Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka bankernas tillvägagångssätt när de lämnar krediter till en kund, vilka skillnader och likheter finns mellan de olika bankerna och på vilket sätt använder de sig av riskhantering vid kreditbedömning av hushåll? Metod: För insamling av det empiriska materialet har vi använt en         kvalitativ metod, i form av intervjuer med bankchefer. Det empiriska materialet analyserade vi främst utifrån teoretiskt material kring risker och riskmanagement, konkurrens och relationer. Slutsats: Riskbedömningen hos de olika bankerna görs i stora drag likartat, men det finns skillnader i bankernas hantering när det kommer till handläggarens frihet och hur de personliga relationerna spelar in. Vi kan se att riskhantering sker till stor del reaktivt, bankerna är passiva i förändring av riskhantering och behåller rutinerna så länge som möjligt. Undersökningen visar även att bolånen inte längre är den starka konkurrensfaktorn den tidigare varit för bankerna. / Purpose: The purpose is to compare Swedish banks risk management process regarding mortgage loans. Methodology: For the collection of the empirical evidence, we used a qualitative method, based of interviews with bank executives. We analyzed the empirical evidence on the basis of theoretical material based mostly on different risks, risk management processes, competition, and personal relations. Conclusions: Risk management of the various banks is broadly similar, but there are some important differences in banks' management such as the administrators’ latitude and the banks perception of personal relationships. The paper also discovers a reactive risk management, banks are passive in the change of management, and keep their routines as long as possible. Finally, the investigation shows that mortgage is no longer as important in competition between banks, as it used to be.

Housing is a basic requirement for all individuals in every country. Being one of the main tools of urban planning, housing contains different social, economic, psychological, and design aspects, and it attracts attention of different disciplines. A review of the theoretical models, data, and empirical methods reveals deficiencies in all areas of housing sector in Turkey. Especially, there is an important gap in the literature about housing tenure choice. A new research agenda focusing on households&rsquo / tenure choice is needed with the help of models to be developed for this purpose. In this thesis, it is aimed to identify this model by focusing transition from tenancy to homeownership, and by choosing Ankara as the case study. The thesis has two main steps. In the first step, different economic ways of shifting from tenancy to homeownership is examined by using the data of Household Budget Survey (2003) from Turkish Statistical Institute. In the second step, the thesis examines effects of different socio-economic factors on the probability of shifting from tenancy to homeownership, and the way in which the impact of these drives might change with different forms of housing provision with the help of a survey carried out in Yenimahalle and &Ccedil / ankaya. Results of calculations show that housing credits do not offer new homeownership opportunity for households who are not able to purchase a dwelling by saving their incomes in Turkey. The first step illustrates that, households earning less than 1 000 TL per month have no chance to afford a dwelling in Ankara. However next step highlights an irregular mechanism which enables these households to shift to homeownership in Turkey.

As part of the EPA’s initiative to reduce the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico, a feasibility study for a potential water quality trading (WQT) program in the Kentucky River Watershed (KRW) was conducted. While theoretically, emission trading programs are among the most efficient means of reducing pollution, empirical evidence suggests low-trade volume as a primary concern for the long-term success of such programs. Some of the important reasons for the low volume of trade are due to lack of suitable market trading mechanism for point sources and lack of information on willingness to pay (WTP) for abatement credits. Our study aims to tackle these issues by gathering a profile of municipal sewage treatment plants as point source polluters in the KRW, while simultaneously analyzing their preferences for WQT market mechanisms and WTP using a survey based approach. The survey was conducted in 2012. Municipal sewage treatment plants’ ranked preferences are analyzed using an exploded logit model and WTP is analyzed using Ordinary Least Squares and Tobit models.

