Aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA) is a key step in protein biosynthesis, carried out by highly specific aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (ARSs). ARSs have been implicated in autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive human disorders. Autosomal dominant variants in tryptophanyl‐tRNA synthetase 1 (WARS1) are known to cause distal hereditary motor neuropathy and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease, but a recessively inherited phenotype is yet to be clearly defined. Seryl‐tRNA synthetase 1 (SARS1) has rarely been implicated in an autosomal recessive developmental disorder. Here, we report five individuals with biallelic missense variants in WARS1 or SARS1, who presented with an overlapping phenotype of microcephaly, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and brain anomalies. Structural mapping showed that the SARS1 variant is located directly within the enzyme's active site, most likely diminishing activity, while the WARS1 variant is located in the N‐terminal domain. We further characterize the identified WARS1 variant by showing that it negatively impacts protein abundance and is unable to rescue the phenotype of a CRISPR/Cas9 wars1 knockout zebrafish model. In summary, we describe two overlapping autosomal recessive syndromes caused by variants in WARS1 and SARS1, present functional insights into the pathogenesis of the WARS1‐ related syndrome and define an emerging disease spectrum: ARS‐related developmental disorders with or without microcephaly.

Factor VIII is a clotting factor found on the intrinsic side of the coagulation cascade. A mutation in the factor VIII gene causes the disease Hemophilia A, for which there is no cure. The most common treatment is administration of recombinant factor VIII. However, this can cause an immune response that renders the treatment ineffective in certain hemophilia patients. For this reason a new treatment, or cure, needs to be developed. Gene editing is one solution to correcting the factor VIII mutation. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing introduces a double stranded break in the genomic DNA. Where this break occurs repair mechanisms cause insertions and deletions, or if a template oligonucleotide can be provided point mutations could be introduced or corrected. However, to accomplish this goal for editing factor VIII mutations, a way to deliver the components of CRISPR/Cas9 into somatic cells is needed. In this study, I confirmed that the CRISPR/Cas9 system was able to create a mutation in the factor VIII gene in zebrafish. I also showed that the components of CRISPR/Cas9 could be piggybacked by vivo morpholino into a variety of blood cells. This study also confirmed that the vivo morpholino did not interfere with the gRNA binding to the DNA, or Cas9 protein inducing the double stranded break.

La croissance folliculaire anormale, l'anoestrus et l'anovulation sont parmi les principales causes de la baisse de fertilité chez les bovins laitiers à haut rendement. Lors de la croissance folliculaire et de l'ovulation, les cellules stéroïdogènes, y compris les cellules de granulosa (GC), jouent un rôle crucial dans la maturation et la libération de l'ovocyte. Il est donc essentiel de décrire en détail les processus physiologiques et pathologiques régulant la fonction ovarienne. Des études précédentes de notre laboratoire ont identifié et caractérisé pour la première fois un membre de la famille des pseudo-kinases Tribbles (à savoir TRIB2) dans les cellules ovariennes de granulosa. La famille Tribbles comprend des protéines de type sérine-thréonine kinase largement exprimées (TRIB1, TRIB2 et TRIB3) qui peuvent jouer des rôles cruciaux dans divers processus biologiques tels que la coordination de la mitose et de la morphogenèse, la maturation des ovocytes et la prolifération cellulaire. Cependant, leurs rôles exacts dans la fonction des cellules de granulosa et leurs effets sur les voies de signalisation impliquées dans la croissance folliculaire et l'ovulation restent inconnus. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les pseudo-kinases TRIB jouent des rôles cruciaux dans la régulation de la fonction et de l'activité des cellules de granulosa au cours des dernières étapes du développement folliculaire et peuvent activer des voies de signalisation distinctes. L'objectif de la présente étude était donc d'examiner les fonctions des membres TRIB dans les cellules de granulosa bovine avec les objectifs spécifiques suivants : 1) Analyser l'expression et la régulation des membres TRIB dans différents types cellulaires folliculaires et modèles de culture ; 2) Étudier les fonctions des membres TRIB dans les cellules GC en utilisant l'approche CRISPR/Cas9. En utilisant un modèle d'étude in vivo composé de cellules GC obtenues à partir de follicules à différents stades de développement, nous avons confirmé la régulation négative de TRIB2 par l'hormone lutéinisante (LH) / hormone chorionique gonadotrope humaine (hCG) et la régulation positive de TRIB1 et TRIB3 aux niveaux de l'ARN et des protéines par la LH. Nous avons montré que TRIB2 est presque exclusivement présent dans