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No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSEMD.pdf: 2506860 bytes, checksum: b8367f5aa54ed93f457e96c4ef7de352 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996-03-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Laboratory experiments were carried out with the aim of studying the production of dissolved and capsular exopolysaccharides in diíFerent growth ages by Staurastrum tohopekaligiensis Wolle. This microalga was isolated from a marginal lagoon of the Mogi- Guaçu River, SP-Brazil. The cells were grown axenically in artificial culture médium under controlled conditions of light intensity, temperature, aeration and light/dark cycle. After 25 and 48 days of growth, the cells were harvested by centrifligation, washed with distilled water by centrifiigation, resuspended in distilled water, and submitted to 40 0C under mixing with a magnetic stirrer to extract the capsules. The capsular material and the dissolved one were both filtered, concentrated, dialyzed and ffeeze-dried. The production of exopolysaccharides was greater in the stationary growth phase than in the exponential one. Gel filtration chromatography analysis revealed that both the capsular and the extracellular polysaccharides obtained at different growth ages can be ífactioned in two fractions, "A" and "B". Fraction "A" presented a molecular weight close to or larger than 2 x 106 daltons, while fraction "B" of 2 x IO6 daltons, approximately. lon exchange chromatography data showed great similarities between capsular polysaccharide and extracellular polysaccharide, both having acid nature. When different growth ages are considered, a significant variation was observed in relation to the percentual participation of fractions "A" and "B" of the capsular polysaccharide. It was observed that fraction "B" from "old" cultures represents 92% of the total. Biochemical analysis revealed that the extracellular material does not have a sulphate group but has a proteic fraction. Gas chromatography analysis of extracellular and capsular polysaccharides revealed the presence of neutral sugars and acid sugars. The neutral sugars are; flicose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose and 3-O-methyl galactose and the acid ones are: galacturonic acid and glycuronic acid. / Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos de laboratório com o objetivo de se verificar a produção e discutir algumas propriedades dos exopolissacarídeos capsulares e dissolvidos em diferentes fases do crescimento de Staurastrum tohopekaligiensis Wolle. A alga foi isolada do Lagoa do Infemão (Estação Ecológica de Jatai), e cultivada axenicamente em meio de cultura artificial, sob condições controladas de luz, fotoperíodo, temperatura e aeração. O material excretado foi obtido ao final de 25 e 48 dias de cultivo (respectivamente denominadas culturas "jovem" e "velha"), separando-se as células do excretado dissolvido (polissacarídeo extracelular dissolvido) por centrifiigação. As células foram lavadas para remoção do material dissolvido e suas cápsulas foram extraídas por aquecimento e agitação. O polissacarídeo extracelular dissolvido (PED) e o polissacarídeo capsular (PC), desse modo obtidos, foram concentrados, dialisados e liofilizados. Foi observado um acúmulo de exopolissacarídeos no meio de cultura durante a fase estacionária. Análises de cromatografia de filtração em gel revelaram que, tanto o PED quanto o PC, de ambas as idades celulares, apresentaram-se formados por duas frações "A" e "B", com peso molecular maior ou igual a 2 x IO6 daltons e de cerca de 2 x IO6 daltons, respectivamente. Os dados de cromatografia de troca iônica mostraram grandes semelhanças entre o PED e o PC de ambas as idades celulares, sendo que todos apresentaram natureza ácida. Quando são consideradas as diferentes épocas do ciclo de crescimento, a única variação observada nos compostos polissacarídicos foi o aumento da participação percentual da fração "B" do PC em relação à fração "A" em culturas "velhas". Análises bioquímicas revelaram que o material extracelular foi composto de uma porção polissacarídica maior não sulfatada e de uma porção proteica menor. Através de cromatografia gasosa foram obtidas as composições monoméricas do PED e do PC. Nestes dois polissacarídeos, foram encontrados, em proporções pouco diferenciadas: 1) os açúcares neutros: fúcose, galactose, glicose, manose, ramnose, arabinose, xilose e 3-O-metil galactose; 2) os açúcares ácidos; ácido galacturônico e ácido glucurônico. Os mais abundantes foram fúcose, galactose glicose, tanto no PED quanto no PC.