Le procédé de broyage en voie humide est une opération intéressante permettant la production de particules fines ou de nanoparticules. La caractérisation de la taille des particules est une donnée essentielle pour l'interprétation des données, le contrôle et l'optimisation de ces procédés selon divers aspects. Il y a un manque de connaissances relatif à la caractérisation de la taille de particules en relation avec les procédés de broyage en voie humide. Cette caractérisation est spécifique pour différentes raisons. (i) Les dispersions traitées par broyage contiennent souvent des impuretés et (ou) des additifs. Nous savons assez peu comment les impuretés et les additifs influencent la taille des particules en suspension dans ces procédés. (ii) Lors de procédés de broyage en voie humide, des dispersions de différentes concentrations peuvent être utilisées. Il est important de savoir comment la concentration de la dispersion peut influencer la mesure de la taille des particules lors du procédé. (iii) La modification de la taille moyenne des particules, résultant de leur fragmentation, est rapide. (iv) Le degré de polydispersité dans le produit change au cours du temps. (v) La nature des interactions entre les particules change; avant broyage les particules sont non-colloïdales, elles le deviennent après un certain temps d'opération. De même, il y a un manque de connaissances permettant de comprendre comment la qualité du produit broyé final est affectée lors du broyage. Dans cette étude nous explorons plusieurs aspects de la caractérisation de taille et de la qualité du produit au cours d'un procédé de broyage en voie humide du CaCO3, réalisé à l'aide d'un broyeur à billes agité. La spectroscopie acoustique qui est une technique connue pour ses potentialités en matière de caractérisation de taille de dispersions en ligne, sous des conditions réelles de procédés et sans nécessiter une dilution des échantillons, a été utilisée dans cette étude en complément de la diffusion dynamique de la lumière. Ce travail a montré sous quelles conditions les effets des impuretés et des additifs etc. sur la taille des particules en suspension pouvaient être déterminés par spectroscopie acoustique. De plus, nous avons comparé et analysé les résultats des mesures de taille obtenus avec les deux techniques. Les différences observées ont été analysées. Nous avons montré que la diffusion multiple observée à forte concentration en solide lors des procédés de broyage en voie humide pouvait conduire à une mauvaise interprétation des résultats relatifs à la taille des particules. En outre, la qualité est un concept relatif. Dans ce travail, nous avons adopté une démarche pour mesurer les effets de différents paramètres sur les caractéristiques du produit broyé en se basant sur une définition de la qualité telle que dans la norme ISO 9000 :2005. La démarche a permis de prendre en compte différents paramètres opératoires importants (tels que les conditions de fonctionnement du broyeur, la mesure de la taille des particules et les propriétés du matériau), ainsi que différentes propriétés caractéristiques du produit (comme la taille moyenne des particules, la largeur de la distribution de taille, la stabilité de la dispersion, le taux d'impuretés, l'énergie spécifique apportée au système et l'apparence visuelle du produit). Nous avons montré que nous pouvions établir une relation entre les paramètres opératoires et différentes qualités de produits obtenus par un procédé de broyage en voie humide. / Wet grinding process is an interesting means of producing fine and nano particles. The particle sizing plays an important role in interpretation, control and optimization of various aspects of the wet grinding process. There is a lack of knowledge in understanding different aspects of particle sizing during a wet grinding process. The particle sizing in a wet grinding process is typical in the sense: (i) The dispersions in a wet grinding process, often, involve additives and (or) impurities. It is less known how impurities and additives influence the particle size of the dispersions in the wet grinding process. (ii) In a wet grinding process, dispersions of different concentrations may be used. It is less known how dispersions of different concentration may influence the particle sizing in a wet grinding process. (iii) In a wet grinding process, the change in average particle size of the product is rapid due to relatively fast breakage of the particles. (iv) The degree of poly dispersity in product changes with grinding time. (v) The nature of interaction between particles is non-colloidal before grinding process; this interaction becomes colloidal after a certain grinding time. Similarly, there is a lack of knowledge to understand how quality of final ground product is influenced in a wet grinding process. This study investigates the different aspects of particle sizing and product quality of aqueous dispersions of CaCO3 in a wet grinding process carried out in a stirred media mill. Acoustic attenuation spectroscopy that is known for measuring particle size of dispersions on line, under real process conditions and without diluting the sample has been employed in the study in addition to the technique of dynamic light scattering. The study brings out the conditions in which the effects of impurities and additives etc. on particle size of the dispersions may be determined using acoustic attenuation spectroscopy. Furthermore, the study compares and analyze the particle sizing results obtained though acoustic attenuation spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The causes of differences in the results of two techniques have been investigated. We report presence of multiple scattering at high concentration of the dispersions during wet grinding process that result in misleading results of the particles sizes. Quality is an intangible concept. In order to understand how different operating parameters influence product quality, we propose a method based upon the definition of quality as defined in ISO 9000:2005. The method takes into consideration the important operating parameters of wet grinding process (such as the operating condition of the mill, the measurement of particle size and the material) and important product characteristics ( such as average particle size, range of width of particle size distribution, stability of dispersion, degree of impurities, specific energy input and physical appearance). We bring out how a relationship between operating parameters and products of different grades may be established in a wet grinding process.

