpersonalens användande av informellt tvång har medfört negativa upplevelser och   hanteringsstrategier för patienterna. Ur patienternas beskrivningar återfanns alternativ till det informella tvånget som är kunskap vårdpersonal kan använda sig av för att arbeta enligt principer för personcentrerad vård. / Background: The use of informal coercion poses a risk to limit the patient’s autonomy in the formation of their care. Regardless of this, healthcare personnel maintain the use of informal coercion due to its effectiveness in compliance, and maintaining a safe care environment. This restrictive act of patient’s autonomy is in a grey area to what can be considered as allowed.  Aim: To describe patients’ experiences of informal coercion and alternatives that promote person-centered care. Method: A systematic integrative review of nine qualitative articles. The data analysis was performed based on the method by Whittemore and Knafl. Results: Two major themes were identified; The impact of care on informal coercion and Consequences of informal coercion with two, respective three minor themes inspired by NANDA-I; Ineffective relationship, Readiness for enhanced coping, Risk for compromised human dignity, Powerlessness, Defensive- and ineffective coping.  Conclusions: Healthcare personnels’ use of informal coercion has led to negative experiences and coping for the patients. From the patients’ descriptions, alternatives were found, which is knowledge that   healthcare personnel can use to work according with principles for person-centered care.

Bakgrund: Det finns i litteraturen inga självklara definitioner på vad en informell tvångsåtgärd är. En definition som nämns är en tvångsåtgärd som patienter får underkasta sig som inte är reglerad i lagstiftningen. Tidigare forskning menar även att det kan innebära hot om repressalier om patienterna inte medverkar till förutbestämda åtgärder, vilket en del deltagare menar är ett bra sätt för att få patienter att medverka till sin vård. Den litteraturgenomgång som genomförts visar att det finns få genomförda studier i ämnet informellt tvång. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av informellt tvång. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats. Materialet analyserades sedan med Graneheim och Lundmans kvalitativa innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet redovisas utifrån fem kategorier med tillhörande underkategorier. Informellt tvång som maktutövning, Informellt tvång utifrån en vilja att hjälpa, Sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av informellt tvång, En korrekt dokumentation av informellt tvång är centralt samt Erfarenhet av informellt tvång ger medvetenhet. Slutsats: Det finns inga riktigt tydliga skillnader mellan informellt och formellt tvång i praktiken. Patienter inom den akutpsykiatriska slutenvården utsätts för hot om tvång och de ställs inför ultimatum beträffande sin vård. Det finns inte heller några tydliga definitioner på vad informellt tvång är vilket behöver tydliggöras för att kunna ge en bättre förståelse för betydelsen av begreppet. / Background: In literature, there is not a singular definition of what an informal coercive action is. One of the definitions mentioned however is as follows: “ A informal coercive action is an coercive measure that patients may receive, one that is not regulated by law.” Earlier research also suggests that it can mean under the threat of reprisals should the patients not commit to the predetermined measures, which according to some participants is a good way to make the patients mediate to their care. The literary review done, shows that there are only a handful of studies concluded on the subject of informal coercion. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine nurses experience of informal coercion. Method: The study was accomplished through interviews with qualitative effort. The gathered material was then analysed with Graneheim´s and Lundman´s content analysis. Results: The outcome was then presented based on five categories with associated subcategories. Informal coercion as exercised power, Informal coercion based on a will to help, Nurses experiences of informal coercion, Documentation of informal coercion events and its importance and Experiencing informal coercion raises awareness. Conclusion: In practice, there are no evident differences between informal coercion. Patients in emergency psychiatric care are exposed to threats of coercion and put to ultimatums regarding their care. Neither are there any clear definitions of what informal coercion is, this needs to be clarified to achive a better understanding of what informal coercion is.