Analizuojamas nekilnojamojo turto rinkos formavimasis, gyvenamojo fondo formos (privati ar valstybinė)kitimo tendencijos nuo nepriklausomybės paskelbimo 1990, pateikiami duomenys apie socialinį būstą, teikiamus lengvatinius kreditus, Šiaulių miesto nekilnojamojo turto situacija, demografinė padėtis. / In the final work I analyse the formation of the real estate market, list the records of the housing stock forms in Lithuania (private or owned by government), it‘s changing from 1990‘s when Lithuania became independent, give the reasons of it, the real market dynamics and what made the prices rise up so high. Also analyse how the average useful floor space for one person (m2 ) from 1995 to 2005 changes, the dwelling types, housing provision and the development of financing facilities. Give the facts about the social accommodation, the terms of getting it and the Government lending. Also the information is collected about the demographic situation in Siauliai city, housing fund and the development of new buildings.

abstract: ABSTRACT Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a non-governmental organization of U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) which promotes a sustainable built environment with its rating systems. One of the building segments which it considers is healthcare, where it is a challenge to identify the most cost-effective variety of complex equipments, to meet the demand for 24/7 health care and diagnosis, and implement various energy efficient strategies in inpatient hospitals. According to their “End Use Monitoring” study, Hospital Energy Alliances (HEA), an initiative of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), reducing plug load reduces hospital energy consumption. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the extent to which realistic changes to the building envelope, together with HVAC and operation schedules would allow LEED credits to be earned in the DOE–hospital prototype. The scope of this research is to specifically investigate the inpatient block where patient stays longer. However, to obtain LEED credits the percentage cost saving should be considered along with the end use monitoring. Several steps have been taken to identify the optimal set of the end use results by adopting the Whole Building Energy Simulation option of the LEED Energy & Atmosphere (EA) pre– requisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance. The initial step includes evaluating certain LEED criteria consistent with ASHRAE Standard 90.1–2007 with the constraint that hospital prototype is to be upgraded from Standard 2004 to Standard 2007. The simulation method stipulates energy conservation measures as well as utility costing to enhance the LEED credits. A series of simulations with different values of Light Power Density, Sizing Factors, Chiller Coefficient of Performance, Boiler Efficiency, Plug Loads and utility cost were run for a variety of end uses with the extreme climatic condition of Phoenix. These assessments are then compared and used as a framework for a proposed interactive design decision approach. As a result, a total of 19.4% energy savings and 20% utility cost savings were achieved by the building simulation tool, which refer to 5 and 7 LEED credits respectively. The study develops a proper framework for future evaluations intended to achieve more LEED points. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Built Environment 2012

Submitted by Marcelo Zavanela Pereira Machado (zavanela@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-13T02:45:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Agricultura de Baixa Emissão de Carbono. uma investigação sobre financiamento e potenciais benefícios.pdf: 527136 bytes, checksum: b1e903f725aa8e59988ba220301722ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br) on 2016-04-20T15:34:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Agricultura de Baixa Emissão de Carbono. uma investigação sobre financiamento e potenciais benefícios.pdf: 527136 bytes, checksum: b1e903f725aa8e59988ba220301722ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T15:39:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agricultura de Baixa Emissão de Carbono. uma investigação sobre financiamento e potenciais benefícios.pdf: 527136 bytes, checksum: b1e903f725aa8e59988ba220301722ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / O objetivo geral do presente trabalho é comprovar a hipótese de que é possível proporcionar proteção de renda ao produtor rural e adição de carbono no solo a partir da análise de dados secundários. Além disso, pretende-se investigar a possibilidade de facilitar a concessão de crédito em projetos que aplicam técnicas do Plano ABC sob a ótica de quem atua diretamente no atendimento aos produtores rurais no Banco do Brasil; analisar se está havendo um acompanhamento satisfatório do resultado positivo do crédito rural aplicado através do Programa ABC; e investigar formas de converter as emissões de GEE evitadas e o carbono armazenado no solo em valor agregado para o produtor tomador do crédito do Programa ABC. Para atingir o objetivo geral, foram analisados dados secundários obtidos de SENAR; EMBRAPA; IMEA (2014) e dados fornecidos de um experimento conduzido por pesquisadores da unidade da EMBRAPA. A análise dos resultados de SENAR; EMBRAPA; IMEA (2014) mostrou que apesar de ter ocorrido o efeito da proteção da renda no período de uma safra, 2009/2010, não se pode confirmar a hipótese de que as tecnologias ABC aplicadas na unidade produtiva são capazes de proporcionar proteção de renda ao produtor rural ao longo de vários ciclos produtivos. A partir dos resultados fornecidos pela EMBRAPA, não se pode confirmar a hipótese de que as tecnologias ABC aplicadas nas propriedades estudas são capazes de proporcionar adição de carbono ao solo. No entanto, diversos estudos indicam