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Bakgrund: Alzheimers sjukdom är den vanligaste demenssjukdomen. Sjukdomen är obotlig och genererar mycket tankar, oro och i många fall depression. Vid diagnostiseringen upplever många personer identitetsförlust och ångest. Detta bidrar till minskad livskvalitet hos personer med Alzheimers sjukdom. Med hjälp av olika omvårdnadsåtgärder kan dessa personer få hjälp att återskapa sin identitet, minska oro och ångest och därmed öka sin livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att sammanställa omvårdnadsåtgärder som gynnar livskvaliteten hos personer med Alzheimers sjukdom. Metod: Deskriptiv litteraturstudie baserat på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar. Huvudresultat: Huvudresultatet presenteras i fem olika teman, omvårdnadsåtgärder ur ett socialt perspektiv, kognitiv rehabilitering, estetiska åtgärder, fysisk aktivitet samt djurterapi.  Resultatet visar att det viktigaste för att öka livskvaliteten för dessa personer, oavsett kategori, är att individanpassa omvårdnaden och aktiviteterna. Slutsats: Slutsatsen från denna studie är att det finns olika omvårdnadsåtgärder som gynnar livskvaliteten hos personer med Alzheimers sjukdom. Detta genom att minska oro, ångest och aggressivitet. Resultatet blir således en högre livskvalitet hos vårdtagaren samtidigt som det minskar på vårdpersonalens arbetsbelastning. / Background:  Alzheimer's disease is the most common of the dementia diseases. The disease is not curable which contributes to many thoughts, concerns and sometimes depression. When diagnosed, most of the patients experience an identity crisis and anxiety. This results in a lower rank of quality of life in a person with Alzheimer's disease. Using different types of nursing inventions, these persons can be helped through to recreate their identity, reduce concerns and anxiety which can increase the quality of life. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify different nursing inventions that can improve the quality of life of people with Alzheimer's disease. Method: This is a descriptive literature study based on 12 scientific articles. Main results: The result was categorized into five different themes. The themes were nursing interventions from a social perspective, cognitive rehabilitation, aesthetic methods, physical activity and animal therapy. The result showed that the most important thing in order to increase quality of life, regardless of the activity, is to adapt the care and activities to the needs of the individual. Conclusion: Different types of nursing inventions can help persons with Alzheimer's disease to increase their quality of life. The result shows on a lower anxiety level, a reduced level of concerns and less aggression. This can help both persons with Alzheimer’s to experience a higher level of quality of life and the caregivers through a lower workload.

Sammanfattning Titel: Samma fast olika – En explorativ studie om hur undersköterskorna inom hemtjänstenhanterar äldreomsorgens värdegrund och de organisatoriska förutsättningarna Författare: Patrik Bengtsson och Viktor Bergerus Uppsatsen syftade till att med en explorativ ansats, undersöka hur undersköterskor ihemtjänsten hanterar målen om självbestämmande, delaktighet och individanpassning samtvilka faktorer som möjliggör respektive begränsar implementeringen av målen. För att studienssyfte skulle uppnås, användes en kvalitativ metod. Fem intervjuer har genomförts medundersköterskor som arbetar inom hemtjänsten i fyra olika kommuner. Resultatet frånintervjuerna tolkades utifrån grundad teori som valdes då syftet var explorativt. Under analysengenererades koder, underkategorier, kategorier som resulterade i en main concern. Det fannsolika faktorer som influerade när det kom till vad som främjade respektive hämmade införandetav värdegrunden i det dagliga arbetet. Det begrepp eller main concern som framkom varnormdiskrepans, vilket i korthet innebär att arbetet som utförs ska vara flexibelt men genomförsinom en rigid inramning. Nyinstitutionell användes för att diskutera resultatet, slutsatsen var attundersköterskornas förmåga att anpassa sig är det som får hemtjänstens arbete att fungera trotsmotstridiga mål och krav.  What do you want to do ?New mailCopy<img /> / Abstract Title: Same but different - An exploratory study on how nursing aides within the homecare handlethe values of elderly care and the organizational conditions Authors: Patrik Bengtsson och Viktor Bergerus The thesis aimed to, with an exploratory approach, examine how nursing aides in the home careservice manage the goals of self-determination, participation, and individualization, as well aswhich factors enable and limit the implementation of these goals. To achieve the purpose of thestudy, a qualitative method was used. Five interviews have been conducted with nurses workingin home care in four different municipalities. The results of the interviews were interpretedbased on grounded theory which was chosen when the purpose was exploratory. During theanalysis, codes, subcategories and categories were generated that resulted in a main concern.There were various factors that influenced when it comes to what promotes and inhibits theintroduction of the values in daily work. The concept or main concern that emerged was thenorm discrepancy, which in short means that the work performed must be flexible but be carriedout within a rigid framework. Neo-institutional theory was used to discuss the results, theconclusion was that the nursing aides’ ability to adapt is what makes the home care service'swork despite conflicting goals and requirements. What do you want to do ?New mailCopy<img /> / <p></p><p>What do you want to do ?New mailCopy</p>