Les dispositifs interconnectés moulés (« Molded Interconnected Devices », MID) sont constitués de supports polymères avec des pistes métalliques déposées à leur surface. Les objectifs de la thèse ont été d'optimiser les traitements de surface de polymères d'origine industrielle étudiés dans le contexte des MID pour obtenir des dépôts par métallisation electroless présentant une bonne adhérence. De plus, des procédés innovants de localisation de tels dépôts métalliques ont été développés. Durant ces travaux, la fonctionnalisation par plasma micro-ondes sous différentes atmosphères azotées et sous différentes conditions a été étudiée pour obtenir l'adsorption d'espèces palladiées (catalyseurs universels de la réaction de métallisation electroless). Des plans d'expériences ont été mis en oeuvre pour identifier un protocole type, développé sur PA12, pour obtenir des dépôts adhérents (Ni, Cu). Cette méthode a pu être globalement transposée avec succès sur d'autres polymères d'origine industrielle (ABS/PC, LCP). La seconde partie des travaux a consisté à développer des protocoles originaux basés sur des colloïdes de palladium directement synthétisés en surface d'un tampon en PDMS (lithographie douce) pour la réalisation de motifs métalliques par des procédés « top-down » et « bottomup ». Des analyses de surface AFM, SEM, TEM, XPS, ToF-SIMS et de mouillage ont permis de caractériser les différentes modifications de surface. Ces protocoles ont permis la réalisation de motifs métalliques MID adhérents jusqu'à 15 μm d'épaisseur et des motifs submicrométriques à haute résolution et haute densité avec des caractéristiques non encore obtenues à ce jour via cette technologie / Molded Interconnected Devices (MID) consist in polymer based substrates with metal tracks at their surface. The aim of this thesis was to optimize surface treatments applied to industrial polymers intended for MID applications, in order to obtain electroless metal coatings exhibiting a high practical adhesion. Furthermore, innovative processes to localize these metal coatings were developed. In this work, surface functionalization based on various operating parameters of microwave plasma using various nitrogen-based atmospheres were studied to obtain palladium (universal catalyst for electroless metallization) adsorption. Designs of experiments were used to identify an optimal set of parameters for PA12 surface treatment to obtain adherent metal coatings (Ni, Cu). These conditions were overall successfully transferred to other industrial polymers (ABS/PC, LCP). The second part of this work consisted in the development of innovative processes based on the use of palladium colloids directly synthetized at the surface of PDMS stamps (soft lithography) to achieve localized metallization using bottom-up and top-down approaches. AFM, SEM, TEM, XPS, ToF-SIMS and wettability measurements allowed to characterise the various surface modifications. These processes made possible 15 μm thick MID metal patterns with satisfactory practical adhesion as well as high resolution and high density sub-micrometric patterns with unseen properties for this technology

Raman optical activity (ROA) is a powerful probe of the structure and behaviour of biomolecules in aqueous solution for a number of important problems in molecular biology. Although ROA is a very sensitive technique for studying biological samples, it is a very weak effect and the conditions of high concentration and long data collection time required limit its application for a wide range of biological samples. These limitations could possibly be overcome using the principle of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The combination of ROA with SERS in the form of surface enhanced ROA (SEROA) could be a solution for widening the application of ROA. In the last few years, the generation of reliable SEROA spectra of biomolecules has been problematic due to non-homogenous colloidal systems forming and low signal-to-noise ratios which complicated detection of the true SEROA signal from the analyte. L- and D-enantiomers give full or partially mirror image chiroptical spectra, this property of enantiomers can be employed to prove the chiroptical activity of the SEROA technique. In this thesis we employed a hydrophilic polycarbopol polymer as stabilising media which has led to the first report of mirror image SEROA bands for enantiomeric structures. This new technique of incorporating the hydrogel polymer as a means to stabilise the colloidal system has proven to be reliable in obtaining high quality SEROA spectra of D- and L-enantiomers of ribose and tryptophan. In an extension of the hydrogel-stabilised