A tecnologia de células a combustível associada à crescente exigência de baixo impacto ambiental tornou-se bastante promissora no cenário mundial de energia. As células a combustível são, em princípio, dispositivos que convertem energia química diretamente em energia elétrica e térmica, possuindo, entretanto, uma operação contínua, graças à alimentação constante de um combustível. Particularmente, o negro de fumo Vulcan XC72 é usualmente empregado como suporte dos eletrocatalisadores, e alguns fatores como uma superfície acessível e área superficial suficientemente grande para uma máxima dispersão dos cristalitos dos eletrocatalisadores, além de tamanho dos poros, distribuição dos poros adequada e a presença de grupos funcionais na superfície do negro de fumo são considerados fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de materiais inovadores. Entretanto, o material denominado Vulcan XC72 ainda revela condições insuficientes para este fim. Este estudo consiste na preparação e caracterização físico-química de carbono funcionalizado por peróxido de hidrogênio e com cadeias poliméricas do tipo poliestireno sulfonado condutoras de prótons, visando sua posterior utilização como suporte de eletrocatalisadores para células a combustível tipo PEMFC e DMFC. Após a funcionalização do carbono, obteve-se uma melhora da dispersibilidade do negro de fumo em solução aquosa, efeito este benéfico para a preparação dos eletrocatalisadores. Observou-se também que os grupos funcionais e as cadeias poliméricas funcionaram como estabilizadores do crescimento dos cristalitos produzindo catalisadores mais homogêneos e com menor diâmetro médio dos cristalitos; e especialmente, no caso da funcionalização com cadeias poliméricas, obteve-se uma diminuição da queda ôhmica do sistema, referente à melhoria da transferência protônica. / The fuel cell technology associated with the growing exigency of low environmental impact energy became prosperous in the world energy scenery. The fuel cell is basically a device that converts directly the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical and thermal energy with a continuous operation by the constant feed of a fuel. Especially, the carbon black Vulcan XC72 is usually employed as an electrocatalyst support, and some factors as an accessible and high surface area in order to get maximum particles dispersion, pore size, adequate pore distribution and the presence of functional groups in the carbon black surface are considered fundamental characteristics for an innovative materials development. However, the Vulcan XC72 still reveals insufficient conditions for these purposes. This study consists in the preparation and in the physical chemical characterization of functionalized carbon black by hydrogen peroxide and by polymeric chains with proton conduction properties, and its posterior utilization as electrocatalyst support for PEMFC and DMFC application. After the carbon functionalization, an improvement in the carbon black dispersibility in water media was observed, a beneficial effect for electrocatalyst preparation. It was also observed, that the functional groups and the polymeric chains worked as stabilizers in the particle growing, producing much more homogeneous electrocatalysts, exhibiting smaller average particle size. Especially, in the case of polymeric chains functionalization, a decrease in the ohmic drop was observed for this system, attributed to an improvement in the proton transference.

La matière molle se consacre à l'étude des propriétés de fluides complexes. Ces fluides diffèrent des fluides simples à cause de l'existence d'une microstructure qui provient de l'arrangement particulier des éléments mésoscopiques constitutifs du matériau (agrégats de particules de noir de carbone, enchevêtrements de polymères, micelles de molécules tensioactives). C'est le couplage entre microstructure et déformation qui confère aux fluides complexes des comportements singuliers et qui engendre des écoulements hétérogènes. Comprendre ces états hors-équilibre et les dynamiques associées présente un intérêt à la fois industriel et fondamental. La rhéologie en cellule de Taylor-Couette est une technique très répandue pour l'étude de la déformation et de l'écoulement de fluides complexes. Cependant, cette méthode n'est pas adaptée à l'étude des écoulements hétérogènes car elle ne fournit qu'une description globale de l'écoulement. Pour pallier ce problème, une technique de vélocimétrie ultrasonore à deux dimensions a été couplée à la rhéologie classique. Cette visualisation locale nous a permis d'étudier l'instabilité inertielle de Taylor-Couette dans les fluides newtoniens, les instabilités élastiques de fluides viscoélastiques (polymères et solutions micellaires), la fluidification de fluides à seuil (gels de noir de carbone, microgels de carbopol et émulsions) et enfin la rupture de gels de protéine soumis à une contrainte de cisaillement. Tous ces exemples montrent des coexistences entre différents états induits par l'écoulement et permettent de revisiter les approches rhéologiques à partir de caractérisations locales des champs de déformation et de vitesse. / Soft matter scientists are dedicated to studying the properties of complex fluids. Complex fluids differ from simple fluids in that they possess a microstructure resulting from the particular arrangement of mesoscopic elements which constitute the material (aggregates of carbon black particles, entangled polymers, micelles of surfactant molecules, etc.). Peculiar flow behaviors in complex fluids, such as heterogeneous flows, arise from the coupling between microstructure and flow. Understanding these non-equilibrium states and the associated dynamics is both of industrial and fundamental interest. Rheology in a Taylor-Couette cell is a wide-spread technique for investigating the deformation and flow of complex fluids. However, this method is mostly blind to heterogeneous flows as it only provides a global description of the flow. To overcome this problem, an ultrasonic imaging technique has been combined with classical rheology. This local visualisation has allowed us to study the inertial Taylor-Couette instability in Newtonian fluids, elastic instabilities in viscoelastic fluids (polymers and micellar solutions), the fluidisation of yield stress fluids (carbon black gels, carbopol microgels and emulsions) and finally the failure of protein gels under stress. In all these cases we evidence a coexistence between different flow-induced states and revisit global rheological approaches through local characterizations of deformation and velocity fields.

