Fishtail Points at Quebrada Santa María and the Antiquity of the Man in South AmericaIn light of new discoveries and theoretical proposals, the discovery of the first sites containing evidence of fish tail points at Quebrada Santa María, Chicama valley, northern Perú, contributes with new information that answers more than one of the questions concerning the first inhabitants of South America. / El descubrimiento de los primeros sitios con evidencias de la tradición de puntas de proyectil en cola de pescado en Quebrada Santa María, valle de Chicama, norte del Perú, por las caracteristicas de hallazgos, y a la luz de los nuevos descubrimientos y propuestas teóricas, plantea la posibilidad de contribuir con nuevos datos para dar respuesta a más de una de las interrogantes que tenemos sobre los primeros habitantes en Sudamérica.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-30T14:29:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Ant?nio Roque Sarmento de Oliveira.pdf: 2410060 bytes, checksum: 48fb15db1a9375b37517df56da372cd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T14:29:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Ant?nio Roque Sarmento de Oliveira.pdf: 2410060 bytes, checksum: 48fb15db1a9375b37517df56da372cd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-09 / Due to the shortage in the labour market, it is necessary to provide an education that stimulates the student to conquer a profession. Not just the mere transmission of knowledge. There is a need for action liberating, in which the teaching profession give rise to the task of educator. Thus, the technical-vocational education represents an alternative, because at the same time that teaches, ensures a profession. The objective of this research was improving knowledge in the field of education and understand the reality of vocational education, taking as the object of study the Agrot?cnica Federal School of Salinas. This study was conducted with the students of the second series of technical course in Agriculture. The methodology is based on qualitative research. A questionnaire was used by students, supervised by Professor advisor for the collection of information among family farmers. The council was divided into 05 regions, totaling 50 respondents. The search diagnosed the economic importance of the creation of pigs and the parameters evaluated were the profile of the interviewees, position in the process of agricultural production, current insertion in the labour market agricultural, socioeconomic and participation policy. Through the results, it was concluded that most respondents residing for a long time in the farm and are owners of the property. Although the sugar cane is cultivated by most producers it is not widely used as an alternative food for pigs. It assessed the participation of students in the search through a questionnaire aimed at assessing the importance of research for them and encourage them to basic scientific research. Another segment was the search done with pigs in the process of termination. The Escola Agrot?cnica, provided a complete cycle of pigs, facilitated the conduct of the trial. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of the replacement of 15% of sugar cane by the diet provided. The effects were studied performance, quality of the carcass, morphology of gastrointestinal tract and economic analysis. The study based on the inclusion of sugar cane in the diet of pigs, replacing 15% of the dry matter-of the diet, because by its energy wealth to sugar cane can be considered a viable alternative in the feeding of these animals. The ration provided to them was formulated in order to meet nutritional requirements. In performance were analyzed the consumption of diet, weight gain and feed conversion. The amount of feed given not caused reduction in the thickness of bacon and not influenced the weight of the digestive and other organs of finish pigs. / Devido ? escassez de m?o-de-obra especializada no mercado de trabalho, ? necess?rio ministrar uma educa??o que estimule o estudante ? conquista de uma profiss?o. N?o basta a simples transmiss?o de conhecimentos. Torna-se necess?ria uma a??o libertadora, em que a profiss?o de professor ceda lugar ? miss?o de educador. Assim, o ensino t?cnico-profissionalizante representa uma alternativa, pois ao mesmo tempo em que ensina, garante uma profiss?o. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi aprimorar os conhecimentos na ?rea da educa??o e compreender a realidade educacional do ensino profissionalizante, tomando como objeto de estudo a Escola Agrot?cnica Federal de Salinas. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido juntamente com os alunos das segundas s?ries do curso t?cnico em Agropecu?ria. A metodologia fundamentou-se na pesquisa qualitativa. Um question?rio foi utilizado pelos discentes, supervisionados pelo professor orientador, para a coleta de informa??es junto aos agricultores familiares. O munic?pio foi subdividido em 05 regi?es, totalizando 50 entrevistados. A pesquisa diagnosticou a import?ncia econ?mica da cria??o de su?nos e os par?metros avaliados foram: o perfil dos entrevistados, posi??o no processo de produ??o agropecu?ria, atual inser??o no mercado de trabalho agr?cola, n?vel socioecon?mico e participa??o pol?tica comunit?ria. Atrav?s dos resultados, concluiu-se que a maioria dos entrevistados reside h? muito tempo na fazenda e s?o propriet?rios dos im?veis. Embora a cana-de-a??car seja cultivada pela maioria dos produtores ela ? pouco utilizada como alternativa alimentar para su?nos. Foi avaliada a participa??o dos alunos na pesquisa atrav?s de um question?rio visando a avaliar a import?ncia da investiga??o para os mesmos e incentiv?-los a inicia??o cient?fica. Outro segmento foi ? pesquisa feita com su?nos em fase de termina??o. A Escola Agrot?cnica, provida de uma suinocultura de ciclo completo, facilitou a condu??o do experimento. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da substitui??o de 15% de cana-de-a??car pela dieta fornecida. Os efeitos estudados foram: o desempenho, qualidade da carca?a, morfologia do trato gastrointestinal e an?lise econ?mica. O estudo fundamentou-se na inclus?o da cana-de-a??car na dieta alimentar dos su?nos, substituindo 15% da mat?ria-seca da dieta, porque pela sua riqueza energ?tica a cana-de-a??car pode ser considerada uma alternativa vi?vel na alimenta??o desses animais. A dieta fornecida a eles foi formulada de modo a atender ?s exig?ncias nutricionais. No desempenho, foram analisados o consumo de ra??o, ganho de peso e convers?o alimentar. A quantidade de dieta ministrada n?o ocasionou redu??o na espessura de toucinho e nem influenciou no peso dos ?rg?os digestivos e demais ?rg?os de su?nos em termina??o

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-06T12:36:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Sandra Margon.pdf: 2348448 bytes, checksum: 5a29413c3d637b469807516794184e27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T12:36:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Sandra Margon.pdf: 2348448 bytes, checksum: 5a29413c3d637b469807516794184e27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / This project tried to avaliate the physical accessibility of architecture, urban and products, at the Federal Institute of science and technology of Esp?rito Santo-Campus Santa Teresa, concerned to the visual disability of the student. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to analyse the laws, national rules, National Development Plan (PDI) of Ifes and publications that allow inclusion and accessibility of the school, as well as create its own avaliative instrument of this type of accessibility. It was used in this research case study with qualitative approach, observing the context and methods used to develop this proposal. We can evidence that the school inclusion in agricultural education, regard to student with low vision, is a big challenge due to the peculiarities of the technical course in farming and the existing physical structure, which remains unchanged since the Campus creation, in 1941. Since the application of physical accessibility Protocol was possible the physical assess of Santa Teresa?s Campus, which does not correspond to the required standards, and establish a dialogue between the real and the ideal, identifying the legislation application, rules and publications in the visual disability area as well as the institutional reality / Este trabalho buscou avaliar a acessibilidade f?sica: urbana, arquitet?nica e de produtos, no Instituto Federal de Ci?ncia e Tecnologia do Esp?rito Santo (Ifes) - C?mpus Santa Teresa, no tocante ao aluno com defici?ncia visual. Para alcan?ar este objetivo, fez-se necess?rio analisar as legisla??es, normas nacionais, Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional (PDI) do Ifes e publica??es que permeiam a acessibilidade e inclus?o escolar, assim como criar um instrumento pr?prio de avalia??o deste tipo de acessibilidade. Utilizou-se nesta pesquisa o estudo de caso com enfoque qualitativo, tendo em vista a contextualiza??o e m?todos utilizados para desenvolver esta proposta. Pode-se evidenciar que a inclus?o escolar no ensino agr?cola, no tocante ao estudante com defici?ncia visual, ? um grande desafio devido ?s especificidades do curso t?cnico em agropecu?ria e a estrutura f?sica existente, que permanece inalterada desde a cria??o do C?mpus, em 1941. A partir da aplica??o do protocolo de acessibilidade f?sica foi poss?vel avaliar a acessibilidade f?sica do C?mpus Santa Teresa, que n?o atende aos padr?es exigidos, e estabelecer um di?logo entre o real e o ideal, identificando a aplica??o da legisla??o, normas e publica??es na ?rea da defici?ncia visual e a realidade institucional, levantando dados para novas propostas de a??es inclusivas e de orienta??o ? gest?o educacional.