2 Abstract Thi di er a ion e plore he e of coercion in he EU liberal peaceb ilding frame ork in Palestine. Palestine has a long- anding hi or of foreign ac or in ol emen . Since he 1993 O lo Accord , he EU peaceb ilding role a one of Pale ine main financial donors has increased. There is scholarly disagreement and a lack of understanding on the role of coercion in peacebuilding practices. While scholars argue that coercion is a core element for human organisations, others do not recognise the negative impact of coercion in peacebuilding when this does not entail the use of force. Furthermore, the peacebuilding scholarship offers little to no conceptualisation of coercion. Therefore, this dissertation explores how coercion manifests in peacebuilding practices, looking at the case of the EU liberal peacebuilding activities in Palestine. In doing so, the research emphasises on how local Palestinian recipients perceive coercion. The current liberal approach of the EU is built upon the economic dependency of Palestinians, which essentially constitutes a coercive structure. The asymmetric power relations between different actors in the region allows space for the contestation of coercion. This dissertation argues that coercion in this context goes beyond its traditional understanding, and therefore requires...

Darbo tikslas – nustatyti formalaus ir neformalaus priverstinio hospitalizavimo į psichiatrijos stacionarą paplitimą, priverstinai hospitalizuojamų pacientų klinikinį profilį, prievartos stiprumą įtakojančius veiksnius ir priverstinio hospitalizavimo objektyvias baigtis. Darbas vykdytas registruojant priverstinius hospitalizavimus, tyrimo instrumentais apklausiant formaliai priverstinai ir savo noru hospitalizuotus pacientus bei naudojant perspektyvųjį tyrimo metodą iš medicininės dokumentacijos įvertinant rehospitalizavimo rodiklius. Buvo nustatytas 23–39 105 gyventojų per metus formalių priverstinių hospitalizavimų rodiklis Vilniaus miesto psichikos sveikatos centro aptarnaujamoje teritorijoje 2003–2005 m. Iš visų savo noru hospitalizuotų pacientų 17 procentų jautė prievartą hospitalizavimo metu, t. y. buvo neformaliai priverstinai hospitalizuoti. Formaliai priverstinai hospitalizuotų ir neformaliai priverstinai hospitalizuotų pacientų dauguma socialinių demografinių, psichopatologijos, gyvenimo kokybės bei gydymo charakteristikų buvo panašios, tačiau formaliai priverstinai hospitalizuoti pacientai jaučia stipresnę prievartą, pasižymi dažnesne agresija, mažiau patenkinti gydymu nei neformaliai priverstinai hospitalizuoti pacientai. Hospitalizavimo metu jaučiamos prievartos stiprumas buvo labiausiai susijęs su verbaline agresija. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad formaliai priverstinai ir neformaliai priverstinai hospitalizuoti pacientai, palyginus su savo noru hospitalizuotais ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The study is aimed at determining the prevalence of formal and informal involuntary hospitalisation, the clinical profile of involuntarily hospitalised patients, the factors that have an impact on the degree of coercion and the objective outcomes of involuntary hospitalisation. Assessment of the prevalence of formal involuntary hospitalisation was carried out. Socio-demographic and clinical data of formally and informally involuntarily hospitalised were collected from medical records and patient interviews. Medical documentation was used to measure the duration of the studied hospitalisation and the following indicators of re-hospitalisations within 3 years after discharge from the studied hospitalisation: the presence of at least one rehospitalisation, the number of re-hospitalisations and time to rehospitalisation. The established indicator of involuntary hospitalisations per 105 residents per year in period concerned was from 23.0 to 39.5. 17 per cent of voluntary patients perceived coercion during the process of hospitalization. The majority of the socio-demographic, psychopathology, quality of life and treatment characteristics of formally involuntarily hospitalised patients and informally involuntarily hospitalised patients are similar. Formally involuntarily hospitalised patients feel stronger coercion, more often display aggression and are less satisfied with treatment than informally involuntarily hospitalised patients. The degree of coercion felt during... [to full text]

