Master of Public Health / Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology / M. M. Chengappa / Rabies is the most deadly disease on earth and has a 99.9% human fatality rate. Rabies kills 61,000 humans annually and results in an economic burden of $124 billion USD annually. Each day 3.3 million people live with the risk of rabies. It is estimated that 95% of human rabies cases are a result of coming in contact with an infected canine, majority of these cases being children 15 years and younger. It is estimated that 1 person every 8 minutes dies of rabies. Rabies is a highly neurotropic disease which attacks the brain and central nervous system. Once clinical symptoms are presented, death is invariably the outcome as no cure exists for rabies. Rabies is 100% preventable in humans by proper wound management and proper administration of prophylaxis. Rabies can be adequately controlled in animal populations by contraception and animal rabies vaccine efforts. Whilst it is known that rabies can be prevented in humans and controlled in animal populations, further scientific efforts are still warranted to fully understand this deadly virus so that a cure can one day be discovered. As human and animal populations continue to grow, so does the cost and burden of this horrific disease. As a result, the importance of prophylaxis and passive immunity are critical in the event of medically managing an exposure, and preventing exposures. The World Health Organization has defined global recommendations for individuals and animals who have received prophylaxis to be adequately protected. Measuring this protection is performed using a variety of approved testing methodologies, virus-neutralizing assays and antigen-binding assays. Whilst the WHO recommendations were defined from clinical studies performed with virus-neutralizing assays, the assumption that these recommendations are suitable for the antigen-binding assays is inaccurate. The testing methodologies, virus-neutralization and antigen-binding, share similarities, as they are measuring an immune response to the rabies virus. However; enough differing characteristics are presented such that exact comparisons cannot be made. Establishing the same standards and recommendations for both testing methodologies will never be sufficient.

Motivado pela crescente importância que os animais domésticos vêem causando na sociedade humana, tanto em relação à busca de melhor qualidade de vida, quanto em relação ao seu valor epidemiológico, visto que são poucos os estudos sobre este assunto, este trabalho objetivou-se em identificar e traçar o perfil de sensibilidade frente aos antífúngicos das espécies de leveduras potencialmente patogênicas isoladas da mucosa oral de cães sem raça definida, da cidade de Campinas, São Paulo. Por motivos de segurança, os animais selecionados foram anestesiados para a realização de exame clínico da cavidade oral e coleta de amostras da região de mucosa oral, seguida de inoculação em ágar Sabouraund dextrose com cloranfenicol. A partir do crescimento em placa, foram isoladas as colônias de fungos leveduriformes, submetidas a exames macromorfológicos e micromorfológicos, meio cromogênico, provas bioquímicas (urease e método API 20C AUX) e teste de sensibilidade aos antifúngicos. Dos 50 animais participantes do estudo, os cães com idade superior a 4 anos e os que apresentavam doença periodontal tiveram maior percentual de isolamento. Foram identificadas 43 leveduras das 45 amostras isoladas, sendo elas 86% (37) correspondentes ao gênero Candida spp, 11,6% (5) pertencentes ao gênero Trichosporon spp e 2,3% (1) do gênero Malassezia pachydermatis. O perfil de sensibilidade pelo método \"Etest\" identificou importante resistência de algumas amostras à antifúngicos rotineiramente utilizados na clínica médica veterinária, o que ressalta a importância da continuidade deste trabalho para o melhoramento da conduta clínica e para a explicação dos inúmeros tratamentos recidivos tanto em animais como em humanos. / Regarding the increasing impact that that the pets have been causing to the human society as its relation to the search for a better quality of life, and its relation with the epidemiological value, this study aimed to identify and draw the profile of the susceptibility to the antifungal drugs of the potentially pathogenic species of yeasts isolated from the oral canine mucosa of animals from indefinite breed of the city of Campinas, São Paulo. For their safety, the selected animals were anesthetized to have a short clinic exam of the oral cavity performed and to have samples from the oral mucosa collected. Later an inoculation in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol was performed. After the growth on a dish, colonies of fungi with yeast shape were isolated and submitted to macro morphological and micro morphological exams, chromogenous medium, biochemical proofs (urease and API 20C AUX method), and the test of the susceptibility to the antifungal drugs. Among the 50 animals taken part in the study, the dogs over 4 years old and those which presented periodontal diseases had a higher isolation percentage. Yeasts were identified 43 of the 45 isolates, being that 86%(37) were from the genus Candida spp, 11,6% (5) belonged to the genus Trichosporon spp., and 2,3% (1) belonged to the genus Malasseziapachydermatis.The susceptibility profile through the \"Etest®\" method identified a relevant resistance of some strains to the antifungal drugs commonly used in the veterinary medical clinic. This found highlights the relevance of the continuity of this study to improve the clinical conduct and to explain many relapse treatments in both animals and humans.

