The aim of this study is to investigate how teachers use strategies to promote interaction. It is our ambition to find out how teachers perceive interaction and how they think their students may benefit from their use of strategies. The sociocultural theory on learning is used as a theoretical framework for this study. This framework aligns with our research questions as well as the prior research that we present. Prior research suggeststhat in order for the students to develop a foreign language they need to be provided with an authentic context and a variety of opportunities to interact. We conducted three semi-structured interviews with qualified teachers teaching at primary school level. Our gathered results are presented under four different themes connected to our research questions. The results show that these teachers reported using strategies mostly as scaffolding and were somewhat unaware of how to define a strategy. Also, the teachers’ perception of interaction did not always align with prior research. Moreover, research suggests that students need to be taught communicative strategies explicitly in order to implement these when solving problems. Our results show that in order for this to happen the teachers need to use strategies more frequently during lessons. The major conclusions of this study are that the educators we interviewed, did not focus on using strategies as much as researchers suggest theyshould. Also, there was a misconception of what defines as interaction and we got the idea that the educators thought that planning lessons with a focus on interaction and strategies were more time consuming than using the English textbook.

Kommunikation är en förutsättning för kunskapsutveckling och delaktighet i samhället. Elever med funktionsnedsättning har ofta svårigheter att kommunicera. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur den kvantitativa empiriska forskningen framställer resultat av kommunikativa strategier hos elever med funktionsnedsättning och vilka faktorer som påverkar dessa möjligheter. En systematisk sökning av EBSCOhost databaser har gjorts som identifierade 10 kvantitativa studier. Resultatet visar olika strategier för att utveckla kommunikationsfärdigheter hos individer med funktionsnedsättning. Tillgången till återkoppling för lärare och elever, användandet av kamratstödjare som kommunikationspartner, elevassistenter som modeller samt alternativ- och kompletterande kommunikation visade sig ge goda effekter och ökade kommunikationsfärdigheterna hos eleverna. Faktorer som påverkade kommunikationsmöjligheterna visade sig vara kamratstödjarnas och elevassistententernas utbildning, direkt- och visuell återkoppling samt implementerade av alternativ- och kompletterande kommunikation hos omgivningen.  Vi drar slutsatsen att det finns flertal olika strategier som fungerar bra och som ökar kommunikationsfärdigheterna hos elever med funktionsnedsättning, samt flertal faktorer påverkar elevens kommunikationsmöjligheter.

The aim of the present study is to examine two pupils’ interaction when playing the language learning game Sweet City together on tablet. The game is used for teaching Swedish as a second language and it is designed as an adventure game. Special interest is focused on how the pupils use the opportunities for translating labels into other languages, a function built into the game. Translanguaging, that is, how the pupils’ assembled linguistic resources benefit them in the game, is another focus of the study. The method used was observation, with filming of the pupils´ playing. The material was then analysed with the aid of the Exchange Structure Model. The result showed that playing video games leads to a context-linked conversation with many short exchanges. The pupils are engaged in the game and the cooperation that is required to make progress in it. The pupils take advantage of the potential to translate the game dialogue, but the concrete consequences of that are not clearly detectable.

Communicative strategies not only play an important role in communication but they also contribute to second language acquisition. Communicative strategies (CS) can help to keep the communication channel open, encourage hypothesis formation and automatization. The overall aim of this essay is to find out whether there is a relationship between Chinese English learners’ attitudes toward the use of communicative strategies and the reported frequency of using them in actual communication. Forty Chinese English majors are selected randomly to participate in this investigation. They were divided into two different groups according to their different level of language proficiency. The main methods of this essay are two questionnaires and an interview.   Based on the framework of achievement strategies and reduction strategies and through the investigation of the relationship between the attitude toward communicative strategies and the reported frequency of using them in communication, three tentative conclusions have been drawn. Firstly, a learner’s attitude of CS has some influence on the use of CS. Secondly; Chinese learners of English tend to use reduction strategies most often. Finally, Chinese learners seldom use achievement strategies although they tend to believe the important role of achievement strategies in communication. What is more, this essay also analyzes the two groups of students’ different attitudes and different reported frequency of using CS and finds some reasons for those differences. After the above analyses, the essay categorizes three main factors which affect learners’ attitudes and their reported frequency of using CS. It includes the learner itself, the learning context, and the communication context.