que há ganhos de estoques de carbono em solos bem manejados. O crédito do Programa ABC merece tratamento diferenciado junto as instituições financeiras, necessita também de acompanhamento, após a liberação do crédito, que vai além da simples fiscalização que verifica o andamento dos empreendimentos, mas mensurar se está havendo redução das emissões e captura de carbono nas áreas financiadas. E por último, o setor financeiro e os demais agentes das cadeias produtivas devem proporcionar valor agregado aos produtores que aplicam as boas práticas agronômicas do Plano ABC. / The overall objective of this study is to prove the hypothesis that it is possible to provide income protection to farmers and addition of carbon in the soil from the secondary data analysis. In addition, we intend to investigate the possibility of facilitating the granting of credit in projects applying techniques of the ABC Plan from the perspective of those who work directly in service to farmers at Banco do Brasil; consider whether there is a satisfactory monitoring of the positive result of the rural credit applied through the ABC Program; and investigate ways to convert GHG emissions avoided and carbon stored in the soil in added value for the producer applying credit ABC Program. To achieve the overall objective, secondary data obtained were analyzed; from SENAR; EMBRAPA; IMEA (2014) and provided data from an experiment conducted by researchers from EMBRAPA. The results of SENAR; EMBRAPA; IMEA (2014) showed that although there was the effect of income protection in the period of 2009/2010 harvest, we can not confirm the hypothesis that the ABC technologies applied in the production unit are able to provide income protection to producers country over many production cycles. From the results provided by EMBRAPA, we can not confirm the hypothesis that the ABC technologies applied in the studied properties are able to provide addition of carbon to the soil. However, several studies indicate that there is carbon stocks gains in well-managed soils. The ABC Program credit deserves special treatment from the financial institutions also need to follow up after the credit release, which goes beyond simple monitoring that checks the progress of the projects, but measuring it is with a reduction of emissions and carbon capture in areas funded. Finally, the financial sector and other agents of production chains should provide added value to producers who apply good agricultural practices of the ABC Plan.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4419.pdf: 1291851 bytes, checksum: 50bc34a5591803fda36769de553dd96e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The concept of carbon credits came from the awareness of need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in order to combat the worsening of global warming, discussed and formalized in the Kyoto Protocol. Emission of greenhouse gases as methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide is due to several activities, among them the wastewater treatment, both domestic and industrial. This paper presents an estimation of CH4 and N2O production and energy consumption in wastewater treatment systems most used in Brazil, on which mitigation scenarios were applied to show its representation in terms of carbon credits and monetary value. This work was based on the methodologies and procedures of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC. The results show that the largest volumes of GHGs are associated with anaerobic treatments, whose emissions may exceed 200 tCO2e/year. Both suggested mitigation proposals (replacement of anaerobic systems by open aerobic processes or introduction of mechanisms for capturing and burning methane in closed reactors) show a similar emission reduction, mostly between 100 and 150 tCO2e/year for attended population of 1000 persons. However, it was found that the credit potential is in the biogas combustion because aeration demands high energy consumption. This ability to generate carbon credits, from Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), can help soften some of the implementation costs of wastewater treatment plants, as well as stimulate its modernization. / O conceito dos créditos de carbono surgiu a partir da sensibilização para a necessidade de reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) a fim de combater o agravamento do aquecimento global, discutido e formalizado no Protocolo de Quioto. A emissão de GEE na forma de metano, óxido nitroso e dióxido de carbono acontece devido a diversas atividades, dentre elas o tratamento de águas residuárias, tanto domésticas quanto industriais. Este trabalho apresenta uma estimativa da produção de CH4 e N2O e do consumo de energia dos sistemas de tratamento de esgoto mais utilizados no Brasil, sobre a qual foram aplicados cenários de mitigação para verificar sua representatividade em termos de créditos de carbono. Isto foi feito a partir de metodologias e procedimentos do Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC. Os resultados revelam que os maiores volumes de GEE estão associados à tratamentos anaeróbios, cujas emissões podem ser superiores a 200 tCO2e/ano. Ambas as propostas de mitigação sugeridas (substituição de sistemas anaeróbios abertos por processos aeróbios ou introdução de mecanismos de captura e combustão de metano em reatores anaeróbios) mostram redução de emissões semelhante, a maioria entre 100 e 150 tCO2e/ano para população de 1000 habitantes atendida. Entretanto, constatou-se que o potencial de obtenção de créditos está na queima do biogás pois a aeração exige alto consumo de energia. Essa possibilidade de gerar créditos de carbono, provenientes do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), pode contribuir para amenizar parte dos custos de implementação das estações de tratamento de esgotos, bem como estimular a sua modernização.