Orientador: Priscylla Tatiana Chalfun Guimarães-Okamoto / Resumo: A doença renal crônica (DRC) em cães apresenta grande morbidade e alta taxa de mortalidade, sendo considerada a alteração renal mais comum, tendo a nefropatia glomerular como a alteração de maior prevalência. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a prevalência das alterações glomerulares em conjunto com avaliação da razão proteína creatinina urinárias (RPC), dos níveis séricos de albumina e creatinina e pressão arterial sistólica comparando os parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais entre o grupo de animais com a lesão predominante e o grupo abrangendo os demais tipos de lesões glomerulares que foram encontrados. Foram utilizados 24 cães com doença renal crônica que morreram. As lesões glomerulares foram classificadas segundo Cianciolo et al. (2013) por meio da análise histopatológica de tecidos renais corados pelas técnicas histoquímicas de hematoxilina e eosina, tricrômico de Masson, ácido periódico de Schiff e vermelho Congo. Foram inclusos animais com exames de urina com sedimento inativo, RPC, creatinina e albumina sérica. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os últimos valores obtidos antes do óbito, não excedendo o limite de quatro semanas. Não foi observado diferenças entre RPC, albumina e creatinina séricas e pressão arterial sistólica entre os animais com alteração membranosa e o grupo contendo os demais tipos de lesão glomerular encontrados em cães com DRC. Na DRC, independentemente do tipo de lesão glomerular, os parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais avaliados neste... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

A study was performed to investigate the effect of diet modifications on skin and hair coat condition in canines. The study included 24 normal adult dogs fed a baseline diet (Ol'Roy[trademark]), during an acclimation period of 12 wk (Phase I). Nine female Beagles and 15 male Hound mix-breed dogs were used. For the next 12 wk (Phase II) the dogs were divided into three groups and fed one of three specially formulated diets. They contained similar ingredients and had similar nutrient profiles except for the following differences: Diet A contained lower but adequate amounts of dietary zinc and linoleic acid than diet B. Diet C was similar to B with respect to zinc and linoleic acid but contained more α-linolenic acid. An evaluation panel conducted skin and hair coat condition scoring on wk 0, 4, 7, and 12 (Phase I) and wk 14, 16, 19, and 24 (Phase II). The panel evaluated the dogs for glossiness, softness, scale, greasiness, and overall condition. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration (HYDR) assessments were determined on wk 3, 7, and 11 (Phase I) and wk 11, 12, 15, 19, and 23 (Phase II) using a Tewameter[trademark] and Corneometer[trademark] respectively. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 5, 8, 16, 28, 56, and 84. Profiles of plasma phospholipid fatty acids were determined at each collection period. Serum zinc concentrations were analyzed on wk 12, 14, and 24. The hypothesis was that a diet containing increased LA, ALA, and zinc concentrations (diet C) would show improvements of skin and hair coat condition in dogs compared to the other diets. All three test diets caused significant improvements compared to Ol'Roy[trademark]. Diet B caused more improvement than diet A in both subjective and objective assessments of skin and hair coat. Based on mean values diet B is better to be fed to dogs that need to improve skin hydration and diet C should be fed to dogs that need to decrease TEWL. Diet C not only led to improvements in skin and hair coat condition, but also provided additional benefit by producing less pro-inflammatory conditions in the skin.