<p>Insufficient competence among nursing staff is a major concern in elderly care worldwide as the healthcare needs of the elderly become increasingly complex. In previous research, insufficient competence has been associated with work dissatisfaction and stress among elderly care nurses, and with lower quality of care. This thesis describes the development, implementation and evaluation of an educational intervention for nursing staff in elderly care. In a prospective, controlled study, evaluation of the educational toolbox was based on nursing staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, as well as on care recipients’ and family relatives’ ratings of the quality of elderly care.</p><p>Paper I validated a questionnaire measuring care recipient relatives’ perceptions of quality of care. Paper II compared self-rated competence, work strain, stress, and work satisfaction between staff working in home-based care and nursing homes. Papers III and IV evaluated the impact of the educational intervention on staff perceptions of their competence and psychosocial work environment (Paper III) and on care recipients’ and relatives’ perceptions of the quality of care (Paper IV).</p><p>The results showed that staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, including work satisfaction and work stress, improved significantly over time in the intervention municipality, compared to the reference group. Neither care recipients’ nor relatives’ ratings of the quality of care changed significantly over time in the intervention organization. Furthermore, there were no significant interaction effects over time between the intervention and reference groups for quality ratings. These results indicate that an educational toolbox that can be used according to local workplace needs may be an effective and sustainable intervention for improving staff competence and the psychosocial work environment. However, further studies are needed to investigate whether, and under what conditions, improved staff competence and work environment have an impact on quality of care.</p>

Insufficient competence among nursing staff is a major concern in elderly care worldwide as the healthcare needs of the elderly become increasingly complex. In previous research, insufficient competence has been associated with work dissatisfaction and stress among elderly care nurses, and with lower quality of care. This thesis describes the development, implementation and evaluation of an educational intervention for nursing staff in elderly care. In a prospective, controlled study, evaluation of the educational toolbox was based on nursing staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, as well as on care recipients’ and family relatives’ ratings of the quality of elderly care. Paper I validated a questionnaire measuring care recipient relatives’ perceptions of quality of care. Paper II compared self-rated competence, work strain, stress, and work satisfaction between staff working in home-based care and nursing homes. Papers III and IV evaluated the impact of the educational intervention on staff perceptions of their competence and psychosocial work environment (Paper III) and on care recipients’ and relatives’ perceptions of the quality of care (Paper IV). The results showed that staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, including work satisfaction and work stress, improved significantly over time in the intervention municipality, compared to the reference group. Neither care recipients’ nor relatives’ ratings of the quality of care changed significantly over time in the intervention organization. Furthermore, there were no significant interaction effects over time between the intervention and reference groups for quality ratings. These results indicate that an educational toolbox that can be used according to local workplace needs may be an effective and sustainable intervention for improving staff competence and the psychosocial work environment. However, further studies are needed to investigate whether, and under what conditions, improved staff competence and work environment have an impact on quality of care.

Undersökningsområdet är äldre hemtjänsttagare som bor ensamma, där vi har studerat hur hemtjänsttagare blir påverkade av den så kallade upplevda ensamheten. Som teoretiska utgångspunkter används socialgerontologi och gerotranscendens då begreppen vi använder i studien återfinns i dessa båda teorier, samt att vi kopplar dessa till ett socialpedagogiskt perspektiv. Avsikten är att finna en brygga mellan de nämnda teoribildningarna.Syftet med studien är att synliggöra och analysera ensamhet som socialt fenomen för äldre hemtjänsttagare i relation till social identitet och olika sociala nätverksband. Den första frågeställningen som studien vill besvara är hur äldre upplever att vara hemtjänsttagare och den andra frågan är vilka sociala nätverksband som blir synliga och hur det påverkar hemtjänsttagarens känsla av ensamhet. Den slutliga frågan är hur hemtjänsttagarens känsla av ensamhet kan förstås genom social identitet. Studien har genomförts kvalitativt med fyra halvstrukturerade livsvärldsintervjuer. Studiens undersökningspersoner valdes utifrån kriterier såsom att de skulle bo själva och ha daglig hemtjänsthjälp. Ett andra kriterium var att de skulle kunna uttrycka sig muntligt. Utifrån studiens tre begrepp ensamhet, social identitet och sociala nätverksband görs en första analys av det empiriska materialet. I ett andra steg görs analys med hjälp av gerotranscendensens dimensioner och dess innebörder. Resultatet visar att de äldre uppskattar besöken de får av hemtjänstpersonalen samt att det påverkar deras upplevda känsla av ensamhet. Resultatet visar också på ett samband mellan ensamhet, social identitet och social nätverksband. Analysen av empirin utifrån gerotranscendensen visar på en positivt upplevd ensamhet och inte enbart negativ ensamhet. / The field of study is elderly home care recipient who live alone, where a study was made in how these recipients are influenced by the so-called perceived loneliness. The theoretical frameworks used in this study are social gerontology and gerotranscendence since the terminology used in the study occur in both theories, as well as we connect the theories to a social pedagogical perspective. The intention is to find a bridge between the mentioned theories. The aim of the study is to reveal and analyze loneliness as a social phenomenon for elderly recipient of home care in relation to social identity and various social ties. The first issue which the study tries to answer is how the elderly perceive to be home care recipient and a second issue is which social ties become visible and how does that affect the home care recipient´s feeling of loneliness. The final issue is how the home care recipient´s feeling of loneliness can be understood by social identity. The study has been done qualitatively with four semi-structured life-world interviews. The examined persons in the study were chosen by the criterion of that the persons should live alone and have daily home care. A second criterion was that they should be able to express themselves verbally. By the three terminologies of the study such as loneliness, social identity and social ties, an initial analysis is made of the empirical data. Furthermore, a second analysis is made with the gerotranscendence´s dimensions and its signification. The result shows that the elderly appreciate their visits by the home care staff and that it affects their perceived feeling of loneliness. The result also shows a relation between loneliness, social identity and social ties. The analysis of the empirical data by the gerotranscendence shows a positive perceived loneliness and not only negative loneliness.