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop sensitive and specific laboratory diagnostic methods for the demonstration of pneumococcal surface antigens or pneumococcus-specific antibodies in clinical samples. The work took account of epidemiological aspects of both pneumococcal disease and nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus. We first compared the sensitivity of pneumococcal culture and antigen detection methods in nasopharyngeal samples in a developing country setting and then investigated the possibility of improving the sensitivity of the antigen detection by introducing an enrichment step in the procedure. — Further investigations were designed to determine the validity of pneumolysin-specific immune complex bound antibody assay as a tool for diagnosing pneumococcal ALRI in a developing country setting. Finally, we developed an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antigens, using type-specific antibodies produced in-house in rabbits through immunisation with an in-house-produced pneumococcal whole cell vaccine. The method was tested in nasopharyngeal and middle ear fluid samples. The first results indicated that antigen detection might be more sensitive than culture in demonstrating pneumococci in URT, particularly in children with prior antimicrobial therapy. Antigen detection is a feasible method for studies on pneumococci in developing countries. For type-specific demonstration of S. pneumoniae, detection of pneumococcal antigen after an enrichment step proved a sensitive method that can be applied for epidemiologic study purposes, e.g., in vaccine trials, in areas without ready access to a good microbiology laboratory. Determination of IC-bound pneumolysin IgG antibodies appears to be a useful method for species-specific diagnosis of pneumococcal infections. The results indicating pneumococcal aetiology in ALRI patients in this study compare well with the best results obtained by the use of lung aspirates. Increasing the number of serial samples improves the sensitivity of the assay, but even two samples provide more positive findings than other methods currently in routine use. Criteria of positivity need to be confirmed in subsequent larger studies with both healthy controls and patients with confirmed pneumococcal disease. It is also important to control the findings in patients with pneumonia of non-pneumococcal origin. The novel enzyme immunoassay was shown to work well with enrichment culture samples, with an almost 100% sensitivity compared with the culture. Middle ear fluid samples were too diluted for the enzyme immunoassay method used, and only 74% sensitivity compared with culture was achieved. Provided that adequate samples can be obtained, the method will be a useful complement to the current laboratory methods used to diagnose pneumococcal disease. With the existence of a broad spectrum of microbiological and immunological methods, it is imperative to seek international consensus for standard methods to demonstrate pneumococcus. Otherwise it is very difficult to compare results from different clinical studies. A WHO Working Group recently proposed a standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of pneumococcus, but a lot of work remains to be done in other areas of research on pneumococcal infections.

Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcus, is a common cause of respiratory tract infections and also a common inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract of healthy people. At present, 93 different polysaccharide types have been identified and in addition to them, unencapsulated pneumococci are found especially in healthy carriers. Pneumococci are usually identified by using a bacterial culture combined with biochemical or immunochemical tests. Recently, new DNA-based methods, such as PCR, have been applied. Many PCR methods that detect pneumococci are targeted at genes which encode virulence factors such as pneumolysin, autolysin and pneumococcal surface antigen A. S. pneumoniae is a common causative agent of otitis media. In clinical trials, xylitol has been shown to decrease the occurrence of otitis media but the mechanism of action is not known. Xylitol has been shown to reduce pneumococcal growth and adherence to nasopharyngeal cells and its effect on the appearance of the pneumococcal polysaccharide structure has been shown by electron microscopy. Xylitol has also been demonstrated to inhibit biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofilms have been associated with otitis media and pneumococci have been shown to form biofilms. The purpose of this work was to study the role of capsular and other virulence genes in pneumococcal infection and biofilm formation. A new PCR method was developed to detect the pneumococcal capsule and it appeared to have potential when studying the pneumococcal etiology of pneumonia. Widely used PCR methods were used to study pneumococcal isolates, and conflicting results were obtained when the results were compared with conventional immunochemical methods. In addition, xylitol was shown to inhibit capsular gene expression and biofilm formation of pneumococci. Glucose and fructose appeared to enhance biofilm formation. The conflicting results between PCR and immunochemical methods suggest that further identification methods are needed in the diagnosis of pneumococcal infection. The observed inhibitory effect of xylitol on pneumococcal capsule gene expression and biofilm formation may partly explain the efficacy of xylitol in preventing acute otitis media in previous clinical trials. / Tiivistelmä Streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumokokki, on yleinen hengitystieinfektioiden aiheuttaja, joka esiintyy myös hengitysteiden normaalifloorassa. Pneumokokilla tunnetaan 93 kapselityyppiä ja näiden lisäksi etenkin oireettomilta nielukantajilta löytyy kapselittomia pneumokokkeja. Pneumokokin tunnistamiseen käytetään yleensä viljelyä sekä bio- ja immunokemiallisia testejä ja sittemmin tunnistuksen tukena on käytetty geeniteknologisia menetelmiä, kuten PCR. Useissa pneumokokin tunnistuksessa käytettävissä PCR-menetelmissä on käytetty kohdegeeninä virulenssitekijöitä, kuten pneumolysiiniä, autolysiinia ja pneumokokin pinta-antigeeni A:ta koodaavia geenejä. Pneumokokki on yleinen korvatulehdusten aiheuttaja. Kliinisissä tutkimuksissa ksylitolin on havaittu vähentävän korvatulehduksia, mutta vaikutusmekanismi on vielä epäselvä. Ksylitolin on osoitettu vähentävän pneumokokin kasvua ja kiinnittymistä nenänielun soluihin ja sen vaikutus polysakkaridikapselin ulkomuotoon on osoitettu elektronimikroskopialla. Ksylitolin on myös todettu vähentävän biofilminmuodostusta Staphylococcus aureus, ja Pseudomonas aeruginosa –bakteereilla. Biofilmin muodostuksen on ehdotettu liittyvän krooniseen korvatulehdukseen. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa pneumokokin on osoitettu muodostavan biofilmejä. Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia kapseli- ja muiden virulenssigeenien merkitystä pneumokokki-infektion diagnostiikassa ja biofilminmuodostuksessa. Työssä kehitettiin uusi PCR-menetelmä pneumokokin kapselin osoittamiseksi ja sillä todettiin olevan käyttömahdollisuuksia keuhkokuumeen pneumokokkietiologiaa tutkittaessa. Yleisesti käytettyjä PCR-menetelmiä tutkittiin pneumokokki-isolaateilla ja havaittiin vakavia ristiriitoja näiden ja perinteisten, immunokemiallisten tunnistusmenetelmien välillä. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa havaittiin ksylitolin vähentävän pneumokokin kapseligeenien ekspressiota ja biofilmin muodostusta. Sen sijaan glukoosi ja fruktoosi lisäsivät biofilmin muodostusta. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat ristiriidan perinteisten immunokemiallisten ja PCR-menetelmien välillä ja antavat aihetta uusien, tarkempien menetelmien käyttöönotolle pneumokokki-infektion diagnostiikassa. Tutkimuksen havainnot ksylitolin vaikutuksesta pneumokokin kapseligeeniekspressioon ja biofilmin muodostukseen voivat osittain selittää kliinisissä tutkimuksissa havaittua ksylitolin ehkäisevää vaikutusta korvatulehduksiin.

No description available.