Das canine Parvovirus (CPV-2)wurde erstmals bei Hunden im Jahr 1978 beschrieben. Dieses Virus verbreitete sich innerhalb weniger Monate weltweit in einer schweren Pandemie. Retrospektiv wird angegnommen, dass es sich aud dem Felinen Panleukopenie-Virus oder einem nah verwandten Virus entwickelt hat. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, durch Untersuchungen von archivierten paraffineingebetteten Gewebeproben von Hunden und Katzen aus den frühen 1970iger Jahren einen möglichen Anzestor des caninen Parvovirus zu identifizieren und die Hypothese zu überprüfen, dass CPV-2 schon vor 1978 in den Hundepopulationen zirkulierte.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) (Community Oral Health) / The aim of this study was to establish whether there is any association between developing maxillary canine ectopia and various other dental anomalies using panoramic radiographs in the mixed dentition stage of development.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective was to compare the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of treatment with hypertonic saline and colloid (expanders) associated with different vasoconstrictors in dogs subjected to experimental hemorrhagic shock. Twenty-four healthy adult mongrel dogs were included in the study, with mean body weight of 10.84±3.3kg, males and females. Following anesthetic induction by isoflurane inhalation, the animals were intubated and connected to a partial rebreathing system, and subjected to general inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane using a calibrated vaporizer, which were then maintained at 1MAC (minimum alveolar concentration). Hypovolemia was induced by withdrawal of 5mL kg-1 min-1 of blood from the femoral artery, until the mean arterial pressure reached values between 45 and 50mmHg. After 60 minutes, basal parameters were measured and the treatments were initiated. At this moment, the treatment with colloid and hypertonic solution (4mL kg-1) was carried out. After 10 minutes, the animals were randomly allocated into four groups, according to the continuous infusion to be administered. In GD (dopamine group, n=06), a continuous infusion of dopamine (10μg kg-1 min-1) was administered. The animals in GDB (dobutamine group, n=06) received a continuous infusion of dobutamine (5μg kg-1 min-1) and GV (vasopressin group, n=06) vasopressin at the dose of 0.02IU-1 min-1 by continuous infusion, both diluted in 0.9% NaCl. The GC (n=06), control group, was only treated with the association of hypertonic saline and colloid . The animals were monitored with regards to heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, concentration of expired isoflurane, concentration of expired carbon dioxide, fraction of inspired oxygen and arterial blood gas analysis to obtain values of PO2, PCO2, bicarbonate, pH, Na+, K+ and base deficit, hemoglobin and hematocrit. In addition, blood samples were collected to evaluate serum lactate, thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, platelets and complete blood count. The collected data were submitted to variance analysis, where the mean values between groups were analyzed using t-test, and between times within the same group using Tukey test, where the differences were considered statistically significant when p≤0.05. The differences between times within each group were not observed only in the variables of HR in GV and GC, PaO2, K+, MCV, MCHC, total leukocytes (except in GC), segmented neutrophils, monocytes, PT and APTT. The differences between groups were essentially regarding HR (with less proportion of alteration in GV and GC), MAP (GV with higher pressure), PaO2 (lower in GV), K+ (only one time higher in GV) and platelets, in which GC showed the lowest mean value. It can be concluded that the evaluated experimental model is efficient for hemorrhagic shock induction in dogs and requires a blood withdrawal of 42.75±9.2% of the circulating blood volume; the volemia expansion with hypertonic saline and colloid (4mL kg-1) associated or not with dopamine (10μg kg-1 min-1), dobutamine (5μg kg-1 min-1) or vasopressin (0.02IU-1 min-1) is efficient for hemodynamic recovery and metabolic stabilization; and the vasopressin group (GV), though not statistically significant, shows a more favorable clinical tendency in the recovery of hemodynamic and metabolic status in dogs submitted to experimental hemorrhagic shock. / Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos do tratamento com solução hipertônica e colóide (expansores) associada a diferentes vasopressores em cães submetidos a choque hemorrágico experimental. Foram utilizados 24 cães adultos, SRD, peso médio de 10,84+3,3kg, de ambos os sexos, hígidos. Os animais foram induzidos a anestesia geral por meio da vaporização de isofluorano, intubados e conectados a um sistema com reinalação parcial de gases, e anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano em vaporizador calibrado, sendo após, mantidos em 1CAM (concentração alveolar mínima). Induziu-se a hipovolemia, por meio da retirada de 5mL kg-1 min-1 de sangue da artéria femoral, até que a pressão arterial média atingisse valores entre 45 e 50mmHg. Após 60 minutos mensurou-se os parâmetros basais e deu-se início aos tratamentos. Neste momento realizava-se o tratamento com os expansores (4ml kg-1). Após 10 minutos os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em quatro grupos, conforme a infusão contínua que receberiam. No GD (grupo dopamina, n=06), a infusão contínua de dopamina (10μg kg-1 min-1). Os animais do GDB (grupo dobutamina, n=06), infusão contínua