les cellules GC et dans les follicules dominants (DF) alors qu'il est absent dans les cellules de la thèque (TC) et régulé négativement dans les follicules ovulatoires (OF) par hCG, tandis que TRIB1 et TRIB3 sont présents dans les cellules TC des DF ou OF. TRIB1 et TRIB3 sont exprimés dans les cellules GC uniquement dans les OF post-hCG et non dans les DF. Les résultats suggèrent que la contribution des cellules TC à l'expression de TRIB2 dans l'ovaire bovin est très limitée par rapport aux cellules GC. Nos données ont montreé que TRIB1 et TRIB3 sont induits par hCG, suggérant des rôles significatifs, respectivement, dans le processus d'ovulation ou la formation et la fonction du corps jaune. Les résultats d'immunohistochimie ont montré la présence de TRIB2 dans la couche GC des DF par rapport à la couche TC et absente dans les OF post-hCG. L'analyse par Western blot a montré que TRIB2 et TRIB3 sont induits par la FSH mais à des moments différents. De plus, les données in vitro ont confirmé que la LH supprime l'expression de TRIB2, tandis que l'expression de TRIB3 est induite par la LH, en particulier 6 heures après le traitement avec LH. L'inhibition de TRIB3 via CRISPR/Cas9 suggère que, bien que TRIB3 puisse avoir un effet positif sur la voie de signalisation AKT dans les cellules GC, il a des effets négatifs sur la voie de signalisation P38MAPK. Nos données actuelles fournissent des preuves que TRIB2 pourrait être impliqué dans la prolifération des cellules GC et le développement folliculaire, tandis que TRIB1 et TRIB3 pourraient être impliqués respectivement dans les processus d'ovulation et de lutéinisation. En conclusion, les TRIB jouent des rôles cruciaux dans la régulation de la fonction et de l'activité des cellules de granulosa au cours du développement folliculaire et peuvent activer des voies de signalisation distinctes. / Abnormal follicular growth, anestrus and anovulation are among the main causes of declining fertility in high-yielding dairy cattle. During follicular growth and ovulation, steroidogenic cells, including granulosa cells (GC), play a crucial role in the maturation and release of the oocyte. It is therefore essential to describe in more details the physiological and pathological processes regulating the ovarian function. Previous studies from our laboratory identified and characterized for the first time a tribbles pseudokinase family member (namely TRIB2) in ovarian GC. The Tribbles family includes widely expressed serine-threonine kinase-like proteins (TRIB1, TRIB2 and TRIB3) that may play crucial roles in various biological processes such as coordination of mitosis and morphogenesis, oocyte maturation and cell proliferation. However, their exact roles in GC function and effects on the signaling pathways involved in follicular growth and ovulation remained to be defined. We hypothesized that TRIB pseudokinases play crucial roles in regulating the function and activity of granulosa cells during the final stages of follicular development and may activate separate signaling pathways. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the functions of TRIB members in bovine GC with the following specific objectives: 1) Analyze the expression and regulation of TRIB members in different follicular cell types and culture models; 2) to study TRIB members functions in GC cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach. Using an in vivo study model consisting of GC obtained from follicles at different stages of development, we confirmed down-regulation of TRIB2 by luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and up-regulation of TRIB1 and TRIB3 at both RNA and protein levels. We showed that, TRIB2 is almost exclusively present in GC and in dominant follicles (DF) while it is absent in theca cells (TC) and downregulated in ovulatory follicles (OF) by hCG while TRIB1 and TRIB3 are present in TC whether of DF or OF. Both TRIB1 and TRIB3 are expressed in GC only in OF post-hCG and not in DF. The results suggest that TC contribution to TRIB2 expression in the ovary is very limited as compared to GC. Our data show that TRIB1 and TRIB3 are induced by hCG suggesting significant roles in the ovulation process (TRIB1) or the formation and function of the corpus luteum. Results from immunohistochemistry, showed the presence of TRIB2 in the GC layer of DF as compared to TC layer and absent in OF post hCG injection. Western blot analysis showed that TRIB2 and TRIB3 are induced by FSH but at different times. Moreover, in vitro data confirmed that LH suppresses TRIB2 expression, whereas TRIB3 expression is induced by LH, particularly 6 hours post-LH treatment. Inhibition of TRIB3 via CRISPR-Cas9 suggested that while TRIB3 might have positive effect on AKT signaling pathway in GC, it has negative effects on P38 signaling pathway. Our current data provide evidence that TRIB2 could be involved in GC proliferation and follicular development while TRIB1 and TRIB3 could be involved in the ovulation and luteinization processes, respectively. Overall, TRIBs play crucial roles in regulating the function and activity of granulosa cells follicular development and may activate separate signaling pathways.