[pt] A existência de um mercado para reduções de emissões de gases de efeito estufa cria uma nova variável a ser considerada na avaliação econômica de empreendimentos florestais: a absorção de CO2. O seqüestro desse gás gera um fluxo de dividendos que se transforma em uma fonte adicional de receita, influenciando as decisões gerenciais tomadas pelo administrador florestal. O presente trabalho estuda como se dá essa influência sobre o melhor momento de se efetuar o corte das árvores. O empreendimento florestal estudado é uma floresta de eucaliptos, explorada em função de sua madeira e cuja função de crescimento é conhecida. O preço pelo qual pode ser vendida a madeira varia estocasticamente, não podendo ser previsto, enquanto que um certificado correspondendo a uma tonelada de CO2 removido é negociado em um mercado próprio a um preço que é considerado como sendo constante e exógeno. Todos os outros parâmetros envolvidos são constantes e conhecidos. Diante do preço de mercado, incerto, o administrador pode tomar três decisões: derrubar a floresta, esperar ou abandonar o negócio. Devido às características desse tipo de empreendimento, a Teoria de Opções Reais mostrou-se a metodologia mais adequada a ser usada. / [en] The existence of a market for certified greenhouse gases emission reductions creates a new variable to take into account in economical valuation of forest enterprises: the CO2 absorption. The sequestration of this gas generates a dividend flow which becomes an extra revenue, having influence in the managerial decisions taken by the forest manager. This work studies the effects caused by this influence over the optimal rotation age of the stand. The forest studied is an Eucalyptus stand, explored due to its timber and whose growth curve is known. The stumpage price varies stochastically and cannot be predicted, while a certificate corresponding to one ton of sequestered CO2 is traded in a specific market at a price considered constant and exogenous. All the other parameters involved are constant and know. Facing the uncertain stumpage market price, the manager can make three possible decisions: to harvest, wait or abandon. Due to the characteristics of this kind of activity, the Real Options Theory has shown to be the most suitable to be used in this case.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao jeanete silveira 2010 - pre text.pdf: 126992 bytes, checksum: 4de29d17b02b774f793577f129a7f497 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 / The climate on the Planet has always been natural oscillations throughout its existence, but the anthropogenic contributions of greenhouse gases also change the composition of the atmosphere, affecting climate. Climatologists have found acceleration of global warming, because of the human s actions. Conversely, photosynthetic organisms, the processes of growth absorb atmospheric carbon, storing it in its components. The native Cerrado among the various environmental services offers, assimilates atmospheric carbon and store it in their biomass and soil, contributing to the mitigation of global warming. Forest planting and maintaining vegetation cover, contribute to the mitigation of global warming, then can generate tradable credits in the Carbon Market. Establishing indicators of the carbon stocks is one point key in generation process carbon credits. This work researched of carbon s stocks in plant biomass and soil, as well as their indicators, seeking greater clarity of what happens with the carbon throughout the soil profile and between two types of vegetation in the Cerrado biome: cerradão and cerrado sensu stricto. We studied three areas of each of thouse faces. We obtained biomass carbon stocks by direct determination in the field, then determining the matter content of kiln-dried, and subsequent calcination at 550°C by using samples of each part of a plant. The results were grouped either by depth or height , and also by the plant compartments such as roots, liter, herbaceous material, trunk, branches, leaves, fruits and others. The total stocks of carbon, considering both total plant biomass as carbon in the soil are 906,25 Mg ha-1 in cerradão and 