Les propriétés exceptionnelles des nanotubes de carbone (CNT) attirent de nombreux industriels dans les domaines de la microélectronique, des matériaux ou de la nanomédecine. Néanmoins, le risque sanitaire lié à ce nanomatériau reste encore mal compris. Des profils toxicologiques différents, dépendant des caractéristiques physico-Chimiques des CNT, ont été mis en évidence. Une approche « safer by design » est proposée, afin d’identifier les paramètres pouvant, dès la conception des CNT, pour limiter le risque sanitaire. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse avait pour objectif d’étudier l’impact sur la réponse in vitro d’une lignée de macrophages murins (RAW 264.7) de deux traitements de post-Production de CNT : la fonctionnalisation acide et le recuit haute température.Les groupements acides en surface des CNT fonctionnalisés ont entrainé une augmentation de la réponse pro-Inflammatoire sans influencer significativement la cytotoxicité. D’un autre côté, la fonctionnalisation acide, principalement par l’élimination des impuretés métalliques, a permis de diminuer le stress oxydant. Les CNT recuits à haute température étaient à l’origine d’une réponse pro-Inflammatoire plus importante que les CNT bruts, confirmant lasensibilité de cette réponse biologique à la chimie de surface. En revanche, le recuit n’a pas diminué significativement le stress oxydant malgré la purification des CNT, suggérant l’importance des défauts de structure sur cette réponse biologique. La fonctionnalisation acide de nano-Graphite et de noir de carbone a eu un impact similaire à celle des CNT sur l’activité biologique des macrophages. La comparaison de ces trois nanomatériaux fonctionnalisés semble s’accorder avec le paradigme mettant en exergue la toxicité spécifique des fibres et des plaquettes. Enfin, afin de compléter ces résultats, des études exploratoires sur les interférences entre les tests de toxicité et les CNT, ainsi que sur le stress oxydant, ont été conduites. / Due to their exceptional properties, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have aroused a huge interest among in industrial fields such as microelectronics, material science and nanomedicine. Nevertheless, the health impacts of this nanomaterial still remain not well understood. The first toxicological studies pointed out that there is no unique response regarding the healthimpact of the CNT, but different toxicological profiles according to their various physicochemical properties. A safer by design approach is thus proposed to identify the parameters decreasing from their production the CNT biological impacts. In this context, this work aimed at studying the impact on the in vitro response from a macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) of two post-Production treatments: acid functionalization and high temperature annealing.Surface acid groups from functionalized CNT enhanced the pro-Inflammatory response although the cytotoxicity remained stable. On the other hand, acid functionalization, through the elimination of metallic impurities, significantly decreased the oxidative stress. Annealed CNT increased the pro-Inflammatory response compared to the pristine CNT. It thus confirmed the sensitivity of this response for the changes in surface chemistry. However, the high temperature annealing did not influence the oxidative stress, despite of the CNT purification. It suggested that structural defects are also of importance for this response. Besides, the acid functionalization of nano-Graphite and carbon black displayed trends in the macrophage response similar to the acid functionalization of CNT. The comparison of these three carbon-Based nanomaterials seemed to conform to the fibre and platelets paradigm. Eventually, exploratory studies have also been conducted on the interferences between CNT and the toxicity assays, and on the oxidative stress.