<p>Glaucoma is a common disease in the elderly population. Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is the predominant form of glaucoma. Chronic simple glaucoma and capsular glaucoma, characterized by the occurrence of pseudoexfoliation in the anterior eye segment, are the most frequent types of OAG. The purpose of the present thesis was to study the epidemiology of OAG in the municipality of Tierp, whose population has a high exposure to pseudoexfoliation.</p><p>In a case-finding study, the prevalence of known cases of OAG by December 31, 1983 was estimated to 1.4% in people ≥45 years of age. Sixty-three percent of all cases had capsular glaucoma. Patients with advanced glaucoma were older, had had the disease for longer, had higher mean initial intraocular pressure, and had more extensive visual field defects at the time of diagnosis.</p><p>A population survey of people 65–74 years of age was conducted in 1984–86. The prevalence of OAG was 5.3%. Pseudoexfoliation was found in 17%, being more common in females. Pseudoexfoliation was associated with OAG only in people previously diagnosed with the disease (odds ratio = 16). In cases detected at the survey, an intraocular pressure ≥20 mmHg was a serious risk factor of having OAG (odds ratio = 9.7).</p><p>In a 5-year follow-up study of participants in the population survey, increased intraocular pressure and pseudoexfoliation were recognized as independent risk factors for the development of OAG (standardized risk ratios = 3.4 and 9.8, respectively). Interaction between increased intraocular pressure and pseudoexfoliation was indicated. By May 2006, the incidence of OAG was estimated to 7.1 per 1,000 person-years. The incidence of capsular glaucoma was more than twice that of chronic simple glaucoma.</p><p>The prevalence and incidence of OAG was higher than that reported from other studies conducted on Caucasian populations. The probable explanation for this finding is exposure to pseudoexfoliation.</p>

Glaucoma is a common disease in the elderly population. Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is the predominant form of glaucoma. Chronic simple glaucoma and capsular glaucoma, characterized by the occurrence of pseudoexfoliation in the anterior eye segment, are the most frequent types of OAG. The purpose of the present thesis was to study the epidemiology of OAG in the municipality of Tierp, whose population has a high exposure to pseudoexfoliation. In a case-finding study, the prevalence of known cases of OAG by December 31, 1983 was estimated to 1.4% in people ≥45 years of age. Sixty-three percent of all cases had capsular glaucoma. Patients with advanced glaucoma were older, had had the disease for longer, had higher mean initial intraocular pressure, and had more extensive visual field defects at the time of diagnosis. A population survey of people 65–74 years of age was conducted in 1984–86. The prevalence of OAG was 5.3%. Pseudoexfoliation was found in 17%, being more common in females. Pseudoexfoliation was associated with OAG only in people previously diagnosed with the disease (odds ratio = 16). In cases detected at the survey, an intraocular pressure ≥20 mmHg was a serious risk factor of having OAG (odds ratio = 9.7). In a 5-year follow-up study of participants in the population survey, increased intraocular pressure and pseudoexfoliation were recognized as independent risk factors for the development of OAG (standardized risk ratios = 3.4 and 9.8, respectively). Interaction between increased intraocular pressure and pseudoexfoliation was indicated. By May 2006, the incidence of OAG was estimated to 7.1 per 1,000 person-years. The incidence of capsular glaucoma was more than twice that of chronic simple glaucoma. The prevalence and incidence of OAG was higher than that reported from other studies conducted on Caucasian populations. The probable explanation for this finding is exposure to pseudoexfoliation.

No description available.