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-23T18:34:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Francisco Edinaldo Feitosa Araujo.pdf: 1113197 bytes, checksum: 1db82bdffd4d8bbec853df24b6424a65 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-23T18:34:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Francisco Edinaldo Feitosa Araujo.pdf: 1113197 bytes, checksum: 1db82bdffd4d8bbec853df24b6424a65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / This research was conducted with the students from the technical course in agriculture Agrotechnical Federal School in Castanhal, Par? - EAFC - who work in agrarian reform settlements in Northeast of Par?, they have as objectives: to diagnose the action of the EAFC students about the swine practiced in these settlements, to analyze the guideline for the training process of technical courses with emphasis on swine, identify whether the performance of EAFC students favors the dissemination of knowledge in swine activity in agrarian reform settlements. Its was chosen a case study, in the scope of qualitative research, as the most appropriate approach to the investigative process, by reference, it was used questionnaires and interviews, as well as document analysis, fundamental to the process. The documentation issue was organized mainly from research on the Internet at specialized sites in the discussion of rural development. The bibliographical research has prioritized the reading of books and/or academic papers and doctoral theses and Master?s dissertations related to the topic. The study of monitoring reports, technical control of the family units and reports were used in the process as important analysis resources. The students? training was analyzed based on three main elements: the level of education, the training, the time formed as Agricultural Technician and the professional qualification, in terms of continuous education. The EAFC students with service activity in pig farming in the rural settlements in Northeast of Par? hold information on the swine activity disconnected from the reality of family farming, so it is necessary to reframe the curriculum, to rethink the teaching spaces of research and production sectors, as well as the teaching and learning process. / Esta pesquisa foi realizada com os egressos do curso t?cnico em agropecu?ria da Escola Agrot?cnica Federal de Castanhal, Par? ? EAFC ?, que atuam em assentamentos da reforma agr?ria no Nordeste Paraense, tendo como objetivos: diagnosticar a a??o dos egressos da EAFC sobre a suinocultura praticada nestes assentamentos; analisar a concep??o norteadora do processo formativo dos cursos t?cnicos com ?nfase na suinocultura; identificar se a atua??o dos egressos da EAFC favorece a difus?o de conhecimentos na atividade suin?cola nos assentamentos da reforma agr?ria. Elegeu-se o estudo de caso, no escopo da pesquisa qualitativa, como o enfoque mais adequado ao processo investigativo, recorrendo-se, como procedimentos, aplica??o de question?rio e entrevista, bem como a an?lise documental, fundamental para o processo. A documenta??o tem?tica foi organizada, sobretudo, a partir de pesquisa na internet, em s?tios especializados na discuss?o do desenvolvimento rural. A pesquisa bibliogr?fica priorizou a consulta de livros e/ou trabalhos acad?micos como Teses de Doutorado e Disserta??es de Mestrado relacionados ao tema. O estudo de fichas de acompanhamento e controle t?cnico das unidades familiares, relat?rios, se constitu?ram, nesse processo, tamb?m em importantes recursos de an?lise. A forma??o dos egressos foi analisada a partir de tr?s elementos principais: o n?vel de ensino, de forma??o, o tempo de formado como T?cnico Agropecu?rio e a qualifica??o profissional, em termos de forma??o continuada. Os egressos da EAFC com atividade de assist?ncia t?cnica em suinocultura nos Assentamentos Rurais do Nordeste Paraense det?m a informa??o sobre a atividade da suinocultura desconectada da realidade da agricultura familiar, havendo a necessidade de ressignifica??o do curr?culo, de repensar os espa?os pedag?gicos dos setores de pesquisa e produ??o, bem como tamb?m faz?