PCNA est une protéine essentielle qui intervient dans de nombreux mécanismes cellulaires et qui possède de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles (MPTs) dont les fonctions de certaines, restent encore inconnues. Afin d’étudier la fonction de ces MPTs, nous avons développé un nouvel outil génétique permettant in cellulo, de substituer la protéine endogène PCNA par une version mutée de la protéine appelée version de complémentation. La technique consiste à cotransfecter des cellules en culture avec deux types de plasmides. Un premier plasmide permet l’invalidation du gène de PCNA endogène dans les cellules transfectées par le système CRISPR-Cas9. Le deuxième plasmide dit de complémentation permet l’expression d’une forme mutée de PCNA. Sur l’ensemble d’une banque de mutants testés, deux mutants de PCNA se sont avérés être létaux (D122A et E124A). Nous avons démontré que ces deux sites sont impliqués dans l’initiation d’une voie de dégradation ubiquitine dépendante CRL4Cdt2 essentielle pour la mise en place de la protéolyse d’un cocktail de protéines (cdt1, p21, set8) durant la phase S. Nous avons démontré que les cellules mutantes pour PCNA (D122A et E124A) accumulent la protéine p21. Ce défaut de dégradation de p21 provoque alors des évènements de re-réplication menant à terme à la mort des cellules mutantes. / PCNA is an essential protein that is involved in many cellular mechanisms and has many post-translational modifications (PTMs). The functions of some PTMs, still remain unknown. In order to study the function of these PTMs, we have developed a new genetic tool allowing, in cellulo, the substitution of endogenous PCNA protein with a mutated version of the protein named complementation version. The technique involves cotransfection of the cells in culture with two types of plasmids. A first plasmid allows invalidation of the endogenous PCNA gene in transfected cells by the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The second plasmid, named complementation plasmid allows the expression of a mutated form of PCNA. In the whole bank of tested mutants, two PCNA mutants were found to be lethal (D122A and E124A). We have demonstrated that these two sites are involved in the initiation of an ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation CRL4Cdt2 pathway essential for the proteolysis of a protein cocktail (cdt1, p21, set8) during the S phase. We demonstrated that PCNA mutant cells (D122A and E124A) accumulate p21 protein. This lack of degradation of p21 then causes re-replication events leading ultimately to the mutant cells death.

Det finns idag flera tusen genetiska sjukdomar som inte kan botas med hjälp av dagens läkemedelsbehandlingar. Detta är något forskarna försöker finna en lösning på. Två nya potenta genredigeringsverktyg har utvecklats och tros kunna bota och behandla många av de idag kända genetiska sjukdomarna. Detta är clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats med CRISPR-associerade proteiner, CRISPR/Cas9 och prime editing. Tekniker som utvecklats från det adaptiva immunförsvaret hos prokaryoter. Både CRISPR/Cas9 och prime editing är RNA-guidade system med DNA som mål, de är även möjliga att programmera. Syftet med denna litteratursökning var att: 1) Jämföra teknikerna CRISPR/Cas9 och prime editing, 2) Undersöka vilka idag pågående kliniska prövningar som finns där någon av teknikerna används vid behandling av sjukdom. 3) Undersöka vilka sjukdomstillstånd som tros kunna botas och/eller behandlas med hjälp av någon av teknikerna samt 4) undersöka hur forskare ser på de etiska aspekterna av dessa tekniker. Information har hämtats under arbetets gång, främst från PubMed, Google och clinicaltrials.gov. Det finns idag 16 pågående studier där CRISPR/Cas9 används som behandlingsmetod. För prime editing finns det inga pågående studier. Sjukdomarna som forskarna hoppas kunna behandla med hjälp av metoderna är många, men de har kommit längst i utvecklingen av läkemedel för cancer, blodsjukdomar och ögonsjukdomar. De etiska diskussionerna har varit många och den stora frågan som diskuteras är hur tekniken skall regleras för att inte utnyttjas till sådant som potentiellt kan vara skadligt. Detta är två tekniker med hopp om nya behandlingsmetoder för genetiska sjukdomar, dock är de endast i början av sin utveckling och mer forskning och förfining av metoderna krävs innan de kan tillämpas kliniskt. / Today, there are thousands of genetic diseases that cannot be cured with the help of today's drug treatments. This is something the researchers are trying to find a solution to. Two new potent gene editing tools have been developed and are believed to be able to treat or cure many of today's genetic diseases. These are Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with CRISPR-associated proteins, CRISPR/Cas9 and prime editing. Techniques developed from the adaptive immune system of prokaryotes. Both CRISPR/Cas9 and prime editing are RNA-guided DNA-targeted systems that are programmable. The purpose of this literature search was to: 1) compare the CRISPR/Cas9 and prime editing techniques, 2) investigate the current clinical trials in which any of the techniques are used to treat disease. 