419,04 Mg ha-1 in cerrado stricto sensu, providing relationship 2,2:1. The stocks of total soil carbon obtained by elemental analyzer, to a depth of 2 m, are of 258,68 Mg ha -1 in cerradão and 271,25 Mg ha-1 in cerrado stricto sensu. This was not statistically different in both environments. However, the carbon stocks of biomass above and below ground, are from 647,57 to 147,79 Mg ha-1 in cerradão and cerrado stricto sensu, has a ratio of 4,4:1. Comparing the carbon stocks of above-ground biomass with the stocks in underground plant biomass, the relationships are 3,52:1 in cerradão and 2,04:1 cerrado stricto sensu. Soil samples were taken at depth along the soil profile, having been developed as indicators for carbon stock: clay content (TA), bulk density (BD), particle density (PD), macro and micro ( MA and MI), index of aggregate stability (IEA), percentage of soil aggregate with size between 2-4 mm (SBP), total carbon soil stocks (ECTS), of by the method of elemental analyzer, organic carbon soil by the Walkley-Black (ECOS), content of nitrogen (N), carbon storage in roots from 0,65 to 2,5 cm (ECR), belowground biomass carbon stocks (ECBVS), total carbon soil stocks and belowground biomass carbon stocks combined (ECTS+BVS). The variance analysis of these indicators measured, has shown that: the total soil carbon stocks (ECTS), organic soil carbon stocks (ECOS), carbon stocks in roots with diameters from 0,65 to 2,5 cm (ECR ) and content of the total nitrogen stoks of soil (N) in addition to presenting differences in depth, also presented significant differences between the environments and interaction environment and depth. Stand out among the others and can compose set of methodologies appropriate to local projects forest carbon credits in the Cerrado region. / O clima no Planeta sempre apresentou oscilações naturais ao longo de sua existência, mas as contribuições antropogênicas de gases de efeito estufa também modificam a composição da atmosfera, afetando o clima. Estudiosos do clima constataram aceleração do aquecimento global, devido à ação humana. Em sentido inverso, organismos fotossintéticos, nos processos de crescimento, absorvem e armazenam carbono atmosférico. O Cerrado nativo, dentre os vários serviços ambientais que oferece, assimila carbono atmosférico e o armazena na biomassa vegetal e no solo, contribuindo na mitigação do aquecimento global. Plantios florestais e a manutenção de cobertura vegetal, por contribuírem na mitigação do aquecimento global, podem gerar créditos negociáveis no mercado de carbono. O estabelecimento de indicadores dos fluxos e estoques de carbono é um dos pontos chaves no processo de geração de créditos de carbono. Esse trabalho pesquisou os estoques de carbono na biomassa vegetal e no solo, bem como seus indicadores, visando maior clareza do que ocorre com o carbono ao longo do perfil de solo e entre dois tipos de vegetação do bioma Cerrado: cerradão e cerrado stricto sensu. Foram estudadas 3 áreas de cada uma dessas fisionomias. Os teores de carbono foram obtidos a partir da quantificação da biomassa vegetal por determinação direta em campo, seguida da determinação do teor de matéria seca em estufa, e posterior calcinação a 550ºC, de amostras representativas de cada material vegetal. Os resultados da biomassa vegetal foram agrupados tanto por profundidade ou altura estudada, quanto por compartimentos vegetal como: raízes, liter, material herbáceo, tronco, galhos, folhas e frutos. Os estoques totais de carbono, considerando a biomassa vegetal e o carbono total no solo foram de 906,25 Mg ha -1 em cerradão e 419,04 Mg ha -1 em cerrado stricto sensu, proporcionando a relação de 2,2:1. Os estoques de carbono total do solo, obtidos por analisador elementar, até a profundidade de 2 m, foram de 258,68 Mg ha -1 em cerradão e 271,25 Mg ha-1 em cerrado stricto sensu, não sendo estatisticamente diferentes nos dois ambientes. No entanto, os estoques de carbono da biomassa vegetal, acima e abaixo do solo, de 647,57 Mg ha -1 para cerradão e 147,79 Mg ha -1 para cerrado stricto sensu, apresentaram uma relação de 4,4:1. Ao se comparar os estoques de carbono da biomassa vegetal acima do solo com os