-lo com o processo de ensino e aprendizagem.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-28T20:04:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Marize Setubal Sampaio.pdf: 1113946 bytes, checksum: 1bbebab8bcf9a942498c1568a488998c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T20:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Marize Setubal Sampaio.pdf: 1113946 bytes, checksum: 1bbebab8bcf9a942498c1568a488998c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / The research studied the Profile of the Graduates of the Graduate Program in Agricultural Education and their professional performance. The study was descriptive-exploratory, quantitative and qualitative, carried out with a population of 170 masters graduated by the Graduate Program in Agricultural Education (PPGEA), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), between the years of 2005 - 2012, whose register was up to date. The general objective of the study was to analyze the profile of the graduates graduated by the Program in the Education and Management Area, situating their professional activity after the conclusion of the course. The first stage of the study consisted of a documentary study, through data collection in the PPGEA secretariat, of those who made up the research universe, with emphasis on the registration form and their respective curriculum lattes. In the second phase, a questionnaire was constructed and applied, with the return of 51 subjects, who were part of the study sample. The respondents' profile was defined based on a set of indicators described from the sample surveyed and the evaluation element. In general terms, it was found that the PPGEA has achieved its objectives regarding the intellectual and personal growth of the subjects surveyed, with scientific technical improvement, personal satisfaction and professional growth, as pointed out by 98% of respondents. It is noteworthy that only 2% of the 51 respondents stated that their expectations had not been met. Regarding the professional performance, it was verified that the majority after the conclusion of the master's degree remained in the teaching activity. With respect to the characteristics of the program that contribute to the satisfactory achievement of its objectives, it is highlighted the methodology used in the training of the masters. The relevance of the work to the importance of continuing education in the life of the graduates and the teachers' perception of the program's systematics. / A pesquisa estudou o Perfil dos Egressos do Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o Agr?cola e sua atua??o profissional. O estudo foi de car?ter descritivo-explorat?rio, quantitativo e qualitativo, realizado com uma popula??o de 170 mestres titulados pelo Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o Agr?cola (PPGEA), da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), entre os anos de 2005 - 2012, cujo cadastro encontrava-se atualizado. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi analisar o perfil dos egressos formados pelo Programa na ?rea de Educa??o e Gest?o, situando a sua atua??o profissional ap?s a conclus?o do curso. A primeira fase do trabalho constituiu-se de estudo documental, atrav?s de levantamento de dados na secretaria do PPGEA, daqueles que compunham o universo da pesquisa, com ?nfase na ficha de inscri??o e seus respectivos curriculum lattes. Na segunda fase foi constru?do e aplicado um question?rio, com o retorno de 51 sujeitos, que fizeram parte da amostra do estudo. O perfil dos respondentes foi definido com base em um conjunto de indicadores descritos da amostra pesquisada e elemento de avalia??o. Em linhas gerais, constatou-se que o PPGEA vem alcan?ando seus objetivos no que concerne ao crescimento intelectual e pessoal dos sujeitos pesquisados, com aprimoramento t?cnico cient?fico, satisfa??o pessoal e ascens?o profissional, apontado por 98% dos informantes. Destaca-se que apenas 2% dos 51 respondentes, declararam n?o ter suas expectativas alcan?adas. Com rela??o ? atua??o profissional, verificou-se que a maioria ap?s a conclus?o do mestrado permaneceu na atividade docente. Com respeito ?s caracter?sticas do programa que contribuem para o alcance satisfat?rio dos seus objetivos, destaca-se a metodologia utilizada na forma??o dos mestres. A relev?ncia do trabalho ? import?ncia da forma??o continuada na vida dos egressos e a percep??o dos mestres quanto ? sistem?tica do Programa.