SEROA work, we also demonstrate that single nanoparticle plasmonic substrate such as silver silica nanotags can enhance the weak ROA effect. These dye tagged silica coated silver nanoparticles have enabled a chiral response to be transmitted from a chiral analyte to the plasmon resonance of an achiral metallic nanostructure. The measurement of mirror image SERROA bands for the two enantiomers of each of ribose and tryptophan was confirmed for this system. The generation of SEROA for both systems was achieved and confirmed SEROA as a new sensitive tool for analysis of biomolecular structure. In a related project, Raman and ROA spectra were measured for adenosine and seven of its derivative ribonucleotides. Both of these spectroscopic techniques are shown to be sensitive to the site and degree of phosphorylation, with a considerable number of marker bands being identified for these ribonucleotides. Moreover, the SERS studies of these ribonucleotides were also performed. The obtained SERS spectra were shown similar features that confirm these analytes interact with the surface in a similar manner, hence limiting the structural sensitivity of this method towards phosphate position. Short dipeptides such as diketopiperazine (DKP) have been investigated during the last decades as both natural and synthetic DKPs have a wide variety of biological activities. Raman and ROA spectra of linear and cyclic dialanine and diserine were measured to charecterize their solution structures. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out by a collaborator to assist in making vibrational band assignments. Considerable differences were observed between the ROA bands for the cyclic and linear forms of both dialanine and diserine that reflect large differences in the vibrational modes of the polypeptide backbone upon cyclicization. In this study, the ROA spectra of cyclic dialanine and diserine have been reported for the first time which demonstrated that ROA spectroscopy when utilised in combination with computational modelling clearly provides a potential tool for characterization of cyclic peptides.

L’encapsulation est une technique employée couramment par le milieu industriel, notamment dans le domaine du médical, de la parfumerie ou de la cosmétique. Afin de répondre aux attentes et de proposer des capsules modulables pour tous types d’applications, des capsules de type coeur-écorce ont été élaborées au cours de cette thèse. Elles sont obtenues à partir d’émulsion dont le coeur huileux est enrobé par une coque de silice, via la minéralisation de l’interface eau-huile. Les émulsions de Pickering, stabilisées par des particules colloïdales, sont particulièrement stables et intéressantes pour cette étude. Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre, dans un premier temps, les mécanismes fondamentaux impliqués dans le processus de fabrication. Cela a permis d’élaborer, par la suite, des matériaux hybrides complexes à différentes échelles, du micrométrique au nanométrique,mais également d’établir les mécanismes de libération par un stimulus externe. Enfin, une encapsulation maîtrisée permet d’allier stabilité au stockage et destruction rapide ou contrôlée à l’utilisation. Ainsi, par diverses méthodes définies dès la formulation de l’émulsion initiale, le contenu huileux des capsules peut être libéré de manière provoquée par une action mécanique ou par l’augmentation de la température (macroscopique ou local par hyperthermie magnétique). / Encapsulation is a technique used in the industry, in particular in the field of medical,perfumery or cosmetics. In order to meet the expectations and propose adaptable capsules for all types of applications, core-shell capsules type were developed during this thesis.There were based on emulsions science with an oily core coated by a silica shell,synthetized by sol-gel chemistry at the oil-water interface. Pickering emulsions, which are emulsions stabilized by colloidal particles, are particularly stable and interesting for this study. The aim of this thesis is to understand, at first, the fundamental mechanisms involved in the manufacturing process. This made it possible to develop complex hybrid materials at different scales, from micrometric to nanometric, but also to establish the releasing mechanisms by an external stimulus. Thanks to a controlled encapsulation, it is possible to combine stability (storage) and rapid or controlled destruction when used. Thus, by various method, defined from the formulation of the initial emulsion, the releasing of the oily contentcan be caused by mechanical action or by an temperature increased (macroscopically orlocally by magnetic hyperthermia).

