Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-22T17:34:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 eliasantonioalmeidadafonseca.pdf: 2838670 bytes, checksum: 13027ad726220cf884ac9096abf1e7de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T14:10:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 eliasantonioalmeidadafonseca.pdf: 2838670 bytes, checksum: 13027ad726220cf884ac9096abf1e7de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:10:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 eliasantonioalmeidadafonseca.pdf: 2838670 bytes, checksum: 13027ad726220cf884ac9096abf1e7de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / Na atualidade, o advento das novas tecnologias no contexto educacional trouxe consigo novas formas de aprender e integrar o conhecimento, gerando diferentes tipos de reflexões relacionadas às possibilidades didáticas e metodológicas do uso de recursos tecnológicos no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Neste trabalho é proposta uma metodologia que tem por finalidade auxiliar professores de matemática na busca por conteúdos educacionais na Web, considerando suas limitações e desafios para selecionar, avaliar e utilizar um conteúdo educacional contido no vasto universo de materiais didáticos armazenados em meios digitais. Nesse sentido, o projeto desta metodologia buscou-se também identificar dificuldades e desafios encontrados por professores na utilização de recursos tecnológicos em sala de aula. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa com professores de matemática na cidade de Itamaraju - BA, que depois foi estendida para outras cidades do país, com a finalidade de identificar similaridades e diferenças entre esses grupos. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se inicialmente com a aplicação de um questionário para 90 professores através de um questionário utilizado para coleta dos dados. Os resultados apontaram para a escassez de laboratórios de informática em condições satisfatórias de uso, professores despreparados para utilização das tecnologias educacionais, falta de metodologias, entre outros desafios que perfazem a utilização dos recursos tecnológicos no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Como produto da metodologia proposta, foi desenvolvido um “Front End” para o mecanismo e busca do Google, chamado no âmbito desse trabalho de mecanismo de busca, visando um maior refinamento na busca realizada, pois complementará a busca tradicionalmente realizada pelo professor com termos que geram um maior refinamento na busca. Portanto, o mecanismo de busca proposto foi desenvolvido com base nos temas estruturadores do ensino de matemática contidos nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Matemática do Ensino Fundamental II e no conceito de ontologia, que permite maior precisão na busca de informações. / At the present time, the advent of new technology in the educational context has brought new ways of learning integrating knowledge, generating different types of reflections related to didactic and methodological possibilities of the use of technological resources in the teaching and learning process. This dissertation proposes a methodology for assist teachers in the search for educational content on the web, considering its limitations and challenges to select , evaluate and use an educational content contained in the vast universe of teaching materials stored in digital media. In this sense, the methodology of this project sought to identify difficulties and challenges faced by teachers in the use of technological resources in the classroom, which was later extended to other cities of the country, in order to identify similarities and differences between these groups - for both, was performed a survey with mathematics teachers in the city of Itamaraju-BA. The research initially developed with the application of a questionnaire to 90 teachers. The results pointed to the lack of computer labs in satisfactory conditions of use , unprepared teachers to use educational technologies , lack of methodologies , among other challenges that make up the use of technological resources in teaching and learning process. As a product of the proposed methodology, we developed a " Front End " for the Google search engine, designed to further refine the search performed. It will complement the search traditionally held by the teacher with terms that refine the search. Therefore, the proposed mechanism of search was developed based on the structuring themes of mathematics teaching contained in the National Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary School Mathematics and the concept of ontology, which allows for greater accuracy when searching for information.