The present paper focuses on exploring the usage of communicative strategies (CSs) by business professionals who use business English as a lingua franca (BELF) in telephone negotiations. The purpose of the study is also to analyze the occurrence of misunderstanding and non-understandings. The data consists of nine naturally-occurring spoken ‘buy-sell’ negotiations between business professionals from seven different countries around Europe and Asia.  The negotiations summed up to 1 hour and 30 minutes of recorded material. The transcripts of these negotiations were analyzed in detail by using the qualitative method ‘conversation analysis’ (CA). The results show that business professionals use CSs as pre-empting measures to prevent misunderstanding. In addition, CSs in the present data appear to be used to create cooperativeness and subsequently reach successful communication. The present study also found two scenarios where communicative breakdown occurred but were subsequently repaired through ‘clarity requests’, ‘confirmation checks’ and repetition. Lastly, the present paper recognizes that previous knowledge of the other party is an effective aspect in keeping upbeat negotiations and reaching mutual understanding.

Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública com Cidadania (Pronasci). Trata-se de um programa com abrangência nacional para atender regiões metropolitanas com maiores índices de violência e menores índices de assistência no conjunto das políticas públicas. O Pronasci tem como proposta a atuação nas raízes socioculturais da violência e da criminalidade, além da articulação das ações de segurança com políticas sociais por meio da integração da União com estados e municípios. Estabelece um foco de atuação territorial em que deverão atuar os agentes comunitários de mediação, mulheres da paz, beneficiários do Projeto de Proteção de Jovens em Território Vulnerável (Protejo) e policiais comunitários. Tem entre suas diretrizes a participação, visando à cidadania e à emancipação dos sujeitos envolvidos com as situações que demandam segurança e justiça. O problema da pesquisa centra-se na investigação dos limites e das possibilidades do Pronasci na emancipação dos sujeitos, a partir dos projetos Justiça Comunitária, Mulheres da Paz, Protejo e Polícia comunitária, desenvolvidos em Passo Fundo-RS, nos anos de 2011 e 2012. O objetivo geral da tese é analisar as novas políticas públicas no campo justiça, no que se refere à participação dos sujeitos envolvidos no sistema de segurança e nos projetos do Pronasci. A investigação do problema seguiu um procedimento metodológico que inclui a reconstrução de um referencial teórico das bases conceituais do Pronasci e dos projetos executados em Passo Fundo-RS. Os pressupostos metodológicos aproximam-se do referencial teórico apresentado pela Hermenêutica de Profundidade e pela Teoria da Complexidade. As informações foram classificadas em nove categorias principais, e a análise interpretativa das informações extraídas da pesquisa identificou limites e possibilidades na emancipação dos sujeitos envolvidos nas ações decorrentes do Pronasci. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que os projetos do Pronasci se configuram como alternativas de políticas públicas que motivam aproximações entre diversas áreas do conhecimento, desafiando e contribuindo para que o conjunto dos cidadãos sejam protagonistas na identificação e no encaminhamento das situações problemas. / The thesis analyzes projects arising from judicial reform linked to the National Program for Public Security with Citizenship (Pronasci). It is a program with national coverage to meet metropolitan areas with the highest rates of violence and minor assistance rates in all public policies. Pronasci proposes the performance in the socio-cultural roots of violence and crime, as well as joint security actions with social policies through the Union's integration with states and municipalities. Establishes a focus of territorial action they should act Mediation Community Agents, Women of Peace, beneficiaries of the Youth Protection Project for Vulnerable Territory (Protejo) and community police officers. Has among its guidelines the participation, aimed at citizenship and emancipation of the subjects involved with situations that require security and justice. The problem of research focuses on the investigation of the limits and possibilities of Pronasci in the emancipation of subjects, from the projects Community Justice, Women for Peace, I protect and Community Police, developed in Passo Fundo-RS, in the years 2011 and 2012 . The overall aim of the thesis is to analyze the limits and possibilities of new public policies in the justice field, with regard to the participation of those involved in the security system and Pronasci projects. The investigation of the problem, followed a methodological procedure which includes the reconstruction of a theoretical framework, the conceptual bases of Pronasci and projects executed in Passo Fundo-RS. The methodological assumptions approach the theoretical framework presented by Depth Hermeneutics and the complexity theory. The information was classified into nine major categories and interpretative analysis of the extracted research information identified limits and possibilities in the emancipation of the subjects involved in the actions resulting from Pronasci. The survey results indicate that Pronasci projects are configured as public policy alternatives that motivate approaches between different areas of knowledge, challenging and contributing to all the citizens are protagonists in the identification and referral of situations problems.

Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública com Cidadania (Pronasci). Trata-se de um programa com abrangência nacional para atender regiões metropolitanas com maiores índices de violência e menores índices de assistência no conjunto das políticas públicas. O Pronasci tem como proposta a atuação nas raízes socioculturais da violência e da criminalidade, além da articulação das ações de segurança com políticas sociais por meio da integração da União com estados e municípios. Estabelece um foco de atuação territorial em que deverão atuar os agentes comunitários de mediação, mulheres da paz, beneficiários do Projeto de Proteção de Jovens em Território Vulnerável (Protejo) e policiais comunitários. Tem entre suas diretrizes a participação, visando à cidadania e à emancipação dos sujeitos envolvidos com as situações que demandam segurança e justiça. O problema da pesquisa centra-se na investigação dos limites e das possibilidades do Pronasci na emancipação dos sujeitos, a partir dos projetos Justiça Comunitária, Mulheres da Paz, Protejo e Polícia comunitária, desenvolvidos em Passo Fundo-RS, nos anos de 2011 e 2012. O objetivo geral da tese é analisar as novas políticas públicas no campo justiça, no que se refere à participação dos sujeitos envolvidos no sistema de segurança e nos projetos do Pronasci. A investigação do problema seguiu um procedimento metodológico que inclui a reconstrução de um referencial teórico das bases conceituais do Pronasci e dos projetos executados em Passo Fundo-RS. Os pressupostos metodológicos aproximam-se do referencial teórico apresentado pela Hermenêutica de Profundidade e pela Teoria da Complexidade. As informações foram classificadas em nove categorias principais, e a análise interpretativa das informações extraídas da pesquisa identificou limites e possibilidades na emancipação dos sujeitos envolvidos nas ações decorrentes do Pronasci. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que os projetos do Pronasci se configuram como alternativas de políticas públicas que motivam aproximações entre diversas áreas do conhecimento, desafiando e contribuindo para que o conjunto dos cidadãos sejam protagonistas na identificação e no encaminhamento das situações problemas. / The thesis analyzes projects arising from judicial reform linked to the National Program for Public Security with Citizenship (Pronasci). It is a program with national coverage to meet metropolitan areas with the highest rates of violence and minor assistance rates in all public policies. Pronasci proposes the performance in the socio-cultural roots of violence and crime, as well as joint security actions with social policies through the Union's integration with states and municipalities. Establishes a focus of territorial action they should act Mediation Community Agents, Women of Peace, beneficiaries of the Youth Protection Project for Vulnerable Territory (Protejo) and community police officers. Has among its guidelines the participation, aimed at citizenship and emancipation of the subjects involved with situations that require security and justice. The problem of research focuses on the investigation of the limits and possibilities of Pronasci in the emancipation of subjects, from the projects Community Justice, Women for Peace, I protect and Community Police, developed in Passo Fundo-RS, in the years 2011 and 2012 . The overall aim of the thesis is to analyze the limits and possibilities of new public policies in the justice field, with regard to the participation of those involved in the security system and Pronasci projects. The investigation of the problem, followed a methodological procedure which includes the reconstruction of a theoretical framework, the conceptual bases of Pronasci and projects executed in Passo Fundo-RS. The methodological assumptions approach the theoretical framework presented by Depth Hermeneutics and the complexity theory. The information was classified into nine major categories and interpretative analysis of the extracted research information identified limits and possibilities in the emancipation of the subjects involved in the actions resulting from Pronasci. The survey results indicate that Pronasci projects are configured as public policy alternatives that motivate approaches between different areas of knowledge, challenging and contributing to all the citizens are protagonists in the identification and referral of situations problems.

Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública com Cidadania (Pronasci). Trata-se de um programa com abrangência nacional para atender regiões metropolitanas com maiores índices de violência e menores índices de assistência no conjunto das políticas públicas. O Pronasci tem como proposta a atuação nas raízes socioculturais da violência e da criminalidade, além da articulação das ações de segurança com políticas sociais por meio da integração da União com estados e municípios. Estabelece um foco de atuação territorial em que deverão atuar os agentes comunitários de mediação, mulheres da paz, beneficiários do Projeto de Proteção de Jovens em Território Vulnerável (Protejo) e policiais comunitários. Tem entre suas diretrizes a participação, visando à cidadania e à emancipação dos sujeitos envolvidos com as situações que demandam segurança e justiça. O problema da pesquisa centra-se na investigação dos limites e das possibilidades do Pronasci na emancipação dos sujeitos, a partir dos projetos Justiça Comunitária, Mulheres da Paz, Protejo e Polícia comunitária, desenvolvidos em Passo Fundo-RS, nos anos de 2011 e 2012. O objetivo geral da tese é analisar as novas políticas públicas no campo justiça, no que se refere à participação dos sujeitos envolvidos no sistema de segurança e nos projetos do Pronasci. A investigação do problema seguiu um procedimento metodológico que inclui a reconstrução de um referencial teórico das bases conceituais do Pronasci e dos projetos executados em Passo Fundo-RS. Os pressupostos metodológicos aproximam-se do referencial teórico apresentado pela Hermenêutica de Profundidade e pela Teoria da Complexidade. As informações foram classificadas em nove categorias principais, e a análise interpretativa das informações extraídas da pesquisa identificou limites e possibilidades na emancipação dos sujeitos envolvidos nas ações decorrentes do Pronasci. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que os projetos do Pronasci se configuram como alternativas de políticas públicas que motivam aproximações entre diversas áreas do conhecimento, desafiando e contribuindo para que o conjunto dos cidadãos sejam protagonistas na identificação e no encaminhamento das situações problemas. / The thesis analyzes projects arising from judicial reform linked to the National Program for Public Security with Citizenship (Pronasci). It is a program with national coverage to meet metropolitan areas with the highest rates of violence and minor assistance rates in all public policies. Pronasci proposes the performance in the socio-cultural roots of violence and crime, as well as joint security actions with social policies through the Union's integration with states and municipalities. Establishes a focus of territorial action they should act Mediation Community Agents, Women of Peace, beneficiaries of the Youth Protection Project for Vulnerable Territory (Protejo) and community police officers. Has among its guidelines the participation, aimed at citizenship and emancipation of the subjects involved with situations that require security and justice. The problem of research focuses on the investigation of the limits and possibilities of Pronasci in the emancipation of subjects, from the projects Community Justice, Women for Peace, I protect and Community Police, developed in Passo Fundo-RS, in the years 2011 and 2012 . The overall aim of the thesis is to analyze the limits and possibilities of new public policies in the justice field, with regard to the participation of those involved in the security system and Pronasci projects. The investigation of the problem, followed a methodological procedure which includes the reconstruction of a theoretical framework, the conceptual bases of Pronasci and projects executed in Passo Fundo-RS. The methodological assumptions approach the theoretical framework presented by Depth Hermeneutics and the complexity theory. The information was classified into nine major categories and interpretative analysis of the extracted research information identified limits and possibilities in the emancipation of the subjects involved in the actions resulting from Pronasci. The survey results indicate that Pronasci projects are configured as public policy alternatives that motivate approaches between different areas of knowledge, challenging and contributing to all the citizens are protagonists in the identification and referral of situations problems.

Die seit 2010 in Einzelbänden erscheinende Deutsch-polnische Kommunikative Grammatik setzt die Linie fort, fokussiert aber dezidiert den kommunikativen und somit funktionalen Ansatz, demgegenüber die vorhergehenden Grammatiken noch stärker systemlinguistisch und sogar schulgrammatisch aufgebaut waren. Um die kommunikative Zielrichtung besonders hervorzuheben, tragen alle Bände den Untertitel Sprechen im deutsch-polnischen Kontrast. Als dritter Band erschien 2014 im Hamburger Verlag Dr. Kovač Über Sachen reden. Ihm gingen 2010 und 2013 Wie wir reden und Argumentieren (beide im Dresdner Neisse-Verlag) voraus. Folgen sollen Von Sachverhalten reden, Komprimieren und als sechster und letzter Band Sachlich reden.

In this study, various communicative strategies that young children employed to create and develop pretend play with peers in the block center were examined. Two preschools, one in Korea and the other in the United States, were selected. Subjects were children in the 4-year-old classroom in each school. The average age of the children at the time of the investigation was 59 months. For data collection, videotaping, audiotaping, field-note taking, interviews with teachers, and school enrollment records were used. During pretend block play, children created talk and actions in order to deal with challenges related to various aspects of play (e.g., accessory play materials, construction, plot, and enactment). Accordingly, children's communicative strategies were categorized as follows: (a) material communication, (b) construction communication, (c) plot communication, and (d) enactment. Also, subcategories under each category were developed. It was found that, in different phases of play in which they faced different types of challenges, children used certain strategies more often (communication about material selection and construction definition were most frequently used in the initiation phase of play). In terms of cultural aspects of the pretend play, in the Korean setting, the following were noticed: (a) a rigidly formed participant structure in which several positions were available, (b) the use of various comparison strategies, and (c) an overwhelmingly prevalent play theme: "The good guys winning over the bad guys." In the American setting, the following aspects were common: (a) frequent calling for the teachers when conflicts involving the ownership issue arose, (b) negotiable play atmosphere, and (c) consequent ample negotiation. Implications for educators as to how to encourage children to participate more in pretend play with peers in the block center were provided. Recommendations for further research pertained to the following: (a) methodological progress in studying children's play, (b) use of categories developed in this study, and (c) detecting individual differences that could shed light on optimal assistance of child development.