Los ladrillos son uno de los materiales de construcción más usados en la ciudad de Lima. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estos ladrillos están hechos en base a arcilla. Los ladrillos elaborados con esta materia prima generan un gran impacto ambiental, ya que para su fabricación se degradan los suelos de donde se extrae la arcilla. Además, para llegar a la resistencia requerida son cocidos en hornos emitiendo gran cantidad de CO2, perjudicando a las familias que viven en los alrededores de estas fábricas. Esta investigación pretende disminuir el impacto ambiental generado por la fabricación de ladrillos mediante la propuesta de un eco-ladrillo con escoria de acero, material de reciclaje PET, cemento y agua. Se realizaron 3 diseños de mezcla; a estos 3 diseños y al ladrillo de arcilla se les calculó la huella de carbono para comparar el impacto ambiental que tuvo cada uno de ellos. Los 3 diseños propuestos en esta investigación disminuyeron en más del 50% el impacto ambiental generado por la fabricación de los ladrillos de arcilla. Además, a los especímenes se les realizaron ensayos mecánicos, demostrándose que el eco-ladrillo propuesto se encuentra dentro de los parámetros de la E.070 para ladrillos de tabiquería. / Bricks are one of the most used construction materials in Lima. However, most of these are made from clay. The bricks made with this raw material generate a great environmental impact, since for their manufacture the soils from which the clay is extracted are degraded. Also, to reach the required resistance they are burning in ovens emitting a large amount of CO2, damaging the families that they live around of these factories. This research aims to reduce the environmental impact generated by the manufacture of bricks by proposing an eco-brick with steel slag, PET recycling material, cement and water. Three mix designs were made. The carbon footprint was calculated for these designs and the clay brick to compare the environmental impact of each of them. The three designs proposed in this research reduced the environmental impact generated by the manufacture of clay bricks by more than 50%. In addition, mechanical tests were carried out on the elaborated specimens, showing that the proposed eco-brick is within the parameters of the E.070 for bricks for partitioning. / Tesis

En los últimos años, el crecimiento poblacional ha representado un reto ingenieril para brindar calidad de vida a las personas mediante la construcción de edificios multifamiliares elaborados a base de concreto armado. Sin embargo, estos producen el 36% del consumo de energía y el 39% de emisiones de CO2 a nivel mundial. En este sentido, en el Perú en el año 2019, se produjo un estimado de 10,6 millones de toneladas de cemento y un consumo de 74.2 millones de toneladas de arena y piedra, siendo perjudicial para el medio ambiente. Por otro lado, las llantas en desuso se han incrementado en los últimos años, proyectándose para el 2020 un estimado de 50 mil toneladas; una vez desechadas, estas generan efectos perjudiciales para el ambiente, ya sea por desintegración natural o por su incineración. Dicho esto, el proyecto de investigación pretende brindar una propuesta para reducir el impacto ambiental implementando caucho, proveniente del reciclaje de llantas, y microsílice como reemplazos parciales de la arena y el cemento respectivamente, con el fin de obtener diseños de mezcla eco amigable y que cumplan con los requerimientos de resistencia y durabilidad para ser empleados en elementos verticales estructurales. En esta investigación, se empleó el caucho reciclado en 0, 5, 10 y 15% y la microsílice en 2% como reemplazo parcial de la arena y el cemento respectivamente. De esta manera, se evaluaron 10 diseños de mezcla de concreto en estado fresco, analizando sus propiedades de revenimiento, temperatura, contenido de aire y peso unitario; y en estado endurecido, lo concerniente a su resistencia a la compresión y tracción. Además, se empleó un modelo matemático para determinar su durabilidad en base al grado de permeabilidad al ion cloruro. Por último, se recopilaron los resultados de resistencia y propiedades en estado fresco, se añadió el análisis del costo por m3 de diseño, la cantidad de emisiones de CO2 y en base a estos criterios se realizó un ranking a fin de obtener tres mezclas óptimas. Los resultados indican que el concreto con caucho y microsílice en estado fresco aumenta el revenimiento en el tiempo y el contenido de aire, y disminuye la densidad. En estado endurecido disminuye la resistencia a la compresión, tracción y la durabilidad. Además, los costos se incrementan con respecto al convencional hasta en S/ 39.50 y se disminuye la huella de carbono hasta en 56.19 kg CO2 por metro cubico cuando se reemplaza 15% de arena por caucho y 2% de cemento por microsílice. / In recent years, population growth has represented an engineering challenge to provide quality of life to people through the construction of multi-family buildings made of reinforced concrete. However, these produce 36% of energy consumption and 39% of CO2 emissions worldwide. In this way, Peru in 2019, there was an estimated 10.6 million tons of cement and a consumption of 74.2 million tons of sand and stone, being harmful to the environment. On the other hand, disused tires have increased in recent years, with an estimated 50 thousand tons projected for 2020; once discarded, they generate harmful effects for the environment, either by natural disintegration or by burning. That said, the research project aims to provide a proposal to reduce the environmental impact by implementing rubber, from the recycling of tires, and microsilica as a partial replacement for sand and cement respectively, in order to obtain eco-friendly mix designs that comply with the requirements of resistance and durability to be used in vertical structural elements. In this research, recycled rubber was used in 0, 5, 10 and 15% and microsilica in 2% as a partial replacement for sand and cement respectively. In this way, 10 concrete mix designs were evaluated in a fresh state, analyzing their slump properties, temperature, air content and unit weight; and in the hardened state, concerning its resistance to compression and traction. In addition, a mathematical model was used to determine its durability based on the degree of permeability to chloride ion. Finally, the results of resistance and properties in fresh state were collected, the analysis of the cost per m3 of design, the amount of CO2 emissions was added and based on these criteria a ranking was carried out in order to obtain three optimal mixtures. The results indicate that concrete with rubber and microsilica in a fresh state increases slump over time and air content and decreases density. In the hardened state, the resistance to compression, traction and durability decrease. In addition, costs with respect to the conventional one by up to S / 39.50 and the carbon footprint is reduced by up to 56.19 kg CO2 per cubic meter when 15% of sand is replaced by rubber and 2% of cement by microsilica. / Tesis