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T14:03:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Luiz A Vidal.pdf: 1572903 bytes, checksum: 60a906bd7b466480ab44693ca47ff07c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / A growing number of Web applications need to process collection of similar pages obtained from Web sites. These applications have the ultimate goal of taking advantage of the valuable information implicitly available in these pages to perform such tasks as querying, searching, data extraction and mining. For some of these applications, the criteria to determine when a Web page must be present in a collection are related to features of the content of the page. However, there are many other important applications in which the inherent structure of the pages, instead of its content, provides a better criterion for gathering the pages. Motivated by this problem, we propose in this work a new approach for generating structure-driven crawlers that requires a minimum effort from the user, since it only require an example of the page to be crawled and an entry point to the Web site. Another important feature in our approach is that it is capable of dealing with Web sites in which the pages to be collected are dynamically generated through the filling of forms. Contrary to existing methods in the literature, our approach does not require a sample database to help in the process of filling out forms and it also does not demand a great interaction with users. Results obtained in experiments with our approach demonstrate a 100% value of precision in craws performed over 17 real Web sites with static and dynamic contents and at least 95% of recall in all 11 static Web sites. / Um crescente número de aplicações para Web necessitam processar coleções de páginas similares obtidas de Web sites. O objetivo final destas aplicações é tirar proveito de informações valiosas que estas páginas implicitamente contêm para realizar tarefas como consulta, busca, extração de dados, mineração de dados e análise de características de uso e popularidade. Para algumas destas aplicações os critérios para determinar quando uma página deve estar presente na coleção estão relacionados a características do conteúdo da página. Contudo, exitem muitas outras importantes situações em que características inerentes à estrutura das páginas, ao invés de seu conteúdo, provêm um critério melhor para guiar a coleta de páginas. Motivados por este problema, propomos nesta dissertação uma nova abordagem para geração de coletores guiados por estrutura que requer um esforço mínimo do usuário, pois são necessário apenas um exemplo das páginas a coletar e um ponto de entrada no Web site. Uma outra característica importante de nossa abordagem, é o fato de ser capaz de lidar com sites onde as páginas a serem coletadas são geradas dinamicamente através do preenchimento de formulários. Ao contrário dos métodos existentes na literatura, no nosso caso não é necessária a existência de um banco de dados de amostra para auxiliar no processo de preenchimento do formulário, nem tão pouco é necessária grande iteração com o usuário. Resultados obtidos em experimento com nossa abordagem demonstraram um valor de 100% de precisão em coletas realizadas sobre 17 Web sites reais de conteúdo estático e dinâmico, e pelo menos 95% de revocação para 11 sites estáticos utilizados nos experimentos.

Neste trabalho estudou-se a copolimerização em emulsão de estireno e acrilato de butila em processo semicontínuo onde o produto final é um látex com alto teor de sólidos. Foi dado enfoque à distribuição de tamanhos de partículas do látex e seus efeitos no produto. Foi realizada uma série de experimentos de copolimerização em emulsão em um reator de vidro, empregando receitas com teores de sólidos de até 64% em massa. Durante os experimentos, amostras eram retiradas periodicamente do reator visando analisar o teor de polímeros (conversão dos monômeros) por gravimetria, a concentração de monômero residual por cromatografia gasosa headspace, o diâmetro médio das partículas por espectroscopia de espalhamento dinâmico de luz e a distribuição de tamanhos de partículas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A viscosidade do látex final era obtida em viscosímetro Brookfield. Aplicando estratégias para renucleação de novas partículas no decorrer do processo, foram obtidos látices com distribuição bimodal de tamanhos de partículas e com viscosidades reduzidas. Aplicou-se um modelo matemático para descrever o processo, incluindo a evolução no tempo da distribuição de tamanhos de partículas, calculada a partir de equações de balanço populacional para as partículas e para os radicais dentro das partículas. Para a solução das equações empregou-se discretização por método de classes e a técnica de pivô fixo. O modelo tem apenas dois parâmetros ajustáveis, referentes às eficiências de captura de radicais por micelas e por partículas. Estes parâmetros foram ajustados para os dados experimentais de um ensaio, e usados, sem reajuste, para outros ensaios em condições diferentes. Os resultados do modelo mostraram boa adequação aos resultados experimentais. / The aim of this work was the study of the high solid contents emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate in semi-batch process. In this context the particle size distribution and its effects on the product viscosity was studied. Copolymerization reactions were carried out in a glass reactor, and recipes with solid contents up to 64 wt.