<div>The present thesis was completed to satisfy two functions in our laboratory: (1) explore carbon-black (CB) as an additive for electrodeposited intrinsically conductive polymers (ICPs) to improve electrical properties across the electrode-electrolyte interface for use in neuromodulation; and (2) design a histology protocol that will analyze peripheral nerve system (PNS) tissue following implantation of conventional metal and modified conventional metal electrodes with the ICP poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophere):poly(styrenesulfonate)/carbon-black (PEDOT:PSS/CB). It would appear that the functions explored may seem unrelated, however, these two topics play a crucial role in designing a viable electrode for use in acute and chronic neuromodulation and the subsequent analysis required to determine the mechanical properties and overall biocompatibility of design.</div><div><br></div><div><div>A series of experiments with different PEDOT:PSS solutions containing varying amounts of suspended CB (n=19; 0 mg/mL to 2 mg/mL) were explored. Solutions were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) using the intended electrode for deposition, composed of stainless steel (SS), as the working electrode (WE) to determine respective redox potentials. SS was chosen because of its inherently bad electrochemical properties, meaning that improved functionality post electrodeposition would be easy to identify. Immediately following CV, stainless-steel electrodes were electrodeposited using one of two techniques: (1) potentiostat, allowing the cell to rest at the redox potential required for bipolaron formation (0.9 V); or (2) galvanostat, where the electrode was submitted to a constant current of 200 mA and allowed to coat. Rapid electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed prior to and immediately following coating to determine the pre-electrochemical and post-electrochemical impedance characteristics. Results indicate that there was a positive relationship between the amount of CB additive and the relative impedance drop between the uncoated and coated counterparts. Furthermore, the modified electrochemical interfaces are substantially improved for use in frequency ranges of 10 Hz to 50 kHz, which encompass the ranges of our labs recently discovered low frequency alternating current (LFAC) for use in neuromodulation; thus indicating that PEDOT:PSS/CB modification may be used to improve impedance characteristics during our future LFAC experiments. This protocol, the one that contains the ideal concentration of carbon-black, was then recorded and will be used in our lab.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>Histology protocols were developed to improve our labs capabilities of post-mortem analysis of PNS tissue. Processing and embedding preparations that explored included paraffin, acrylic, and frozen. Subsequently, staining protocols were developed; however, they varied as a function of the embedding media used; staining protocols developed incorporated progressive and regressive hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining as well as toluidine blue (TB). Tissue was sectioned and observed using light microscopy.</div></div>

Ordinary concrete is the most commonly used building material, but nowadays the requirements for low energy consumption, durability of structures together with their easy diagnostics as well as ecological production raises. This thesis deals with cement and aluminosilicate composites with content of conductive fillers, which allows to monitor the change in electrical properties, most commonly electrical resistance in dependence on mechanical stress. In the experimental part of the thesis, test beams were produced based on alkali-activated slag with content of carbon nanotubes, graphite powder, carbon black and carbon fibre. The beams were subjected to flexural loading in a three-point bending configuration and the shift in electrical resistance was monitored.

Production of construction materials requires a large amount of energy. That can be decreased by using of waste materials. This thesis deals with the self-sensing properties of composites. It presents electrical properties of building materials and their measurement. In the experimental part, the influence of conductive fillers on the self-sensing properties of aluminosilicate composites was examined. Test cubes were made of alkali-activated slag with a content of graphite powder, carbon black, carbon fibers, steel fibers or carbon nanotubes. The fractional change in resistence during cyclic compressive loading was monitored.

No description available.