Koldioxidutsläppen är idag ett av de största miljöproblemen som vi står inför. CO2-kalkylatorer används för att informera individer och företag som deras påverkan. Men även om användandet av CO2-kalkylatorer ökar så har dess användare fortfarande svårt att veta vad de behöver göra för att minska sina koldioxidutsläpp. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur CO2-kalkylatorer motiverar företag och dess anställda. Den syftar också till att se hur informationen från CO2-kalkylatorerna hjälper dem att bli mer koldioxidlitterära, alltså hur de förstår informationen och hur de implementerar denna kunskap. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie utförts med personer som använder sig av en CO2-kalkylator på sitt arbete. Studiens resultat påvisar att CO2-kalkylatorer idag är för komplexa för många användare och ofta skapar förvirring snarare än klarhet. / Carbon emissions is one of biggest environmental problems that we face today. CO2-calculators are used to inform individuals and companies about their impact on the environment. But even though they have become more commonly used, they still have problems in their functionality because the users still don’t know what they need to do to reduce their carbon emissions. The aim of this study is to investigate how CO2-calculators in companies motivate the company and its workers, and how the information helps them become more carbon literate. To explore how the workers use and understand their CO2-calculators at work, a qualitative interview study has been performed. The result of the study show that CO2-calculators today are complex and often confuse the users instead of supporting them.

Over the past decades, cost-effectiveness principle or cost-benefit analysis has been employed oftentimes as a typical assessment tool for the expansion of drinking water utility. With changing public awareness of the inherent linkages between climate change, population growth and economic development, the addition of global change impact in the assessment regime has altered the landscape of traditional evaluation matrix. Nowadays, urban drinking water infrastructure requires careful long-term expansion planning to reduce the risk from global change impact with respect to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, economic boom and recession, as well as water demand variation associated with population growth and migration. Meanwhile, accurate prediction of municipal water demand is critically important to water utility in a fast growing urban region for the purpose of drinking water system planning, design and water utility asset management. A system analysis under global change impact due to the population dynamics, water resources conservation, and environmental management policies should be carried out to search for sustainable solutions temporally and spatially with different scales under uncertainties. This study is aimed to develop an innovative, interdisciplinary, and insightful modeling framework to deal with global change issues as a whole based on a real-world drinking water infrastructure system expansion program in Manatee County, Florida. Four intertwined components within the drinking water infrastructure system planning were investigated and integrated, which consists of water demand analysis, GHG emission potential, system optimization for infrastructure expansion, and nested minimax-regret (NMMR) decision analysis under uncertainties. In the water demand analysis, a new system dynamics model was developed to reflect the intrinsic relationship between water demand and changing socioeconomic iv environment. This system dynamics model is based on a coupled modeling structure that takes the interactions among economic and social dimensions into account offering a satisfactory platform. In the evaluation of GHG emission potential, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted to estimate the carbon footprint for all expansion alternatives for water supply. The result of this LCA study provides an extra dimension for decision makers to extract more effective adaptation strategies. Both water demand forecasting and GHG emission potential were deemed as the input information for system optimization when all alternatives are taken into account simultaneously. In the system optimization for infrastructure expansion, a multiobjective optimization model was formulated for providing the multitemporal optimal facility expansion strategies. With the aid of a multi-stage planning methodology over the partitioned time horizon, such a systems analysis has resulted in a full-scale screening and sequencing with respect to multiple competing objectives across a suite of management strategies. In the decision analysis under uncertainty, such a system optimization model was further developed as a unique NMMR programming model due to the uncertainties imposed by the real-world problem. The proposed NMMR algorithm was successfully applied for solving the real-world problem with a limited scale for the purpose of demonstration.