This thesis deals with the non-equilibrium phenomena under shear observed mainly in bilayer forming liquid crystalline phases of mixed surfactant systems, anisotropic colloidal dispersions as well as Langmuir monolayers of membrane peptides. To correlate the structural transitions under shear with the mechanical properties or flow behaviour, the rheological measurements are combined with different techniques such as optical imaging (bright field, polarizing or confocal), small angle light scattering as well as small angle x-ray scattering (Rheo-SAXS) measurements. The bilayer forming phases that have been studied consist of mixed surfactant system formed by a mixture of ionic amphiphiles with strong binding organic counter ions. The propensity of the hydrophobic counterion to modify the spontaneous curvature at the micelle-water interface gives rise to a rich equilibrium phase behaviour consisting of different bilayer forming liquid crystalline mesophases in between the hexagonal and lamellar phases. The liquid crystalline mesophases presently examined under shear are the weakly swollen isotropic and lamellar phases as well as the random and rhombohedral mesh phases. The main motivation of the thesis was to examine the stability of these phases under shear since all the existing studies so far on shear induced structural transitions are mainly confined to highly swollen isotropic sponge phase of interconnecting bilayers that can transform to a lamellar phase consisting of a stack of bilayers with 1D quasi long range order or a dilute lamellar phase is shear transformed to a collapsed surfactant rich lamellar phase coexisting with excess solvent at Peclet Number greater than 1. The present study revealed for the first time a shear reversible crystallization above the equilibrium crystallization temperature in the weakly swollen isotropic and lamellar phases formed in the SDS-PTHC-water system where the structural transition is feasible through a shear induced segregation/microphase separation of the hydrophobic counterions to tune the curvature of the bilayer-water interface. These results incited us to examine the role of shear on another class of mesophases that are structurally similar to lamellar phase but with a non-uniform interfacial curvature of the bilayers identified as the intermediate mesh phases. Mesh phases are formed by a 1D stack of perforated bilayers with quasi-long range order where the water filled pores or curvature defects can have a liquid-like ordering in the plane of the bilayers as in a random mesh phase or the pores can have a square or hexagonal ordering locking into a three dimensional lattice with either tetragonal or rhombohedral symmetry to form Tα or R3m ordered mesh phases. Two characteristic features of the mesh phases that is noteworthy are i) the non-uniform mean curvature for the bilayers formed by 3-coordinated hexagonal mesh or the 4-coordinated square mesh; ii) the elasticity of the bilayers forming the hexagonal or square ordered mesh in R3m or Tα phases as opposed to the fluid-like bilayers with zero surface shear modulus in the random mesh or classical lamellar phases (Lα). Hence the structural similarity as well as differences of the mesh phases with the lamellar phase raises some pertinent questions regarding the stability of surfactant mesh phases under shear. Two striking consequences of shear flow on the random and ordered mesh phases of a cationic-anionic mixed surfactant system were revealed: a shear-induced 3D ordering of the curvature defects in LDα phase as well as a hydrodynamic instability wherein a sequence of structural rearrangements leading to buckling instability gives rise to unstable flows in the R3m phase. These studies on shear induced structural transitions on partially ordered mesophases is juxtaposed with the study on another class of systems that were examined under shear comprising dispersion of anisotropic colloidal rods. We demonstrate that these suspensions shear thicken at low concentrations (≥ 25 %) and origin of shear thickening is formation of stress bearing hydrodynamic clusters rather than order-disorder transition. Finally we also examine the rheological properties of a monolayer of membrane peptide Alamethicin where the coexistence of solid-like domains in a backround of liquid expanded phase at high surface concetrations gives rise to a dense anisotropic suspension in 2D. The rheological properties of these jammed fluid/fluid interfaces formed by membrane proteins is well explained by the soft glassy rheology model proposed earlier in the context of 3D soft glasses, comprising emulsions, foams, colloidal glasses and gels. Chapter 1 starts with a general introduction of soft condensed matter systems and then we proceed to describe surfactant systems, their phase behaviour and self assembly. The formation of liquid crystalline phases in pure surfactant systems and in presence of additives such as salt or counterions are discussed. A brief introduction to colloids is explained further. This is followed by the discussion on the inter-macromolecular forces governing soft matter systems such as van der Waals interaction, the screened Coulomb repulsion, hydrogen bond, depletion, peristaltic, hydrophobic and hydration forces and steric repulsion. We further explain the systems studied and their phase behaviour at different concentrations formed by SDS-PTHC-water, CTAB-SHN-water system in detail. In the next section we describe the characterization of different liquid crystalline phases viz. nematic, hexagonal, isotropic, lamellar, intermediate mesh and ribbon phases using cross polarizing optical microscopy, small angle x-ray and rheology. Then, a theoretical background of linear and nonlinear rheology, optical/confocal microscopy and x-ray scattering techniques are given. This is followed by discussion on flow properties of colloidal suspensions in dilute and semi-dilute regime and finally shear thickening phenomena observed in concentrated suspensions. We discuss shear thickening phenomena observed in anisotropic precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) colloids. We