The rate at which the integration of distributed generation (DG) penetrates the public power supply has started to put various demands on the distribution system, since they are directly connected to the network. Distribution level protection is based on a time-overcurrent design. The design is to clear faults with as little impact and minimum time on the equipment and the customer. The increasing demands placed by grid services on the DGs, especially the PV types have a serious impact on the distribution system. For example, special protective devices are required to prevent the risk of danger in the event of mains interference. In this thesis, the main focus was on the contribution of fault currents to the distribution networks, and how the high penetration of DGs especially the renewable energy resources (R.E.S.) types affect the coordination of overcurrent (O.C.) protection. In view of the changes in the international regulations, the DGs are expected to stay connected and perform grid-related control functions, instead of shutting down at the first sign of a fault. This problem becomes more acute when the DGs stay connected during faults, known as voltage ride through (VRT). This thesis presented its findings on the impact of the DGs of various types of DGs (synchronous generator, asynchronous and power electronic) on the protection coordination by the high increase of fault currents, and the mitigation techniques of the impact of the inverter interfaced DGs (whose fault current contribution was not so high) on the overcurrent protection. The impact on system’s over-current protection coordination in such hybrid AC and DC microgrid, how the fault current changes by the high penetration of DGs in the hybrid microgrid and their effects on the protection over-current coordination were presented, as the name microgrid was adopted for networks having a point of common connection (PCC). The inverter interfaced-equipment were never in the conventional systems, the few that were there were all on the load side of the distribution system. The inverter interfacing DGs (PVs) and the synchronous types are the types of DGs that affect over-current protection of the distribution system and these were mitigated accordingly, considering the first few cycles of the fault events of the ride through capabilities. The analysis of the different penetration levels of the DGs in an existing 33kV in the Nigerian distribution network, (CocaCola-Challenge Industrial feeder) was thoroughly analysed, for less than 20%, more than 60% and 100% of the feeder load. Most of the DGs, presently existing in that network are the synchronous types, but they are only used as standby sources of power, and the renewables (RES) like the photovoltaics (PV), run of flow (RoF) Hydo and the wind turbine generators (WTG) are proposed additions. The objective of this thesis was to explain the fundamentals of distribution generation (DG) and especially the RES, in relation to distribution protection relay coordination to see why there should be urgency in carrying out the study especially in a developing environment where the grid is unstable, the load is rapidly expanding and RES is intermittent. The radial distribution system (DS) with high penetration of DG was introduced. The motive was to critically investigate protection coordination problems and the solutions to the problems. The main objective was to optimally recommend the type, size and location of the DG for an actual distribution feeder in an unstable environment where the grid supply is not steady. The effect of 100% and above of feeder load penetration on such feeders formed the objective of this research. The literature review which was for investigating in greater details the technical aspects of the operation and control of the high penetration of RES in the distribution system were thoroughly analysed. The review of the existing radial distribution protection system and the effects of high penetration of DG on the protective relaying were thoroughly investigated. The issues of power electronic based inverters and the protection coordination problems, were investigated. The protection coordination as regards to fault level changes and grounding, intentional and un-intentional islanding were major important aspects which were treated in the technical review.

In my thesis I am looking into the comparison of communication strategy of the Coca-Cola company and its representative competitors in the Czech Republic and abroad. Each company has its own communication strategy and its communication mix, with help of which it is pursuing the successfulness of the communication strategy. The objective of my research is to find out to what extent it is successful and how strongly the communication mix affects the consumers. Based on the results of the research, I constitute my own recommendations for respective companies regarding the means of adjusting their communication mix in order to reach desired results.

This thesis deals with the method for time conversion of an audio signal based on a different approach to groups tonal and non-tonal segment signal implemented in Matlab. The first part deal with methods for musical signal processing based on time compression or expansion and describes the problems associated with the current way of implementing these methods. The following describes the methods of variable segmentation and tonal and non-tonal components detection in the audio recording. At the second part are these methods of variable segmentation, tonal component detection and time compression or expansion implemented in MATLAB. At the third part is performed testing on sound recordings and evaluation of results.