Cette thèse issue d'une collaboration entre l'Université Lyon 1 et Sanofi Pasteur (SP) porte sur l'étude du procédé de dépolymérisation et d'activation d'un polyoside capsulaire. Cette réaction est la première étape du couplage d'un vaccin (Menactra®) antiméningococcique conjugué (polyoside du méningocoque de groupe C conjugué à l'anatoxine diphtérique). L'objectif de ce travail, réalisé dans le cadre d'un programme d'amélioration de la conformité et de la robustesse des procédés de SP, est la compréhension du mécanisme et l'optimisation des paramètres clés de cette réaction. Le procédé de couplage de ce vaccin tel qu'il est décrit par SP comporte 3 étapes clés : la dépolymérisation/activation du polyoside par le peroxyde d'hydrogène, la dérivatisation par un "linker" et le greffage à la protéine. Si les 2 dernières étapes sont des réactions chimiques bien connues, la première qui permet, à la fois de réduire la masse molaire du polyoside et de générer des groupements réducteurs, est plus obscure. Une stratégie a été élaborée afin de comprendre cette réaction. Dans un premier temps, l'étude poussée du procédé a permis d'identifier les paramètres impactant la cinétique de dépolymérisation et l'activité réductrice. Ensuite, l'analyse structurale, par diverses techniques, du polyoside dépolymérisé a confirmé l'activation. Enfin, la caractérisation de modifications chimiques de macromolécules étant relativement complexe, de plus petits modèles (monomère, tétramère) ont été utilisés et ont permis d'établir un mécanisme réactionnel de la dépolymérisation du polyoside. A partir de ces résultats, plusieurs solutions ont été proposées à l'industriel pour améliorer le rendement et/ou la robustesse du procédé / This PhD work, initiated by Sanofi Pasteur in collaboration with the University of Lyon 1, concerns the study of the Menactra® vaccine, a glycoconjugate vaccine produced by covalently coupling Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W135, Y capsular polysaccharides to diphtheria toxoid. The objective was to better understand the chemistry involved in the conjugation process of the vaccine, in order to improve the process robustness and the overall conjugated yields with particular emphasis on the serogroup C. The conjugation process can be divided into 3 key steps: depolymerization/activation by hydrogen peroxide, derivatization, and conjugation. While the 2 last steps of the process are well known in bioconjugation chemistry, the exact mechanism of the first step, which serves 2 purposes, first to reduce the polysaccharide molecular weight and second, to generate the reducing groups on the polysaccharide chain, is poorly understood. An overall strategy for the characterization of the serogroup C polysaccharide depolymerization process was successfully applied to understand this reaction. We first provided a process description of this step, identified and optimized the key process parameters. Then, the structural comparison of the polysaccharide before and after the depolymerization obtained with specified analytical methods gave important information on the mechanism. Finally, well defined sialic and tetrasialic acids were reacted with H2O2 to complete the elucidation of this complex mechanism. From these results, several solutions were proposed to the industrial to improve the yield and the robustness

Streptococcus suis est un pathogène porcin et un agent de zoonose en émergence causant des maladies invasives graves. Lorsque la bactérie envahit l’hôte et se retrouve dans le sang, des neutrophiles se mobilisent rapidement pour tenter d’éliminer la menace grâce à de nombreux mécanismes anti-microbiens. Ces cellules sont régulées par le granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) produit lors de l’infection. Il pourrait être un acteur clé du contrôle de l’infection par S. suis mais rien n’est connu sur la production et le rôle du G-CSF dans les infections à S. suis. De plus, le recrutement et l’activation des neutrophiles demeurent peu documentés. L’hypothèse de ce projet est que S. suis induit la production du G-CSF par les cellules de l’immunité innée suite à l’infection, et que le facteur module le recrutement et l’activation des neutrophiles. Cependant, S. suis limite l’activation des cellules immunitaires et se soustrait à l’élimination par les neutrophiles grâce à ses facteurs de virulence. Le 1er objectif consistait à caractériser le recrutement et l’activation des neutrophiles en réponse à S. suis dans un modèle d’infection murin (souris C57BL/6). Nous avons démontré que S. suis cause une mobilisation rapide des neutrophiles de la moelle osseuse vers le sang et la rate. Dans le sang, les neutrophiles présentent un phénotype activé. En parallèle, l’infection cause une élévation spectaculaire du G-CSF systémique, selon un patron similaire à celui des neutrophiles, suggérant un rôle du facteur dans la mobilisation de ces cellules. Le 2e objectif visait à comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires de production de G-CSF. Nous avons donc quantifié le G-CSF produit par différentes