The study is aimed at determining the prevalence of formal and informal involuntary hospitalisation, the clinical profile of involuntarily hospitalised patients, the factors that have an impact on the degree of coercion and the objective outcomes of involuntary hospitalisation. Assessment of the prevalence of formal involuntary hospitalisation was carried out. Socio-demographic and clinical data of formally and informally involuntarily hospitalised were collected from medical records and patient interviews. Medical documentation was used to measure the duration of the studied hospitalisation and the following indicators of re-hospitalisations within 3 years after discharge from the studied hospitalisation: the presence of at least one rehospitalisation, the number of re-hospitalisations and time to rehospitalisation. The established indicator of involuntary hospitalisations per 105 residents per year in period concerned was from 23.0 to 39.5. 17 per cent of voluntary patients perceived coercion during the process of hospitalization. The majority of the socio-demographic, psychopathology, quality of life and treatment characteristics of formally involuntarily hospitalised patients and informally involuntarily hospitalised patients are similar. Formally involuntarily hospitalised patients feel stronger coercion, more often display aggression and are less satisfied with treatment than informally involuntarily hospitalised patients. The degree of coercion felt during... [to full text] / Darbo tikslas – nustatyti formalaus ir neformalaus priverstinio hospitalizavimo į psichiatrijos stacionarą paplitimą, priverstinai hospitalizuojamų pacientų klinikinį profilį, prievartos stiprumą įtakojančius veiksnius ir priverstinio hospitalizavimo objektyvias baigtis. Darbas vykdytas registruojant priverstinius hospitalizavimus, tyrimo instrumentais apklausiant formaliai priverstinai ir savo noru hospitalizuotus pacientus bei naudojant perspektyvųjį tyrimo metodą iš medicininės dokumentacijos įvertinant rehospitalizavimo rodiklius. Buvo nustatytas 23–39 105 gyventojų per metus formalių priverstinių hospitalizavimų rodiklis Vilniaus miesto psichikos sveikatos centro aptarnaujamoje teritorijoje 2003–2005 m. Iš visų savo noru hospitalizuotų pacientų 17 procentų jautė prievartą hospitalizavimo metu, t. y. buvo neformaliai priverstinai hospitalizuoti. Formaliai priverstinai hospitalizuotų ir neformaliai priverstinai hospitalizuotų pacientų dauguma socialinių demografinių, psichopatologijos, gyvenimo kokybės bei gydymo charakteristikų buvo panašios, tačiau formaliai priverstinai hospitalizuoti pacientai jaučia stipresnę prievartą, pasižymi dažnesne agresija, mažiau patenkinti gydymu nei neformaliai priverstinai hospitalizuoti pacientai. Hospitalizavimo metu jaučiamos prievartos stiprumas buvo labiausiai susijęs su verbaline agresija. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad formaliai priverstinai ir neformaliai priverstinai hospitalizuoti pacientai, palyginus su savo noru hospitalizuotais ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Bakgrund: Vid psykisk sjukdom kan behov av heldygnsvård uppstå för att den enskilde personen inte skall utgöra någon fara för sig eller för tredje part. Vården kan vara av nytta trots att personen i fråga inte ger medgivande till vård, vilket medför ett etiskt dilemma för vårdpersonalen. Syfte: Att belysa patienters upplevelse av att vårdas enligt tvångslagstiftning vid en psykiatrisk avdelning. Metod: En litteraturstudie har genomförts som omfattar 11 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet visar att patienterna antingen upplevde att inläggningen varit till nytta eller till skada och att flertalet patienter upplevde en bristande autonomi och en känsla av minskat människovärde. Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att patienternas syn på inläggningen beror på dennes upplevelse av bevarad autonomi och möjlighet till delaktighet. Personal som har ett förhållningssätt som främjar detta, främjar också att patienten upplever den tvångslagstiftade vården som nödvändig. Detta förtydligar vikten av att i vården arbeta personcenterat och med ett förhållningssätt som främjar patientens autonomi och delaktighet. / Background: When a person is mentally ill, they might need hospitalisation against their ill, to protect them from themselves or to third parties. The care may be beneficial even though the person does not give consent to treatment, resulting in an ethical dilemma for caregivers. Aim: To elucidate patients' experiences of being cared for under a compulsory admission at a psychiatric ward. Method: A literature review has been carried out covering 11 qualitative research articles. Results: The results show that patients either feel that the admission was beneficial or detrimental, and that most patients experience a lack of autonomy and a sense of diminished human dignity. Conclusion: It is concluded that patients' views on the admission depends on his or hers experience of preserved autonomy and the opportunity to participate. Staff who have an attitude that promotes this, also encourages the patient to experience the compulsory care as necessary. This clarifies the importance of working personcentered with an approach that promotes patient autonomy and participation.