have also discussed shear induced phase and structural transitions observed in different liquid crystalline phases. Chapter 2 discusses the experimental apparatus and techniques used in our studies. We have discussed the different components of the MCR-300 and 101 stress-controlled rheometer (Paar Physica, Germany). The cross polarizing optical microscopy in transmission and reflection mode using a home-made shear cell and in built set-up respectively, and small angle light scattering set-up are discussed. Next, we discuss in-situ small angle x-ray rheology setup, a home made Couette cell installed at RRI Bangalore, Couette installed at SWING beamline Soleil, Paris, France and parallel plate setup at PETRA III, Germany. This is followed by discussion on sample preparation and synthesis technique of silica colloidal rods and modification of surface potential using a thermo-responsive polymer. Further, we explain the algorithm to track rods and analysis of SAXS 2D diffraction pattern. Flow behaviour of different phases formed in SDS-PTHC-water system are described in Chapter 3. This chapter has been divided into four sections. In section I, we describe the phase behaviour and rheology of micellar solution at different surfactant concentrations (ϕ) and molar ratios (α = [PTHC]/[SDS]) of two components. At ϕ = 0.3, a transition from viscous to visco-elastic behaviour is observed with increasing α from 0 to 0.3. Zero shear viscosity shows a non-monotonic behaviour with increasing α and reveals a maxima at α = 0.15. At low α, we observe a Newtonian behaviour which changes to shear thinning behaviour with increasing α and finally again retains the Newtonian behaviour. Dynamic light scattering studies in conjunction with presence of nematic phase made up of disks (confirmed by cross-polarizing optical microscopy) at higher α > 0.325, suggest that the drop in zero shear viscosity is due to decrease in length of the micelles from rods to disks. A similar behaviour is observed with increasing ϕ at constant α = 0.2, 0.25, 0.6. A change in the morphology of micellar aggregates with increase in α is expected in mixed surfactant systems with strongly binding counterions. However the change in morphology of micellar aggregates with surfactant content in surprising which is witnessed for the first time in mixed surfactant systems. In section II of this chapter we discuss the phase behaviour and rehological properties of different liquid crystalline phases formed in SDS-PTHC-water system at ϕ = 0.4, and varying α from 0 to 0.4. Using deutrium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies we show that the transition from hexagonal phase at α = 0, to lamellar phase at α = 0.4 occurs through a nemtaic phase of rods at α = 0.05 and nemtaic phase of disks at α = 0.2 through an isotropic phase of rods at α = 0.15. NMR studies reveal a decrease in variation of the quadrupole splitting across the transition from NC to ND. The visco-elastic and flow behaviour of the different phases were examined. A decrease in the steady shear viscosity across the different phases with increasing α suggests a decrease in the aspect ratio of the micellar aggregates. From the transient shear stress response of the NC and ND nematic phases in step shear experiments, they were characterized to be tumbling and flow aligning, respectively. Our studies reveal that by tuning the morphology of the surfactant micelles, strongly binding counterions modify the phase behaviour and rheological properties of concentrated surfactant solutions. In section III, we discuss shear induced phase transition in SDS-PTHC-water system using in-situ rheo-optical imaging and in-situ rheo-SAXS. Bilayer forming liquid crystalline phases namely isotropic (Li - optically isotropic) and lamellar (Lα - optically birefringence) are formed at α = 1.5, ϕ = 0.4 and α = 1, ϕ = 0.5. Both phases co-exist with excess solvent and remain fully swollen at temperature T > 50 oC. We have constructed a dynamic phase diagram in the parameter space of shear rate and temperature which demonstrate a novel shear induced phase transition to a crystalline phase (Lc) above a critical shear rate. At constant shear rate, the increase in viscosity is accompanied by presence of birefringent texture of Lα phase after a waiting time (t) which decreases with increasing shear rate. The Lc phase is stable under shear and melts back to equilibrium Li phase once shear is stopped. At higher temperature a transition from Li → Lα is observed. In-situ small angle x-ray scattering reveals an evolution of additional peaks in small as well as wide angle region which does not evolve any further once the viscosity reaches a maxima. The Lc phase obtained under shear at different shear rates can be indexed to a triclinic lattice with the lattice parameters depending on shear rates. We propose that the possible origin of phase transition is re-distribution of counterions under shear which results in counterion-rich and counterion-poor region. This counterion rich region results in crystalline Lc phase. In addition to revealing a unique class of non-equilibrium phase transition, the present study urges a unique approach toward understanding shear-induced phenomena in concentrated meso-phases of mixed amphiphilic systems In section IV we propose a shear induced nucleation and growth of crystalline phase in metastable bilayer forming Li and Lα phases. Nucleation and growth of crystalline phase ac-celerated by shear exhibits a power law dependence on time. The time of nucleation strongly depends on the shear rate with different exponents for different phase compositions. The crystalline phase formed under the influence of shear is stable and irreversible for tempera-ture < 28 oC. The crystal structure obtained under shear can be indexed to a triclinic unit cell with different lattice parameters depending on the shear rate and concentration probed. In Chapter 4, we discuss shear induced transitions observed in mesh phases formed in cationic surfactant system CTAB in the presence of strongly binding counterions SHN formed at different surfactant