3) investigate which diseases that are believed to be cured and/or treated by using one of the techniques, and 4) investigare how researchers view the ethical aspects of these techniques. Information was gathered during a period between January to May 2020, mainly from PubMed, Google and clinicaltrials.gov. There are currently 16 ongoing studies using CRISPR/Cas9 as a treatment method. For prime editing there are no ongoing studies. The diseases that the researchers hope to be able to treat using the methods are many, but they have come the farthest in the development of a drug for cancer, blood diseases and eye diseases. There have been many discussions about the ethical side, but the big question being discussed is how the technology should be regulated so that it may not be used to harm instead of treat. These two techniques give hope of new treatment methods of genetic diseases, however, they are in the early stages of their development and more research and refinement of the methods is required before they can be applied clinically.

O timo é um órgão linfoide primário essencial para a manutenção da tolerância central através da seleção e eliminação de células T autoreativas. Precursores de células T, oriundas da medula óssea, chegam ao timo e migram do córtex para região da medula. As células epiteliais medulares tímicas (mTECs) expressam em sua superfície antígenos de tecidos periféricos (em inglês tissue-restricted antigens ou TRAs) que representam autoantígenos de todos os tecidos do corpo. Atuando como um fator de transcrição não clássico em células mTEC, o gene Autoimmune Regulator (Aire) desempenha um papel na expressão dos TRAs, cuja proteína codificada libera a RNA polimerase II (RNA Pol II) ancorada na cromatina e regula a expressão de mRNAs na glândula timo. A função biológica deste gene está ligada à indução de tolerância imunológica central impedindo o aparecimento de doenças autoimunes. Isso é resultado da seleção negativa de timócitos (precursores de células T) autoreativos que interagem fisicamente com as mTECs. Os timócitos autoreativos que reconhecem os TRAs como elementos estranhos são eliminados por apoptose. O co-cultivo de mTECs com timócitos representa um sistema-modelo in vitro adequado para se aproximar da interação celular que ocorre dentro do timo. Os resultados anteriores do nosso laboratório demonstraram que além do controle de mRNA de TRAs, o gene Aire também participa da modulação de miRNAs em mTECs uma vez que estas espécies de RNA são transcritas pela RNA Pol II. Continuando com essa linha de estudos, neste trabalho nós demonstramos pela primeira vez que Aire também modula a expressão de long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) em mTECs. Para isto fizemos uso da estratégia da perda de função analisando a expressão dessa espécie de RNA, assim como de mRNAs, em células mTEC Aire +/+ e mTEC Aire nocautes (KO Aire -/-) obtidas pela edição gênica por Crispr-Cas9. O transcriptoma dessas células que passaram ou não por adesão com timócitos, foi então analisado por hibridizações com microarrays. Isso evidenciou que Aire e adesão celular influenciam a expressão tanto de mRNAs como de lncRNAs. A reconstrução de redes de interação lncRNAs-mRNAs possibilitou evidenciar uma nova via de regulação pós-transcricional em células mTEC. / The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ essential for the maintenance of central tolerance through the selection and elimination of autoreactive T cells. Precursors of T cells, originating from the bone marrow, reach the thymus and migrate from the thymic cortex to the medullary region. Thymic medullary epithelial cells (mTECs) express on their surface tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) that represent autoantigens of all tissues in the body. Acting as a non-classical transcription factor in mTEC cells, the Autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene plays a role in the expression of TRAs, whose encoded protein releases the RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) anchored in the chromatin and regulates the expression of mRNAs in the thymus gland. The biological function of this gene is associated to the induction of central immune tolerance preventing the onset of autoimmune diseases. This is a result of negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes (T cell precursors) that interact physically with mTECs. Self-reactive thymocytes that recognize TRAs as foreign elements are eliminated by apoptosis. The co-culture of mTECs with thymocytes represents an appropriate in vitro model system to approximate the cellular interaction that occurs within the thymus. Previous results from our laboratory demonstrated that in addition to the control of TRA mRNAs, Aire also participates in the modulation of miRNAs in mTECs since these RNA species are transcribed by RNA Pol II. Continuing with this line of studies, in this study we demonstrate for the first time that Aire also modulates the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mTECs. For this, we used the loss-of-function strategy to analyze the expression of this RNA species, as well as mRNAs in mTEC Aire + / + or Aire knockout mTEC cells (KO Aire - / -) obtained by the gene editing by Crispr-Cas9. The transcriptome of these cells, whether or not adhered to thymocytes, was then analyzed by microarray hybridizations. This demonstrated that Aire and cell adhesion influence the expression of both mRNAs and lncRNAs. The reconstruction of lncRNAs-mRNAs interaction networks made possible to evidence a new post-transcriptional regulation pathway in mTEC cells.

In a prospective post-work society, a select group of citizens participate in a cross-temporal project. As we follow along their journeys, questions arise. How does time move when it is no longer a commodity? What is design in the age of rampant robotics? How do we define creativity? What is wasted potential, and is it possible to be a failure? Most importantly, can fiction teach us anything about reality?

Reproductive containment in farmed fish is highly desired for sustainable aquaculture to prevent genetic introgression with wild conspecifics and enhance productivity by suppressing sexual maturation. A number of strategies have already been implemented or have been tested in commercially important fish (e.g. triploidy, monosexing, hormonal therapies); however, they either do not result in 100% containment, or they cannot be applied to all species. One promising new approach consists in disrupting primordial germ cells (PGCs), at the origin of germline cells, to induce sterility. The work carried out in this doctoral thesis aimed to investigate the genes involved in the survival of germ cells and subsequently conduct a functional analysis of candidate genes using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to ultimately provide the basis for the development of a novel sterilisation technique. Nile tilapia was chosen as the experimental animal as it is a major aquaculture species worldwide and the control of reproduction plays a critical role in the farming productivity in this species. In addition, the species has clear advantages as its whole genome sequence is accessible, the generation time is relatively short and zygotes can be available all year round. Initially, a panel of 11 candidate genes with reported roles in survival of PGCs was investigated during the ontogenic development which led to the selection of piwi-like (piwil) gene as a target for genome editing. Then, high temperature was tested as a means to induce germ cell loss to better understand the mechanism underlying germ cell survival and apoptosis, and this study confirmed the functional importance of piwil genes in relation to germ cell loss and proliferation. In addition, the study suggested potential subfunctionalisation within the Bcl-2 gene family which requires further investigation. The next step aimed to optimise the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method by improving the microinjection system and testing different concentrations of sgRNAs. Over 95% of injected embryos showed on-target mutation in piwil2 via zygote injection of CRISPR/Cas9 reagents and complete KO larvae were shown in half of the mutants, producing putative sterile fish. However, there was no clear association between the phenotypes in PGCs and the mutation rate. Further comparative studies of mutant screening methods including T7E1, RGEN, HRMA, fragment analysis and NGS revealed that the genotypes of F0 are highly mosaic, suggesting that deep sequencing is recommended for accurate and high throughput F0 screening and further improvement for predictable genome editing is required for a reliable gene functional analysis in F0. In summary, the current thesis provided new scientific knowledge and supporting evidence for the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing platform to study gene function associated with sterility, with the ultimate goal to develop an alternative sterilisation method in fish.

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No description available.