This research paper aims to explore the knowledge gap among young designers in relation to sustainable human-computer interaction (HCI), focusing on Interaction Design, and investigating the necessary resources for designing sustainable HCI. Lack of knowledge among young designers regarding sustainable practices in digital design contributes to the overconsumption of energy, and increased carbon emissions, highlighting the need to raise awareness and bridge the knowledge gap in Sustainable Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) design among youth. Using qualitative methods, including 14 semi-structured interviews with informatics students in Jönköping, Sweden, the study identifies three main themes: Lack of Knowledge, Resource Needs, and Concerns About the Design Process. The findings highlight a limited understanding of sustainable HCI among young designers, emphasizing the significance of educational modules in sustainability within digital design. This study provides insights and recommendations for digital designers, educators, and policymakers to implement sustainable digital design practices in order to lessen environmental impact and promote sustainability within the digital world. The implications of this study include addressing the knowledge gap, fostering educational initiatives, and serving as a foundation for future research in sustainable digital design and HCI. This study addresses the challenge of motivating young designers to learn more about sustainable HCI while identifying essential resource requirements, education, design tools, eco-feedback technology, and support.

The key role of diet in both human health and environmental sustainability is well known. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the environmental impact of children’s dietary behavior. The aim of this observational study was to investigate the dietary environmental impact in a sample of primary school children living in Parma (Italy, n = 172, 8–10 years), in relation to their adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD). Children completed a 3-day food record in both winter and spring. Dietary records were processed to obtain: (i) adherence to the MD and (ii) mean daily carbon and ecological footprints. Adherence to the MD was similar in winter and spring, with almost half of the participants showing a medium MD score. Carbon and ecological footprints were higher during winter, and the main dietary contributors were red and processed meat for both indexes. A small positive correlation was observed between adherence to the MD and total carbon and ecological footprints. This study provided the first analysis of the relationship between adherence to the MD and environmental impact of primary school children. Further research is needed to better investigate the environmental impact of primary school children’s diet and the possible relationship between the MD and environmental sustainability.

The production of concrete remains one of the highest CO2 producers. It consumes alarge number of primary sources of raw materials. One way to reduce emissions and rawmaterials consumption is by applying more recycled aggregates. However, when recycledaggregate is used for concrete, its properties and durability usually decline in comparisonwith conventional concrete with natural aggregate. For this reason, it is necessary to findthe optimal way in connection with the requirements of structural use in buildingstructures. The diploma thesis will examine the basic possibility of using lost formworkfrom high-performance concrete. The core will be made of concrete with recycledaggregate. High-performance concrete skin will be reinforced by various unconventionalreinforcement

No description available.