Orientador: Julio Cesar Molina / Resumo: A Madeira Laminada Colada (MLC) é uma alternativa promissora no mercado brasileiro de construção, as indústrias vêm buscando alternativas que melhorem a qualidade de seus produtos seja através das espécies de madeira utilizadas, tipo de adesivo ou processo de fabricação. Este estudo avaliou os métodos de ensaio de delaminação e resistência da linha de cola propostos pelo projeto de revisão da norma brasileira de madeiras ABNT NBR 7190:1997. Foram considerados os métodos de ensaio ABNT NBR PN 02:126.10-001-5 e ABNT NBR ISO PN 02:126.10-001-3. Foram utilizados dois gêneros de madeiras (Pinus e Eucalipto), com e sem tratamento preservativo das lamelas com CCA e três tipos de adesivos (poliuretanas mono e bicomponente e resorcinol-formaldeído). Para os ensaios de delaminação e resistência da linha de cola, foram confeccionados os dispositivos necessários (autoclave e dispositivo para ensaio de cisalhamento da linha de cola). Os resultados de delaminação revelam que os valores médios obtidos para as combinações ERS (Eucalipto - Resina resorcinol-formaldeído - In natura), EBS (Eucalipto - Resina poliuretana bicomponente - In natura) e PRS (Pinus - Resina resorcinol-formaldeído - In natura) apresentaram valores dentro do aceitável de 4% pelo projeto de norma PN 02:126.10-0001- 5. Os resultados da análise estatística entre as linhas de cola mostraram que há diferença significativa entre as resistências médias ao cisalhamento. De modo geral, as combinações empregando Eucalipto apresen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

[pt] A presente tese tem como objetivo discutir o que é marketing a partir de três momentos. No primeiro momento, uma apreciação histórica do conceito é apresentada, analisando eventos que nos dão pistas de como pôde ter surgido um pensamento de marketing, com o intuito de compreender a raiz cultural do conceito. O segundo momento se dá através de conceitos e teorias propostos pelos autores reconhecidos no campo de estudos do marketing. Para isso, foram entrevistados professores na área de marketing, que apontaram um conjunto de autores e livros relevantes. A pesquisa analisa as obras indicadas pelos especialistas, problematizando os sentidos e as matrizes teóricas do conceito de marketing para esses autores. Por fim, no terceiro momento, a pesquisa propõe uma análise do marketing na prática, cujo objetivo é entender como as empresas entendem marketing e que papéis elas desempenham nas organizações. Para isso, será desenvolvido um estudo de caso da Coca-Cola Brasil, através de entrevistas com funcionários e ex-funcionários do departamento de marketing da empresa. Depois de realizar esta triangulação – história das práticas culturais do marketing, conceitos e teorias de marketing e estudo de caso – a pesquisa aponta as convergências e divergências entre esses três âmbitos. As conclusões sugerem que o marketing possui como um de seus principais fundamentos os processos comunicativos e suas representações culturais, sociais e históricas. O conceito de marketing converge em alguns aspectos na história, na teoria e na prática e sua aplicação constrói novas teorias à medida que o marketing se transforma. / [en] The present thesis aims at discussing what marketing is from three moments. In the first moment, a historical appreciation of the concept is presented, analyzing events that give us hints of how a marketing thought could have arisen, in order to understand the cultural root of the concept. The second moment occurs through concepts and theories proposed by recognized authors in the field of marketing studies. For this, were interviewed teachers in the area of marketing who pointed out a set of relevant authors and books. The research analyzes the works recommended by the specialists, problematizing the meanings and theoretical matrices of the marketing concept for these authors. Finally, in the third moment, the research proposes a marketing analysis in practice, whose objective is to note how companies understand marketing and what roles they play in organizations. For this, a case study of Coca-Cola Brazil will be developed, through interviews with employees and former employees of the company s marketing department. After promoting this triangulation - history of cultural marketing practices, concepts and theories of marketing and case study - the research points out the convergences and divergences between these three scopes. The conclusions suggest that marketing has as one of its main foundations the communicative processes and their cultural, social and historical representations. The concept of marketing converges in some respects in history, theory and practice and its application builds new theories as marketing changes.