Les objectifs de cette thèse consistent à identifier les morphologies adoptées par des mélanges d’élastomères chargés en noir de carbone, à étudier l’influence de l’introduction de charges sur ces morphologies mais aussi de détecter la localisation de la charge dans ces mélanges. Dans une dernière partie, l’impact de ces différentes structures sur les défauts d’extrusion est abordé. Ces travaux concernent l’étude des coupages caoutchouc naturel / styrene-butadiene rubber (NR / SBR) et polybutadiène / styrene-butadiene rubber (BR / SBR) non vulcanisés. Dans un premier temps, les morphologies adoptées par ces mélanges non chargés ont été identifiées grâce à plusieurs protocoles expérimentaux. L’influence de l’introduction de noir de carbone ainsi que l’étude de la localisation de la charge dans ces mélanges ont constitué une seconde étape dans ces travaux. Aucune localisation préférentielle de la charge n’a été détectée pour ces mélanges. Un système ségrégé a donc été réalisé par la suite. Enfin, le comportement en extrusion de ces mélanges a été simulé par rhéométrie capillaire et des observations de défauts d’aspect ont été faites. La ségrégation du noir de carbone ne semble pas entraîner la création de défauts d’aspect, sauf dans le cas d’une localisation dans la matrice / The purpose of this project is to investigate the morphology of elastomeric blends filled with carbon black, the localization of the filler in these blends and the structure impact on their processing. This work concerns uncured natural rubber / styrene-butadiene rubber (NR / SBR) blends and butadiene rubber / styrene-butadiene rubber (BR / SBR) blends. Firstly, the morphology of these blends unfilled was described by different experimental procedures over the entire composition range. Secondly, the impact of the filler on the morphology and the localization of it on the blends were studied. No preferential localization was observed in our case. Another blend with a segregation was realized. And finally, the processing of these elastomeric blends was simulated by capillary rheology to detect the formation of flow instabilities. Few melt fractures were observed, except when the filler is localized in the matrix

No description available.

Объектом исследования служило лекарственное вещество 5-метил-6-нитро-7-оксо-1,2,4-триазоло[1,5-а] пиримидинид аргинина моногидрат с условным названием «Триазид» (ТД). Цель работы: разработка чувствительного электрохимического сенсора для количественного определения лекарственного вещества 5-метил-6-нитро-7-оксо-1,2,4-триазоло[1,5-а] пиримидинид аргинина моногидрата. Показана возможность применения толстопленочных углеродсодержащих электродов для вольтамперометрического определения исследуемого вещества. Изучено влияние модифицирования поверхности толстопленочных электродов на их электрохимические характеристики для количественного определения лекарственного вещества в испытуемом растворе методами циклической вольтамперометрии, прямой вольтамперометрии в квадратно-волновом режиме, спектроскопии электрохимического импеданса и сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Исследовано влияние срока хранения электрохимического сенсора для количественного определения ТД методом прямой вольтамперометрии в квадратно – волновом режиме и спектроскопии электрохимического импеданса. Выбран чувствительный электрохимический сенсор для количественного определения ТД. Выполнена статистическая обработка результатов анализа. Проведено вольтамперометрическое определение ТД в фармацевтической субстанции «Триазид». Согласно ОФС.1.1.0012.15 и ОФС ОФС.1.1.0013.15 Государственной Фармакопеи РФ XIII издания, был сделан вывод о соответствии аналитической методики количественного определения ТД в фармацевтической субстанции «Триазид» заявленным критериям приемлемости. / The object of the study was the drug 5-methyl-6-nitro-7-oxo-1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidinide arginine monohydrate with the code name «Triazid» (TD). Objective: development of a sensitive electrochemical sensor for the quantitative determination of the medicinal substance 5-methyl-6-nitro-7-oxo-1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidinide of arginine monohydrate. The possibility of using thick-film carbon-containing electrodes for voltammetric determination of the test substance is shown. The effect of modification of the surface of thick-film electrodes on their electrochemical characteristics was studied for the quantitative determination of the drug in the test solution by the methods of cyclic voltammetry, direct voltammetry in the square-wave mode, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of the shelf life of an electrochemical sensor for the quantitative determination of TD by direct voltammetry in a square-wave mode and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been investigated. A sensitive electrochemical sensor was selected for the quantitative determination of TD. Statistical processing of the analysis results has been performed. Voltammetric determination of TD in the pharmaceutical substance «Triazid» was carried out. According to OFS.1.1.0012.15 and OFS OFS.1.1.0013.15 of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the XIII edition, it was concluded that the analytical method for quantitative determination of TD in the pharmaceutical substance «Triazid» meets the stated acceptance criteria.