cellules immunitaires primaires de souris et démontré que les cellules dendritiques et les macrophages produisent du G-CSF en réponse à S. suis. Les cellules reconnaissent la bactérie par l’intermédiaire de leur Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 et de récepteurs intracellulaires, ce qui engage des voies de signalisation clés pour la production de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires. Le 3e objectif consistait à élucider le rôle du G-CSF dans le recrutement et l’activation des neutrophiles lors de l’infection par S. suis, et les conséquences sur la pathogenèse. Dans unmodèle d’infection murin, nous avons démontré que le G-CSF cause la sortie des neutrophiles de la moelle osseuse vers le sang, sans que cela augmente l’élimination de la bactérie et la réponse inflammatoire. In vitro, S. suis active peu les neutrophiles porcins, et le G-CSF ne permet pas d’augmenter leurs fonctions. Le 4e objectif avait pour but de déterminer si certains facteurs bactériens de S. suis modulent la production de G-CSF et l’activation des neutrophiles. En utilisant des mutants et des composants bactériens purifiés, nous avons démontré que pour produire le G-CSF, les cellules dendritiques et les macrophages murins reconnaissent les lipoprotéines de S. suis. Cependant, celles-ci sont partiellement masquées par la capsule qui entoure la bactérie, limitant la production de la cytokine. De la même manière, la capsule gêne l’activation optimale des neutrophiles porcins ce qui empêche leur effet bactéricide. Une meilleure compréhension de la pathogenèse des infections à S. suis pourrait orienter de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques en lien avec les neutrophiles pour lutter contre la bactérie. Par exemple, le G-CSF couplé à des d’autres immunomodulateurs pourra être envisagé comme traitement métaphylactique dans les élevages porcins pour prévenir d’éventuelles éclosions. / Streptococcus suis is a porcine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent causing severe invasive diseases. When the bacterium invades the host and enters the bloodstream, neutrophils quickly mobilize to try to eliminate the threat through various antimicrobial mechanisms. These cells are regulated by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is produced during the infection. It could be a key player in controlling S. suis infection, but nothing is known about the production and role of G-CSF in S. suis infections. Furthermore, neutrophil recruitment and activation remain poorly documented. The hypothesis of this project is that S. suis induces G-CSF production by innate immune cells following infection, and the factor modulates the recruitment and activation of neutrophils. Nevertheless, S. suis prevents immune cells activation and evades elimination by neutrophils due to its virulence factors. The first objective was to characterize the recruitment and activation of neutrophils in response to S. suis in a murine infection model (C57BL/6). We demonstrated that S. suis infection causes a rapid release of neutrophils from the bone marrow to the blood and spleen. In the blood, neutrophils exhibit an activated phenotype. Simultaneously, the infection causes a dramatic increase in systemic G-CSF, following a pattern similar to that of neutrophils, suggesting a role for the factor in the mobilization of these cells. The second objective aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms of G-CSF production. We quantified G-CSF produced by different primary mouse immune cells and showed that dendritic cells and macrophages produce G-CSF in response to S. suis. Cells recognize the bacterium through their Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and intracellular receptors, engaging key signaling pathways for pro-inflammatory mediator production. The third objective was to elucidate the role of G-CSF in the recruitment and activation of neutrophils during S. suis infection, and its consequences for pathogenesis. In a murine model, we demonstrated that G-CSF causes the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow into the blood, without increasing bacterial clearance and inflammatory response. In vitro, S. suis weakly activates porcine neutrophils, and G-CSF does not enhance the cellular functions. The fourth objective aimed to determine if certain bacterial factors of S. suis modulate G-CSF production and neutrophil activation. Using mutants and purified bacterial components, we demonstrated that dendritic cells and murine macrophages recognize S. suis lipoproteins to produce G-CSF. However, these lipoproteins are partially masked by the bacterium's capsule, limiting cytokine production. Similarly, the capsule hinders optimal activation of porcine neutrophils, preventing their bactericidal effect. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections could guide new therapeutic strategies related to neutrophils to combat the bacterium. For example, G-CSF combined with other immunomodulators could be considered as a metaphylactic treatment in pig farming to prevent potential outbreaks.