% were used. During each run, samples are periodically taken from the reactor, and analysis are performed to measure the polymer content (monomer conversion) by gravimetry, the concentrations of the residual monomers by head-space gas chromatography, the average particle size by dynamic light scattering, and the particle size distribution by transmission electronic microscopy. The viscosity of the final emulsion is also measured using a Brookfield viscosimeter. By applying operating strategies to nucleate new particles along the process, latexes with bimodal particle size distributions and low viscosities were obtained. A mathematical model was employed for simulating the polymerization process, including the evolution of the particle size distribution along the process, calculated from population balance equations for the particles and the radicals inside the particles. The numerical solution was obtained using the discretized population balance equations by the method of classes and the fixed pivot technique. The model has only two adjustable parameters, the efficiencies for radical capture by micelles and by particles. These two parameters were fitted to the experimental data of one run and used, without further readjustment, for other runs under different conditions. The model results presented satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-20T13:21:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiopellinivargas.pdf: 3029286 bytes, checksum: 3b86457985c53cbf73e663f97b3f0773 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Favor corrigir: Membro da banca: Lemos, Daniel Cavalcanti de Albuquerque on 2017-06-29T12:38:33Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-29T13:22:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiopellinivargas.pdf: 3029286 bytes, checksum: 3b86457985c53cbf73e663f97b3f0773 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T11:55:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiopellinivargas.pdf: 3029286 bytes, checksum: 3b86457985c53cbf73e663f97b3f0773 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T11:57:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiopellinivargas.pdf: 3029286 bytes, checksum: 3b86457985c53cbf73e663f97b3f0773 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T11:57:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiopellinivargas.pdf: 3029286 bytes, checksum: 3b86457985c53cbf73e663f97b3f0773 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-22 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Colocar-se diante de uma perspectiva histórica e crítica da Educação Física (EF) significa refletir sobre sua condição epistemológica, política e social numa realidade de disputas e contingências. Isso implica em considerar seus currículos como artefatos preciosos de investigação, pois se aceitamos que sejam invenções da modernidade, se constituindo num meio poderoso de organizar as experiências de estudantes objetivando construir determinadas identidades, eles tornam-se legítimos objetos de questionamento. Assim posto, são objetivos desta tese: (1) identificar e analisar os procedimentos de elaboração da proposta curricular de EF de Minas Gerais - os Conteúdos Básicos Comuns (CBC) - desenvolvidos pelos seus organizadores; (2) identificar que procedimentos nortearam suas decisões e em que contexto político isso ocorreu; e (3) analisar criticamente a proposta curricular, suas fundamentações teóricas, diretrizes, articulando as análises documentais com as falas dos sujeitos que elaboraram a proposta. O trabalho pretende investigar seus contextos de influência de produção considerando o método do Ciclo de Políticas de Ball. As questões principais são: (1) Quais teorias curriculares subsidiaram tal proposta? (2) Que aspectos políticos, ideológicos e epistemológicos aparecem na construção e no interior dos CBC? Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram diferentes momentos articulados entre si: (1) revisão bibliográfica; (2) análise do conteúdo documental – o CBC de EF; (3) análise dos contextos de influência (histórico e político); e (4) o uso de entrevista não estruturada focalizada realizada com as elaboradoras centrais da proposta em pauta. A discussão é iluminada por referenciais consagrados no cenário educacional dos estudos de currículo, destacando-se Antonio Flavio Moreira, Tomáz Tadeu da Silva e José Augusto Pacheco, além dos teóricos com os quais costumam dialogar. Para o debate no campo da EF, destacam-se as teorias críticas do Movimento Renovador, desde João Paulo Medina e Valter Bracht, chegando aos trabalhos pós-críticos de Marcos Neira e Mário Nunes. Depreende-se da pesquisa que os CBC mantiveram-se vinculados às perspectivas tradicionais e instrumentais da área por inúmeras razões: (1) a inspiração nos PCN e o fomento das corporações neoliberais sobre a Educação mineira; (2) a fragilidade das propostas críticas, com dificuldade em significar um currículo que privilegie o pensamento crítico por meio do se-movimentar; (3) a influência das perspectivas da psicomotricidade que, mais do que estimular uma mudança, reforçam a visão acrítica da EF como suporte para a cognição; (4) a falta de coerência epistemológica interna do documento; (5) a influência dos padrões tecnicistas do documento curricular mineiro precedente; (6) a avaliação da EF escolar mantida na ideia de controle e pressão regulatória; (7) a política do processo e a falsa prerrogativa de autonomia que o poder central atribuía as escolas; (8) a frágil participação dos professores escolares nos Grupos de Desenvolvimento Profissional (GDP); e (9) a influência de outros setores institucionalizados do governo sobre a EF escolar. Argumentase, por fim, sobre a possibilidade de uma recontextualização cultural da política curricular como etapa que privilegie as localidades escolares. / Placing oneself before a historical and critical perspective of Physical Education (PE) means reflecting on its epistemological, political and social condition in a reality of disputes and contingencies. This implies considering their curriculum as precious research artifacts, because if we accept that they are inventions of modernity, being a powerful means of organizing students' experiences in order to construct certain identities, they become legitimate objects of inquiry. Thus, the objectives of this thesis are: (1) to identify and analyze the procedures for the elaboration of the curricular proposal of EF of Minas Gerais - the Common Basic Content (CBC) - developed by its organizers; (2) to identify which procedures guided their decisions and in what political context this occurred; And (3) to critically analyze the curricular proposal, its theoretical foundations, guidelines, articulating the documentary analysis with the lines of the subjects that elaborated the proposal. The work intends to investigate its influence contexts of production considering the method of the Ball Policy Cycle. The main issues are: (1) What curriculum theories subsidized such a proposal? (2) What political, ideological, and epistemological aspects appear in the construction and within the CBC? The methodological procedures involved different moments articulated among themselves: (1) bibliographical review; (2) analysis of documentary content - the CBC of EF; (3) analysis of contexts of influence (historical and political); And (4) the use of a focused non-structured interview with the central processors of the proposal in question. The discussion is illuminated by consecrated references in the educational scenario of curriculum studies, especially Antonio Flavio Moreira, Tomáz Tadeu da Silva and José Augusto Pacheco, as well as the theoreticians with whom they usually talk. For the debate in the EF field, the critical theories of the Renovation Movement, from João Paulo Medina and Valter Bracht, stand out, reaching the post-critical works of Marcos Neira and Mário Nunes. It is clear from the research that the CBCs remained linked to the traditional and instrumental perspectives of the area for a number of reasons: (1) inspiration in NCPs and the promotion of neoliberal corporations over education in Minas Gerais; (2) the fragility of critical proposals, with difficulty in signifying a curriculum that privileges critical thinking by moving; (3) the influence of the perspectives of psychomotricity, which, rather than stimulating a change, reinforce the uncritical view of EF as a support for cognition; (4) the lack of internal epistemological coherence of the document; (5) the influence of the technical standards of the previous Minas Gerais curricular document; (6) the evaluation of school EF maintained in the idea of control and regulatory pressure; (7) the politics of the process and the false prerogative of autonomy that central power attributed to schools; (8) the fragile participation of school teachers in the Professional Development Groups (GDP); And (9) the influence of other institutionalized government sectors on school EF. It is argued, finally, about the possibility of a cultural recontextualization of curricular politics as a stage that favors school locations.