concentration (ϕ) and molar ratio (α). Random mesh phase (LDα) formed at ϕ = 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and α = 1 are identified as stack of bilayers having curvature defects in form of water filled pores in the plane of bilayers . These pores do not have any long range correlation either in-plane or across the plane. A 3D ordered mesh phase (R3m) is formed at α = 1 and ϕ = 0.6, where these pores have in-plane and out of plane positional correlation and locked into a 3D lattice with rhombohedral symmetry. These phases are easily identified from small angle x-ray scattering studies wherein LDα a diffuse peak corresponding to in-plane defect spacing (ddef ) is observed along with lamellar d-spacing (d). However several additional peaks along with lamellar peak are observed for R3m phase revealing a long range correlation of pores. By shearing different LDα phases formed at different ϕ′s, we D phases formed probe the effect of shear far and near to the R3m phase boundary. When Lα at ϕ = 0.3 and 0.4 are sheared at constant shear rate, we observe a structural transition to an onion phase which is accompanied by increase in viscosity at the onset of the transition. D When Lα phase formed near R3m phase at ϕ = 0.5 is sheared, we observe a decrease in viscosity which is accompanied by the presence of a sharp peak near the diffuse peak corresponding to ddef along with several other small as well as wide angle peaks. All these D phase. We propose that peaks can be indexed to R3m phase co-existing with equilibrium Lα the locking of the defects into a 3D lattice occurs when the in-plane correlation length (ddef ) is larger than the bilayer periodicity (d). Prior to appearance of sharp peak near ddef , we observe an a-orientation of lamellae i.e. bilayers align along the shear-gradient plane where shear is likely to increase the length of cylindrical arrays or rods. A shear driven increase in the length of the rods implies a larger radius of this in-plane circle forming the pores, leading to a lower curvature and consequently a lower curvature energy. This increase in average size of the pores under shear favored by the lower curvature energy is expected to increase the in-plane as well as the trans-bilayer correlation length of the defects. The Lα → R3m phase transition is also observed in another system cetylpyridinium chloride (CPCl)-SHN-water. Thus this type of transition is general feature of random mesh phases when sheared near R3m phase in the equilibrium phase diagram. A thixotropic behaviour with yield stress (σy = 500 Pa, is observed when equilibrium R3m phase is sheared. When the shear stress crosses a threshold value of 1000 Pa, we observe an avalanche behaviour with drop in viscosity of more than 4 orders of magnitude. This drop is accompanied by appearance of several sharp peaks which can be indexed to two or three R3m phases. The similar transition is observed under shear in R3m phase formed in CPCl-SHN-water system. We propose that shearing a 3D ordered lattice of defects as in the R3m phase leads to additional structural transitions, though the rhombohedral symmentry is retained. In Chapter 5, we discuss shear thickening observed in colloidal rods. Using rheology combined with microscopy, we demonstrate that origin of shear thickening in colloidal rods is the formation of hydroclusters and not order-disorder transition. We observe continuous (CST) as well as discontinuous shear thickening (DST) at volume fractions of colloidal sus-pension at 25 % and > 30 % respectively. In DST, in controlled stress measurements, flow curve exhibits an S-shaped flow curve (stress vs. shear rate) where we observe a negative slope in shear thickening regime. By combining fast confocal microscopy with rheometer (parallel plate geometry), we investigate the possible mechanism for shear thickening in our suspension and rule out order-disorder transition. This indicates that the shear thickening might be a consequence of formation of hydroclusters which is confirmed by modifying sur-face properties of these colloids where a thermo responsive microgel PNIPAM was used as a shell to the silica core. The advantage of using PNIPAM is that the polymer brush remains fully swollen below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and shrinks above the LCST (34 oC) acting as hard particles. Thus by controlling the temperature, the interparticle separation can be tuned. We observe a pure shear thinning and shear thickening behaviour below and above LCST respectively. We show that by changing the interparticle separation we can avoid hydrocluster formation arsing due to the hydrodynamic lubrication forces re-sponsible for the shear thickening. The calculation the order parameter and measurements on core-shell particles illustrate that microscopic origin of shear thickening is the formation of hydroclusters and not order-disorder transition. Chapter 6 deals with the 2D interfacial rheology of antibiotic alamethecin film at air-water interface. Fluorescence microscopy of alamethicin monolayers revealed a coexistence of liquid expanded (LE) and solid phases at the surface concentrations studied. Interfa-cial oscillatory shear measurements on alamethicin monolayers indicate that its viscoelastic properties are determined by the area fraction of the solid domains. The role of zwitterionic phospholipids dioleoylphosphatidyl choline (DOPC) and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE) on the peptide aggregation behaviour was investigated. Fluorescence microscopy of alamethicin/phospholipid monolayers revealed an intermediate phase (I) in addition to the solid and LE phase. In mixed monolayers of phospholipid (L)/alamethicin (P), with increase in L/P, the monolayer transforms from a viscoelastic to a viscous fluid with the increase in area fraction of the intermediate phase. Further, a homogeneous mixing of alamethicin/lipid molecules is observed at L/P>4. Our studies also confirm that the visco-elasticity of alame-thicin/phospholipid monolayers is closely related to the alamethicin/phospholipid interac-tions at the air-water interface.