estoques de carbono da biomassa vegetal subterrânea, as relações são de 3,52:1 no cerradão e 2,04:1 no cerrado stricto sensu. Foram tomadas amostras de solo em profundidade, ao longo do perfil do solo, tendo sido determinados: teor de argila (TA), densidade do solo (DS), densidade de partículas (DP), macro e microporosidade (MA e MI), índice de estabilidade de agregados (IEA), percentagem de agregados com tamanho entre 2 a 4 mm (PAS), estoques de carbono total do solo pelo método do analisador elementar (ECTS), estoques de carbono orgânico do solo, pelo método Walkley-Black (ECOS), teor de nitrogênio (N), estoque de carbono nas raízes entre 0,65 a 2,5 cm (ECR), estoques de carbono da biomassa vegetal subterrânea (ECBVS), estoques de carbono total do solo agrupado aos estoques da biomassa vegetal subterrânea (ECTVS). A análise de variância desses indicadores demonstrou que: os estoques de carbono total do solo (ECTS); estoques de carbono orgânico do solo (ECOS); estoques de carbono nas raízes com diâmetro entre 0,65 a 2,5 cm (ECR) e teor de nitrogênio total do solo (N) além de apresentarem diferenças em profundidade, apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os ambientes e na interação ambiente e profundidade. Se destacam dentre os demais e podem compor conjunto de metodologias locais apropriadas a projetos de créditos de carbono florestal, na região do Cerrado.

Cette thèse propose une étude sur la relation entre les arts graphiques et le cinéma à travers une observation analytique du générique de film en tant que fragment cinématographique hybride présentant un entremêlement ou encore une rencontre entre les éléments graphiques et les éléments filmiques. Par cette étude nous interrogeons le générique d’ouverture de film, de l’apparition de la cinématographie aux expériences plus contemporaines, en suivant l’évolution d’une forme à la fois graphique et cinématographique reposant sur une frontière technique constamment mouvante grâce aux multiples innovations technologiques.Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons aux fonctions, typologies, typographies et mises en scène du générique d’ouverture, ainsi qu'aux différents éléments le composant, qui s’expriment selon des modalités à la fois historiques, techniques et esthétiques. L’esthétique de la typographie et son évolution font l’objet d’une attention particulière.Cette thèse se concentre particulièrement sur Kyle Cooper et plus spécialement sur le générique d’ouverture de Se7en, remarquable par son style de typographie cinétique ainsi que son incroyable tour de force technique et esthétique.Notre objectif est de démontrer, à travers les développements graphiques et filmiques du générique d’ouverture, à quel point les apports de Kyle Cooper pour l’art de sa conception sont fondamentaux et considérables. Cooper a contribué à la renaissance de l’art du générique de film à la suite de Saul Bass, dans les années 1950. / This thesis proposes a study of the relation between graphic art and cinema through ananalytical approach of film opening credits as a hybrid cinematographic fragment with areunion of graphic elements and cinematographic elements. Through this study, we willanalyze opening credits, from the beginning of cinema until contemporary experiences,following the evolution of a from simultaneously/both graphic and film based on a technicalline constantly shifting with innovations.In this work, we are also interested in fonctions, types, typography and staged opening credits,elements which are expressed according to historical, technical and aesthetic modes. Theaesthetics of typography and its evolution are the subject of a particular attention.This thesis focuses specifically on Kyle Cooper and more precisely on the opening credits ofSe7en with its outstanding style of kinetic typography and its incredible aesthetic andtechnical tour de force.Our goal is to prove the significance of Kyle Cooper’s contribution and why his contributionsfor art of the generic design are so fundamental and substantial across graphic developmentsand opening credits. Cooper had an important part in the rebirth of the art of film credits withSaul Bass in the 1950s.