Avec près de 25 000 cas en 2015, le cancer du sein est de loin le cancer le plus fréquent chez les femmes canadiennes. En termes de mortalité, le cancer du sein se place au deuxième rang (13,8%), derrière le cancer du poumon (26,5%). Suite au diagnostic, 70% des femmes avec un cancer de stade avancé et 30% des femmes avec cancer précoce choisiront de subir une mastectomie totale. Plusieurs options de reconstructions mammaires sont ensuite offertes. Plus de 70% des reconstructions se feront par la mise en place d’implants mammaires (plutôt que par reconstruction autologue utilisant les tissus de la patiente). Parmi les complications survenant après cette intervention, la contracture capsulaire en est une des plus fréquente. La contracture capsulaire se définit comme la contraction anormale de la capsule fibreuse se formant autour des implants mammaires, pouvant causer des douleurs en plus d’un mauvais résultat sur le plan esthétique. Les études cliniques ont démontré un risque accru de développer une contracture capsulaire chez les femmes ayant du suivre un protocole de radiothérapie. Si plusieurs études ont cherché à démontré l’influence des radiations sur l’histologie et l’immunologie du tissu capsulaire, aucune étude ne s’était intéressée à leur effet sur l’ultrastructure capsulaire. Notre équipe a récemment démontré que l’ultrastructure capsulaire dépendait de plusieurs facteurs, notamment de la texture prothétique et du délai de reconstruction. L’objectif de ce mémoire était de décrire l’impact de la radiothérapie sur l’ultrastructure capsulaire en comparant des capsules irradiées et non-irradiées en utilisant la microscopie éléctronique à balayage. Nous avons observé, chez les échantillons issus de capsules irradiés, une perte de relief au niveau de l’interface prothèse-capsule par rapport au échantillons non irradiés. Nous avons aussi démontré que cette caractéristique ultrastructurale est associée à la présence de contracture capsulaire. Enfin, ces effets néfastes de la radiothérapie semblent altérer la capacité de la capsule à adhérer à la prothèse mammaire. En conclusion, mon projet de maîtrise aura permis de décrire pour la première fois l’impact de la radiothérapie sur l’ultrastructure des capsules périprothétiques. Bien que nos résultats ne nous permettent pas d’expliquer de façon certaine le lien potentiel avec l’évolution vers un état de contracture capsulaire, ils laissent croire que cela serait associé avec un diminution de la stabilité de la capsule sur son implant, facteur auparavant évoqué comme ayant une rôle protecteur sur la contracture capsulaire. / With around 25,000 cases in 2015, breast cancer is the most common cancer among Canadian women. In term of mortality, breast cancer is second (13.8%), only behind lung cancer (26.5%). As part of the therapeutic approaches, around 70% and 30% of women with advanced and early breast cancer (respectively) will chose to have a total mastectomy. Following a mastectomy, few options of breast reconstruction are offered to the patients. More than 70% of breast reconstructions are implant-based. Among the complications following this surgery, capsular contracture (CC) is one of the most common. CC is defined as the abnormal, and sometimes painful, contraction of the fibrous capsule that normally grows aroung breast implants, resulting in a aesthetic failure and associated with a higher surgical revision rate. Many studies have demonstrated that the incidence of CC was higher among women who had undergone radiotherapy prior to their implant-based breast breast reconstruction procedure. Most of published studies focus on the influence of radiotherapy on capsular tissue at the immune-histological level but no study has described its influence on capsular architecture. As our team recently demonstrated that capsular ultrastructure is influenced by many factors (prosthetic texture, expansion timing). The main purpose was to describe the impact of radiotherapy on periprosthetic capsule ultrastructural features by comparing irradiated and non-irradiated capsules using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We observed a significant loss of tridimensional texture at the implant-capsule interface in irradiated capsular samples. This feature was also found to be associated with CC. Finally, our results tend to show that radiotherapy impaires the stability of capsules by preventing them to grow withing their surrounding implant texure. In conclusion, the present research project offers the first description of the capsular response following exposiong to radiations. Even though our results do not allow us to conlude to a clear relation between loss of capsular architecture and a higher risk of CC, we think that the impairement of capsular stability might be part of the answer