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Carbon nanotubes are known as one of the strongest materials in nature and since their discovery; they have triggered the scientific interest for fabricating multi-functional polymer composites. However, a well-known problem associated to the incorporation of nanoparticulate materials in polymer matrices is their tendency to agglomerate in order to reduce their surface energy, and the extreme increase of the polymer viscosities (i.e melts, solutions, etc), which makes it very difficult to process them. Polymers can be efficiently reinforced by fibers for applications where high strength and stiffness are required. Micro-scale short fiber reinforced polymer composites have been an alternative way to obtain fiber reinforced composites since the long fiber incorporation is a painful job and not always feasible and easy to produce composites in big scale. Therefore, use of long glass fibers as the support for depositing CNTs as well as CNTs+other kind of nanoparticles was made, and the resulting interfaces were investigated in detail by single fiber model composites. This approach can bring the CNT functionality, fiber strength and toughness to the final composite, and simultaneously alleviate the manufacturing process from increase of the polymer high viscosities. Finally, very logically the question of whether to improve or destroy the interface integrity comes before implementing the hybrid hierarchical reinforcements in bigger scales, and an output out of this work will be given. Furthermore, several information and functionalities arising from the CNTs at the interphase region will be elucidated like cure monitoring of the epoxy resin matrix, UV-sensing ability, and thermoelectric energy harvesting, giving rise to multi-functional structural composites. CNT-modified natural fibers also have been utillised to fabricate short fiber reinforced composites, and have shown a promising reinforcement effect due to the CNT nanostructured interfaces. The ‘interface’ in fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs) is known as a very crucial parameter that has to be considered in the design of a composite with desired properties. Interfaces are often considered as surfaces however, they are in fact zones or areas with compositional, structural, and property gradients, typically varying from that of the fiber and the matrix material. Characterization of the mechanical properties of interfaces is necessary for understanding the mechanical behavior of scaled-up composites. In fact, the mechanical characteristics of a fiber/resin composite depend mainly on i) the mechanical properties of the component materials, ii) the surface of the fiber, and iii) the nature of the fiber/resin bonding as well as the mode of stress transfer at the interface. Among the many factors that govern the characteristics of composites involving a glass, carbon, natural or ceramic fiber, and a macromolecular matrix, the adhesion between fiber and matrix plays a predominant role. In specific, the stress transfer at the interface requires an efficient coupling between fiber and matrix. Therefore, it is important to optimize the interfacial bonding since a direct linkage between fiber and matrix gives rise to a rigid, low impact resistance composite material.

Kolloidpartikel die von zwei nicht mischbaren Fluiden benetzt werden, tendieren dazu sich an der fluiden Grenzfläche aufzuhalten um die Oberflächenspannung zu minimieren. Bei genügender Anzahl solcher Kolloide werden diese zusammengedrückt und lassen die fluide Grenzfläche erstarren. Das gesamte System aus Fluiden und Kolloiden bildet dann eine spezielle Emulsion mit interessanten Eigenschaften. In dieser Arbeit wird ein kontinuum Model für solche Systeme entwickelt, basierend auf den Prinzipien der Massenerhaltung und der themodynamischen Konsistenz. Dabei wird die makroskopische Zwei-Phasen-Strömung durch eine Navier-Stokes Cahn-Hilliard Gleichung modelliert und die mikroskopischen Partikel an der fluiden Grenzfläche durch einen Phase-Field-Crystal Ansatz beschrieben. Zur Evaluation des verwendeten Strömungsmodells wird ein Test verschiedener Navier-Stokes Cahn-Hilliard Modelle anhand eines bekannten Benchmark Szenarios durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen von anderen Methoden zur Simulation von Zwei-Phasen-Strömungen verglichen. Desweiteren wird eine neue Methode zur Simulation von Zwei-Phasen-Strömungen in komplexen Gebieten vorgestellt. Dabei wird die komplexe Geometrie implizit durch eine Phasenfeldvariable beschrieben, welche die charakteristische Funktion des Gebietes approximiert. Die Strömungsgleichungen werden dementsprechend so umformuliert, dass sie in einem größeren und einfacheren Gebiet gelten, wobei die Randbedingungen implizit durch zusätzliche Quellterme eingebracht werden. Zur Einarbeitung der Oberflächenkolloide in das Strömungsmodell wird schließlich die Variation der freien Energie des Gesamtsystems