de dobutamina (5μg kg-1 min-1) e o GV (grupo vasopressina, n=6), vasopressina (0,02UI-1min-1) em infusão continua ambos em diluição com NaCl 0,9%. O GC (n=6), grupo controle, contou apenas com o tratamento dos expansores. Os animais foram monitorados quanto a freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória, temperatura retal, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica, pressão arterial média, pressão venosa central, concentração expirada de isofluorano, concentração expirada de dióxido de carbono, fração inspirada de oxigênio e, hemogasometria do sangue arterial, obtendo-se valores de PO2, PCO2, Bicarbonato, pH, Na+, K+, déficit de base, hemoglobina e hematócrito. Foram coletadas ainda amostras de sangue para avaliação de lactato sérico, tempo de tromboplastina, tempo de protrombina, plaquetas e hemograma completo. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância, sendo que as médias entre grupos foram analisadas pelo Teste t e entre os tempos dentro do mesmo grupo pelo Teste de Tukey, sendo as diferenças consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando P0,05. Não ocorreram diferenças entre os tempos dentro de cada grupo quanto as variáveis de FC para GV e GC, PaO2, K+, VCM, CHCM, leucócitos totais (exceção de GC), bastonetes segmentados, monócitos, TP e TTPA. Ente grupos, as diferenças fixaram-se basicamente em FC (sendo que o GV e o GC, alterou com menor proporção), PAM (GV com pressão mais alta), PaO2 (GV menor), K+ (apenas um tempo com GV maior) e Plaquetas, tendo o GC o menor valor médio desta. Conclui-se que o modelo experimental, avaliado é eficiente para indução de choque hemorrágico em cães e requer uma expoliação de sangue de 42,75+9,2% do volume sanguíneo circulante; a expansão da volemia com a associação de hipertônica e colóide (4ml kg-1) associada ou não à dopamina (10μg kg-1 min-1), dobutamina (5μg kg-1 min-1) ou vasopressina (0,02UI-1min-1) é eficaz na restauração hemodinâmica e estabilização metabólica; e o grupo vasopressina (GV), embora não estatisticamente significativo, demonstra clinicamente ser mais eficaz na restauração dos padrões hemodinâmicos e metabólicos de cães induzidos a choque hemorrágico experimental.

Motivado pela crescente importância que os animais domésticos vêem causando na sociedade humana, tanto em relação à busca de melhor qualidade de vida, quanto em relação ao seu valor epidemiológico, visto que são poucos os estudos sobre este assunto, este trabalho objetivou-se em identificar e traçar o perfil de sensibilidade frente aos antífúngicos das espécies de leveduras potencialmente patogênicas isoladas da mucosa oral de cães sem raça definida, da cidade de Campinas, São Paulo. Por motivos de segurança, os animais selecionados foram anestesiados para a realização de exame clínico da cavidade oral e coleta de amostras da região de mucosa oral, seguida de inoculação em ágar Sabouraund dextrose com cloranfenicol. A partir do crescimento em placa, foram isoladas as colônias de fungos leveduriformes, submetidas a exames macromorfológicos e micromorfológicos, meio cromogênico, provas bioquímicas (urease e método API 20C AUX) e teste de sensibilidade aos antifúngicos. Dos 50 animais participantes do estudo, os cães com idade superior a 4 anos e os que apresentavam doença periodontal tiveram maior percentual de isolamento. Foram identificadas 43 leveduras das 45 amostras isoladas, sendo elas 86% (37) correspondentes ao gênero Candida spp, 11,6% (5) pertencentes ao gênero Trichosporon spp e 2,3% (1) do gênero Malassezia pachydermatis. O perfil de sensibilidade pelo método \"Etest\" identificou importante resistência de algumas amostras à antifúngicos rotineiramente utilizados na clínica médica veterinária, o que ressalta a importância da continuidade deste trabalho para o melhoramento da conduta clínica e para a explicação dos inúmeros tratamentos recidivos tanto em animais como em humanos. / Regarding the increasing impact that that the pets have been causing to the human society as its relation to the search for a better quality of life, and its relation with the epidemiological value, this study aimed to identify and draw the profile of the susceptibility to the antifungal drugs of the potentially pathogenic species of yeasts isolated from the oral canine mucosa of animals from indefinite breed of the city of Campinas, São Paulo. For their safety, the selected animals were anesthetized to have a short clinic exam of the oral cavity performed and to have samples from the oral mucosa collected. Later an inoculation in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol was performed. After the growth on a dish, colonies of fungi with yeast shape were isolated and submitted to macro morphological and micro morphological exams, chromogenous medium, biochemical proofs (urease and API 20C AUX method), and the test of the susceptibility to the antifungal drugs. Among the 50 animals taken part in the study, the dogs over 4 years old and those which presented periodontal diseases had a higher isolation percentage. Yeasts were identified 43 of the 45 isolates, being that 86%(37) were from the genus Candida spp, 11,6% (5) belonged to the genus Trichosporon spp., and 2,3% (1) belonged to the genus Malasseziapachydermatis.The susceptibility profile through the \"Etest®\" method identified a relevant resistance of some strains to the antifungal drugs commonly used in the veterinary medical clinic. This found highlights the relevance of the continuity of this study to improve the clinical conduct and to explain many relapse treatments in both animals and humans.