Les poissons herbivores jouent un rôle écologique majeur face au phénomène de « coral-algal phase-shift », qui sévit depuis le début des années 80 dans les récifs coralliens de la Caraïbe. Dans cette étude, les habitudes alimentaires des principales espèces de poissons herbivores ont été étudiées afin de comprendre comment ces espèces utilisent et se partagent les ressources trophiques en milieu récifal et dans les herbiers. Les niches trophiques de ces espèces ont été décrites par deux méthodes complémentaires: les analyses des contenus des tractus digestifs et les analyses des isotopes stables du carbone C3C/ 12C) et de l'azoteCSN/ '4N). La qualité nutritionnelle des sources alimentaires a été évaluée par leurs concentrations de macronutriments (protéines, lipides, glucides solubles et insolubles) afin d'expliquer en partie le choix des ressources par les herbivores. Parmi les 14 espèces de poissons étudiées, appartenant aux familles des Pomacentridae, des Acanthuridae et des Scaridae, huit types de niches trophiques ont été décrits, indiquant une diversité fonctionnelle de ces espèces. Les niches trophiques décrites sont occupées par une ou plusieurs espèces, indépendamment de leur morphologie et de leurs affinités taxinomiques. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent une complémentarité entre ces espèces, en terme d'utilisation des ressources, et soulèvent la question de leur conservation afin de préserver leur rôle écologique dans les écosystèmes côtiers de la Caraïbe. / Herbivorous fishes play a major ecological role against the « coral-algal phase-shift » phenomenon in the coral reefs of the Caribbean. In this study, the feeding patterns of the most important species of herbivorous fishes have been studied to understand how these species use and share the trophic resources on reefs and seagrass beds . Trophic niches of these species have been described by two complementary methods: the analyses oftheir digestive contents and the analyses of stable isotopes of carbon C3C/ J2C) and nitrogen (lsN/14N). The nutritional quality of the sources has been evaluated by their concentrations of macronutrients (proteins, lipids, soluble and insoluble carbohydrates) to explain partially the choice of resources by herbivorous fishes . Among the 14 studied species of herbivorous fishes (Pomacentridae, Acanthuridae and Scaridae), eight types of trophic niches have been described, indicating a functional diversity of these species . The trophic niches are occupied by one or several species, independently oftheir morphology or their taxonomie affinities. The results of this study suggest a complementarity among these species and raise the question of their conservation to preserve their ecological role on marine ecosystems of the Caribbean.

Abstract This study explores the degree of preparedness for studying at Universities of Applied Sciences that is provided by the content of mathematics curricula in upper secondary schools from the viewpoint of engineering students. The theoretical framework is based on learning objectives and a view of mathematics. I categorized mathematical contents in upper secondary school from the point of view of engineering studies. Students defined important knowledge and skills as learning objectives and evaluated how well they were achieved in upper secondary schools from the standpoint of engineering studies. The view of mathematics is based on students’ descriptions of their experiences with mathematics and of themselves as students of mathematics in upper secondary school with respect to engineering studies. The empirical data consist of surveys (N = 222), initial mapping of attitudes (N = 65) and thematic interviews (N = 14). The research problem was approached through mixed research methods. The quantitative data were analyzed with basic statistical methods and students’ accounts of their experiences were examined using a qualitative narrative research method. The narratives were analyzed holistically and categorically focusing on content. According to the engineering students, they felt they should learn how to apply basic algebra and geometry, differential calculus and also equations - the so-called key components of upper secondary school syllabi. These learning objectives were accomplished well in compulsory mathematics courses in the advanced syllabus, but not as well in the basic syllabus. Students experienced mathematics in upper secondary school as instrumentalist and formal. The advanced mathematics syllabus demanded more work with numerous procedures, whereas the basic syllabus required a better understanding of word problems. Even a portion of advanced mathematics provided a good foundation for engineering studies. Supplementing compulsory courses in the basic syllabus with specialized or applied courses created an opportunity to succeed. By combining the advanced and basic syllabi and adding more practical problems, upper secondary school mathematics could provide an even better base for engineering studies. This study can be used for expanding the curricula, designing students’ high school learning paths and supporting teachers’ pedagogical work. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, millaista osaamista lukion matematiikan oppisisältöjen pohjalta rakentuu ammattikorkeakoulujen insinööriopiskelijoille. Teoreettinen viitekehys muodostuu oppimistavoitteista ja matematiikkakuvasta. Luokittelin lukion matematiikan oppisisältöjä ammattikorkeakoulujen tekniikan ja liikenteen alan matematiikan opetussuunnitelmien kautta. Insinööriopiskelijat määrittivät kokemustensa perusteella ammattikorkeakouluopintojen kannalta tärkeitä matematiikan tietoja ja taitoja – oppimistavoitteita – sekä arvioivat niiden toteutumista lukiossa. Insinööriopiskelijat kertoivat lukion matematiikkakokemuksistaan sekä arvioivat itseään matematiikan oppijana lukiossa ja osaajana ammattikorkeakoulussa. Näiden pohjalta rakentui insinööriopiskelijan matematiikkakuva. Empiirinen aineisto koostuu insinööriopiskelijoille suunnatusta survey-tutkimuksesta (N = 222), asenteiden alkukartoituksesta (N = 65) sekä teemahaastatteluista (N = 14). Sovelsin mixed methods -tutkimusta. Analysoin kvantitatiivisen aineiston tilastollisten perusmenetelmien avulla. Sovelsin opiskelijoiden kokemuksiin liittyvien kertomusten tarkastelussa narratiivista tutkimusmetodia. Tarkastelin narratiiveja holistisesti sekä kategorisesti keskittymällä sisältöön. Insinööriopiskelijoiden mukaan lukion matematiikassa pitäisi oppia soveltamaan avainsisältöjä (perusalgebra ja -geometria, differentiaalilaskenta sekä yhtälöoppi). Lukion matematiikassa tunnistettiin instrumentalistis-formaalin oppiaineen piirteitä. Pitkä oppimäärä koettiin työläänä proseduurien muistamisena. Lyhyessä oppimäärässä tarvittiin paljon sanallisten tehtävien ratkaisemista, mistä oli hyötyä insinööriopinnoissa. Pitkän oppimäärän osittainenkin suorittaminen näytti muodostavan hyvän pohjan insinööriopintoihin, mutta myös täydentämällä lyhyen oppimäärän pakollisia kursseja syventävillä tai soveltavilla kursseilla oli mahdollista onnistua. Käytännönläheisyyttä lisäämällä ja molempia oppimääriä yhdistämällä oppisisällöistä muodostuisi vieläkin parempi pohja insinööriopintoihin. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää opetussuunnitelmia kehitettäessä, opiskelijan matemaattisen lukiopolun suunnittelussa sekä opettajan pedagogisen työn tukena.

The thesis "The army on the media battlefield" examines the extent to which the Ministry of Defence and the Army of the Czech Republic are media institutions. If they take media logic and if they subject to pressure of the journalists. All this in a theoretical frame of four phases of mediatisation that is defined by Jesper Strömbäck's work in 2008. The theoretical part defines terms such as mediatisation or media logic. The thesis also focuses on the explanation of corporate communication, which is related to the Ministry of Defence and the Czech Army. In the conclusion of the theoretical part both institutions are defined and the emphasis is on their communications department. The methodological part describes the research method of semi-structured interviews, which are used to collect relevant data. It also defines the research problem and research questions. The third part of the thesis is devoted to research where data collected from nine respondents from the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Army are analyzed and categorized to relevant research questions. Respondents answered questions that addressed the communication objectives of the Army, formats and contents of the communication, new media and their work in relation to editorial routines. Respondents described what...

L'école primaire voit se développer, depuis une quinzaine d'années en France, des pratiques de débat dit philosophique, dont il s'agit de cerner l'identité, dans une approche didactique. Celle-ci permet de comprendre si elles se construisent en tant que genre disciplinaire ou bien au contraire si elles s'affranchissent de toute dimension disciplinaire. Un enjeu est de déterminer si la construction sociale de ces pratiques les inscrit dans l'organisation de l'école selon des disciplines ou bien si elle participe au contraire de sa mise en question. C'est au travers de l'éclairage de leur contexte d'émergence, des sources auxquelles elles se réfèrent, de l'examen de leurs contenus et de leurs frontières, que l'étude est menée et dans les différents espaces où elles se déploient, l'espace des recommandations et l'espace des pratiques de classe. Il ressort de l'exploration des formalisations qu'en proposent leurs promoteurs, des discours d'enseignants qui les mettent en place et des discours en situation de classe et d'interactions langagières, que majoritairement ces pratiques ne s'enracinent pas dans une discipline scolaire, existante, renouvelée ou à constituer et qu'elles interrogent sur la nature du genre pratiqué et des apprentissages visés. Elles révèlent plutôt une construction adisciplinaire de l'objet et, sur certains aspects, ascolaire et ne semblent pas permettre d'identifier la fabrique d'un "enseignable". / Different practices of termed philosophical debates have been developing in French primary schools for about fifteen years, whose identity must be outlined, with a didactic analysis. The latter enables us to understand whether they build up as disciplinary type or if they avoid all disciplinary dimension. One stake is to determine if the social construction of these practices puts them in the school organization according to disciplines or whether, on the contrary, they contribute to its questioning. The sudy is led through clarifying their context of emergence, the sources they refer to, by examining their contents and boundaries, as well as the different areas where they take place, that is recommendations and classroom practices. The exploration of proposals made by their exponents, the discourses of the teachers who implement them and classroom situations as well as language interaction, show that these practices do not mainly entrench in a school discipline that is existing, renewed or to be constituted.They elicit speculation about the nature of the type and the learning targeted. They show a non-disciplinary and, in some aspects, out-of-school type and they do not seem to be able to identify the making of a "teaching object".