betrachtet. Dabei wird die Energie der Partikel durch die Phase-Field-Crystal Energie approximiert und die Energie der Oberfläche durch die Ginzburg-Landau Energie. Eine Variation der Gesamtenergie liefert dann die Phase-Field-Crystal Gleichung und die Navier-Stokes Cahn-Hilliard Gleichungen mit zusätzlichen elastischen Spannunngen. Zur Validierung des Ansatzes wird auch eine sharp interface Version der Gleichungen hergeleitet und mit der zuvor hergeleiteten diffuse interface Version abgeglichen. Die Diskretisierung der erhaltenen Gleichungen erfolgt durch Finiten Elemente in Kombination mit einem semi-impliziten Euler Verfahren. Durch numerische Simulationen wird die Anwendbarkeit des Modells gezeigt und bestätigt, dass die oberflächenaktiven Kolloide die fluide Grenzfläche hinreichend steif machen können um externen Kräften entgegenzuwirken und das gesamte System zu stabilisieren. / Colloid particles that are partially wetted by two immiscible fluids can become confined to fluidfluid interfaces. At sufficiently high volume fractions, the colloids may jam and the interface may crystallize. The fluids together with the interfacial colloids compose an emulsion with interesting new properties and offer an important route to new soft materials. Based on the principles of mass conservation and thermodynamic consistency, we develop a continuum model for such systems which combines a Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes model for the macroscopic two-phase fluid system with a surface Phase-Field-Crystal model for the microscopic colloidal particles along the interface. We begin with validating the used flow model by testing different diffuse interface models on a benchmark configuration for a two-dimensional rising bubble and compare the results with reference solutions obtained by other two-phase flow models. Furthermore, we present a new method for simulating two-phase flows in complex geometries, taking into account contact lines separating immiscible incompressible components. In this approach, the complex geometry is described implicitly by introducing a new phase-field variable, which is a smooth approximation of the characteristic function of the complex domain. The fluid and component concentration equations are reformulated and solved in larger regular domain with the boundary conditions being implicitly modeled using source terms. Finally, we derive the thermodynamically consistent diffuse interface model for two-phase flow with interfacial particles by taking into account the surface energy and the energy associated with surface colloids from the surface PFC model. The resulting governing equations are the phase field crystal equations and Navier-Stokes Cahn-Hilliard equations with an additional elastic stress. To validate our approach, we derive a sharp interface model and show agreement with the diffuse interface model. We demonstrate the feasibility of the model and present numerical simulations that confirm the ability of the colloids to make the interface sufficiently rigid to resist external forces and to stabilize interfaces for long times.

Die Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss des pH - Wertes auf die Fluoreszenzintensität von Multischichtsystemen während des Beschichtungsvorgangs von Siliziumdioxidpartikeln mit kovalent an Polyallylaminhydrochlorid (PAH) gebundenem Rhodamin - B - Isothiocyanat. Durch eine konsequente Pufferung mit 2 -(N - Morpholino)ethansulfonsäure während der Beschichtung kann eine Verbesserung der Homogenität der Schichtbildung und eine Erhöhung der Fluoreszenzintensität erreicht werden. Außerdem liegt eine lineare Steigerung der Fluoreszenzintensität proportional zur Anzahl der fluoreszenten Schichten vor. Weiterhin sollen kolloidale Partikel unter konstanter Pufferung zusätzlich zu Rhodamin – B – Isothiocyanat mit an PAH – gebundenem Fluoresceinisothiocyanat beschichtet werden. Dieses Farbstoffpaar weist bei Annäherung eine Fluoreszenzsteigerung durch einen Fluoreszenzresonanzenergietransfer aus. Durch Variation von Schichtanzahl und Abstand wurden verschiedene Partikelpopulationen hergestellt, die sich in Ihrer Fluoreszenzintensität analog zu einem Bead Array Assay im Durchflusszytometer klar differenzieren lassen und dabei auch eine gleichmäßige Steigerung der Fluoreszenzintensität analog zur Anzahl der fluoreszenten Schichten aufweisen.

This paper presents a homogeneous system of magnetic colloidal particles that self-assembles via two structural patterns of different symmetry. Based on a qualitative comparison between a real magnetic particles system, analytical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that bistability can be achieved by a proper tailoring of an anisotropic magnetization distribution inside the particles. The presented bistability opens new possibilities to form two-dimensionally extended and flexible structures where the connectivity between the particles can be changed in vivo. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.