Dental anthropologists study the variation around the common shared patterns of teeth. These differences in the development, size and morphology of teeth are often used to help estimate the age and sex of unknown individuals. The aim of the study was two-fold. Firstly, it was determined whether sexually dimorphic characteristics exist in the size of permanent canines of South Africans, and whether these differences are of sufficient magnitude to make them usable as a method to determine sex from unknown remains. For this purpose the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters and the maxillary/mandibular canine index were used. Secondly, the Lamendin technique of age estimation was tested and adapted to a South African sample. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the usability of human permanent canines in the determination of two demographic characteristics, namely sex and age, in a South African sample. A sample of known sex, age and population group was obtained from the Pretoria Bone Collection (University of Pretoria, South Africa) and the Raymond A. Dart Collection (University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa). The canines of 498 skulls were measured from four groups namely, black males, black females, white males and white females. The age of the sample ranged from 20 to 90 years. Using discriminant function analysis, it was possible to differentiate between the sexes with a relatively good accuracy of up to 87%. It was also evident that the two populations differed from one another as far as tooth size is concerned. Lamendin’s method of age estimation yielded poor precision and accuracy. Periodontosis was better correlated with age than root transparency, where the highest R2 value was 0.35. In summary it seems that the dimensions of the canine are useful in estimation of sex, should the population group be known. The Lamendin technique, however, gave relatively poor results even though new population specific formulae were created for the black and white populations of this sample. It could only estimate the age of the sample with an R2 value of 0.41 and mean errors ranging from 12.02 to 15.76 years. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Anatomy / unrestricted

Hörntänderna i maxillan är efter visdomständerna de tänder som oftast blir retinerade. Prevalensen varierar mellan 1-3%. En retinerad överkäkshörntand har ofta en ektopisk placering. Detta kan leda till att eruptionsriktningen blir felaktig och därmed kan tanden orsaka skador på de angränsande incisivernas rötter. För att minska risken för detta krävs tidig diagnostik, i 9-11 års ålder.Den vanligaste åtgärden för palatinalt displacerade hörntänder är extraktion av mjölkhörntänderna för att underlätta spontaneruption av de efterföljande permanenta hörntänderna. Om enbart denna behandling inte är tillräcklig eller om den permanenta hörntanden ligger för djupt måste kirurgisk friläggning ske. Detta sker i kombination med efterföljande ortodontisk behandling.I Sverige används idag två typer av kirurgisk friläggning; öppen och sluten. Vilken typ av friläggning som används tycks vara lokalt betingat. I Malmöregionen används oftast öppen friläggning medan i Jönköpingsregionen sluten friläggning är vanligast.I denna studie jämförs behandlingsutfallet hos patienter där öppna och slutna friläggningar gjorts. Framförallt utvärderas om det finns någon signifikant skillnad i behandlingstid, från friläggning till dess att den ortodontiska behandlingen är färdig. Hänsyn tas till typ av friläggning och om tanden ligger palatinalt eller buckalt retinerad. Det undersöks även vid vilken ålder friläggning gjorts samt vilken typ av retentionapparatur som använts.I gruppen med öppen friläggning var patienterna i genomsnitt 15,2 år respektive 12,9 år i gruppen med sluten friläggning. Den totala behandlingstiden från friläggning till avlägsnande av apparatur visade sig vara signifikant kortare i gruppen som fick öppen friläggning jämfört med gruppen som fick sluten friläggning. / The maxillary canines are after the third molars, the most frequently impacted teeth. The incidence varies between 1-3%. Impacted maxillary canines are often related to ectopic position, which can lead to an incorrect direction of eruption and thus cause damage to the adjacent incisors roots.The most common treatment for palatally displaced canines is extraction of the primary canines to facilitate spontaneous eruption of the succeeding permanent teeth. If this treatment is not sufficient or if the permanent canine lies too deep, surgical exposure is needed. This occurs in combination with orthodontic treatment.In Sweden two types of surgical exposures are practiced; open and closed. Which type of exposure is used seems to be locally induced. In Malmö the open exposure is most frequently practiced while in Jönköping the closed exposure is the treatment of choice.The aim of this study is to compare the treatment outcome in two groups of patients, treated either with an open or a closed exposure. It was evaluated whether any significant difference was found in the overall treatment time, from exposure until completed orthodontic treatment. Consideration was given to type of exposure and weather the tooth was palatally or buccally impacted. The age of the patients when the exposures occurred and the type of retention used in the different groups were also examined.The mean age for the patients treated with an open exposure was 15.2 years compared to 12.9 years in the other group. The total time of treatment from exposure to removal of the appliances was significantly shorter in the group with open exposure.