Sverige har som mål att bli helt fossilfri till år 2045. Energymyndigheten har därför tagit fram ett förslag till Vätgasstrategi för att ställa om vätgasproduktionen till att vara helt fossilfri till 2045. Idag används ca 180 000 ton vätgas, vilket motsvarar ett energiinnehåll på ca 6 TWh. Termo-kemisk omvandling av fossila bränslen står för 67% av Sveriges vätgasproduktion, medan 30% är biprodukter från industriella processer och 3% produceras med elektrolysörer. Att ersätta all fossil vätgas med elektrolysör-baserad vätgas innebär en elförbrukning motsvarande 60-126 TWh/år, vilket är en ökning på 40-80% jämfört med de 159 TWh el producerade i Sverige 2020. Energimyndigheten bedömer att vätgas har en viktig roll i att lyckas göra Sverige fossilfritt, delvis genom att den ska kunna fungera som energibärare eller energilagring för att jämna ut variationer i produktion hos förnybara energikällor. Av den anledningen kommer antagligen behovet av vätgas öka, och därmed även energibehovet för att producera vätgas öka ännu mer än 60-126 TWh/år om den fossila vätgasen ska bli ersatt med endast elektrolysör-baserad vätgas. Med tanke på begränsningar i expansion av förnybar elproduktion, kommer behovet av vätgas antagligen inte kunna täckas av endast elektrolysör-baserad vätgas. Därför bör möjligheterna för att även satsa på bio-vätgas, där vätgas produceras av antingen bakterier eller genom refinery av biobaserade råvaror, undersökas. Detta examensarbete ska undersöka möjligheter för vätgasproduktion i Sverige och jämföra olika produktionteknikers förutsättningar. En hypotes är att en hållbar strategi är att kombinera elektrolysör-baserad vätgas med bio-vätgas för att få en diversifierad produktion. Att ha olika produktionsmetoder som komplementerar varandra ger en mer stabil och säker produktion, eftersom de kommer påverkas olika av förändringar i produktionsförutsättningar i samhället. Detta arbete söker svara på följande frågor: Vilka tekniker finns tillgängliga för industriell/kommersiell produktion, var borde R&D riktas för de tekniker som inte är redo för kommersiell produktion, vilket Carbon Footprint (CF) har de olika teknikerna, en uppskattad produktionskostnad för de olika teknikerna, och vilken tillgänglighet för de olika råvarorna finns i Sverige? / Sweden has a goal to be completely fossil-free by 2045. Accordingly, the government has published a suggested Hydrogen Strategy to have made all hydrogen production in Sweden fossil-free by 2045. The Swedish hydrogen use is 180,000 ton, equaling an energy content of 6 TWh/year. Thermo-chemical conversion of fossil fuels accounts for 67% of Swedens hydrogen production, while 30% is byproducts from industry and 3% is electrolysis production. To replace all fossil hydrogen with electrolysis production, would give an increase of electrical demand with 60-126 TWh/year, or 40-80% increase compared to the 159 TWh electricity produced during 2020 in Sweden. Furtherly, the Ministry of Energy deem hydrogen to be key in the general transformation of Sweden to become fossil-free, with one reason being that hydrogen can be used as energy carrier to even out the variations in electricity production that renewable energy has. The need of hydrogen will therefore most likely increase until 2045, thus the electric energy demand for hydrogen production will increase as well, if it would be replaced solely with production using electrolysis. Given the constraints to the capacity of electricity production from renewable sources alone in Sweden, the electricity demand for hydrogen cannot be met by the electricity production. Thus, the possible role of biohydrogen, where hydrogen is produced using biorefinery or microbial production, should be investigated. This master thesis project will investigate the feasibility of hydrogen production in Sweden and compare different options for hydrogen production. A hypothesis of the project is that the most sustainable strategy for hydrogen production in Sweden will be with a diversified portfolio of production designs. Both biohydrogen and electrolysis hydrogen from renewable energy will complement each other in the future. By doing so, the energy sector will be more sustainable and stable since the techniques do not react alike to change in production conditions. The report aims to answer: What techniques are available for industrial production, where should R&D be directed for techniques not ready for industry, what is the estimated carbon footprint (CF) of the industrially available techniques, what is the estimated production cost for each technique, what availability is there in Sweden for the feedstock needed for each technique?

Until recently, the concept of green logistics has been disregarded by various logistics and transport companies in South Africa. The study on which this dissertation is based explored the green logistics practices that these companies are currently implementing in terms of the key drivers, benefits and barriers. A quantitative research approach was followed, were a survey (Lime) served as the primary research instrument. A census was conducted among 160 companies in Gauteng. The results of the study revealed a significant difference between SMEs (<200) and large (200 and above) companies with regard to their importance rating on green logistics practices. To achieve the primary objective of the study, a framework in green logistics was drafted for SMEs and large companies in South Africa, which outlined practices and opportunities companies can implement in their own businesses to benefit from ‘going green’. The usefulness of the latter mentioned guidelines needs to be tested in future research. / Public Administration and Management / M.. Com. (Logistics Management)