The thesis describes the course and results of the research into interventions through the internet websites in the Czech language for the users of opioids and amphetamines. Nowadays the internet forms an inseparable part of most people's lives from all social classes. This fact is reflected in the interests of both service providers for drug users and laymen interested in drug issues. Unfortunately, according to current research we do not know much about what information and in which quality and range can people find about drug issues on the internet. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to find and analyse internet websites focused on the users of illegal drugs (opioids and amphetamines) in the Czech republic. The Internet websites were evaluated not only with respect to the contents and range of the information provided but also with respect to topicality, functionality and objectivity. What was found were 13 complex Czech websites, 7 professional HR organisations and also 6 non-professional HR websites. The websites of professional organisations in most cases fulfilled the essential criteria of authority, objectivity and topicality. Among non-professional websites there were high-quality ones containing a wide range of information and correct approach to drug issues but there were also two...

L'inhalation pulmonaire du contenu gastrique représente l'une des principales causes de mortalité liée à l'anesthésie en France. La physiopathologie de cette complication fait intervenir, entre autres, la présence d'un contenu gastrique à l'origine d'une augmentation de la pression intragastrique favorisant la survenue de régurgitations et d'inhalations pulmonaires lors de l'anesthésie générale. La prévention de cette complication repose sur l'identification des patients à risque, ainsi que sur l'établissement de stratégies permettant de réduire le contenu gastrique. Suivant ces deux objectifs, nous avons conduit quatre études. Nous avons décrit et évalué l'apport de la mesure échographique de l'aire de section antrale pour l'estimation du volume du contenu gastrique en période préopératoire afin d'identifier les patients à risque d'inhalation pulmonaire. Nous avons montré chez des volontaires sains que la perfusion de 250 mg d'érythromycine est efficace pour accélérer la vidange gastrique des aliments solides lors de la gastroparésie induite par un stress douloureux. Enfin, nous avons déterminé le niveau de pression inspiratoire minimisant l'insufflation d'air dans l'estomac tout en assurant une ventilation satisfaisante lors de la ventilation au masque facial précédant l'intubation trachéale. Ce dernier résultat doit contribuer à modifier les recommandations afin d'améliorer la sécurité des patients lors de la ventilation au masque facial en anesthésie. En perspective d'avenir, l'échographie antrale permettra la réalisation d'études cliniques visant à préciser chez les patients opérés en urgence le risque d'inhalation pulmonaire et évaluant l'efficacité des mesures de prévention / Pulmonary aspiration of gastric content is one of the main causes of mortality related to anesthesia in France. The pathophysiology of this complication involves, among others, the presence of gastric content causing an increase in intragastric pressure leading to regurgitation and pulmonary inhalation during general anesthesia. Prevention of this complication is based on both identifying patients at risk and developing strategies to reduce the gastric contents. Following these two objectives, we conducted four studies. We have described and assessed the contribution of the ultrasound measurement of the antral cross-sectional area for estimating the preoperative volume of gastric content, in order to identify patients at risk of pulmonary aspiration. We have shown in healthy volunteers that the infusion of erythromycin 250 mg was effective in accelerating gastric emptying of solids during gastroparesis related to acute painful stress. Finally, we determined the level of inspiratory pressure that minimizes the risk of gastric insufflation while providing adequate ventilation during facemask ventilation performed prior to tracheal intubation. This result should contribute to the revision of the current recommendations, in order to improve the patient safety during facemask ventilation. In the future, ultrasound measurement of antral area can be used in clinical studies in order to clarify the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric content in emergency surgical patients, and to assess the effectiveness of preventive measures