Ofrivillig ensamhet är en tydlig riskfaktor för ohälsa bland brukare och bör utifrån ett folkhälsoperspektiv prioriteras för att främja en god och jämlik hälsa för alla. Hemtjänsten utgör en central roll som är nära knuten till brukarens vardagliga liv och är en viktig aktör för att stödja brukaren i sin unika situation och därigenom minska de negativa upplevelserna av ensamhet.   Syftet med studien är att undersöka hemtjänstpersonals upplevelser av deras arbete mot ofrivillig ensamhet bland brukare de möter i sin yrkesroll. Studien omfattas av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserats med en manifest innehållsanalys. Samtliga informanter var kvinnor som under undersökningens genomförande arbetade inom kommunal hemtjänst inom Västmanland och Södermanlands län.  De mest framträdande aspekterna i resultatet var de utmaningar som hemtjänstpersonalen upplever i det dagliga arbetet och hur ledning och organisation tycks vara en avgörande faktor för vilken riktning arbetet med hanteringen av ofrivillig ensamhet tar. En annan betydande aspekt i resultatet var de aktiviteter som informanterna lyfte som minskar känslan av ensamhet och som i stället främjar brukarnas sociala samvaro.  Studiens slutsats lyfter att det behövs stärkt prioritering av hantering av ofrivillig ensamhet för att vidare öka förutsättningarna för brukarnas välmående. Det social-ekologiska perspektivet bidrar med en ökad förståelse för hemtjänstens arbete med att motverka ofrivillig ensamhet genom dess påverkan av inre och yttre faktorer som understryker komplexiteten i arbetet. Nyckelord; Brukare, Folkhälsa, Hemtjänst, Ofrivillig ensamhet / Involuntary loneliness is a clear risk factor for ill health among home care recipients and should be prioritized from a public health perspective to promote good and equitable health for all. Home care services have a central role closely tied to the user’s everyday life and is an important actor in supporting the home care recipients in their unique situation, thereby reducing negative experiences of loneliness. The purpose of the study is to investigate home care staff’s experiences in addressing involuntary loneliness among the home care recipients they encounter in their professional roles. The study comprises six semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using a manifest content analysis. All the participants were women working in municipal home care services in the Västmanland and Södermanland counties of Sweden. The most prominent aspects in the results were the challenges that home care staff experience in their daily work and how management and organization appear to be a crucial factor in determining the direction of work related to addressing involuntary loneliness. Another significant aspect in the results was the activities that the informants highlighted as reducing feelings of loneliness and instead promoting social interaction among home care recipients in various ways.  The study’s conclusion emphasizes the need for enhanced prioritization of addressing involuntary loneliness to further improve the well-being of home care recipients. The social-ecological perspective contributes to a deeper understanding of home care services’ efforts in combating involuntary loneliness by considering both internal and external factors that underscore the complexity of this work. Keywords; Home care, Home care recipient, Involuntary loneliness, Public health

MA (Sociology) / Department of African Studies / The aim of the study was to investigate the challenges faced by families living with mentally ill relatives in Thulamela municipality in the Vhembe district, Limpopo province. The objectives of the study were to investigate the impact that caring for a mentally ill person had on the family members; to explore the strategies adopted by families to enable them to cope better with the challenges they faced when caring for their mentally ill relatives; and to understand the support services that were provided to families by health care professionals to enable them to cope with such challenges. A Nonprobability sampling, in particular its subtype convenience samplings was used to select five families who participated in the study. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect data from the main care givers and a focus group discussion took place to gather more in-depth information from at least three members of each family. Those selected to participate in the study were all family members who were involved in the care giving responsibility. All participants were caring for mentally ill relatives diagnosed with schizophrenia, substance induced psychosis or bipolar affective. The care recipient had to be admitted at Hayani psychiatry hospital. Data extracted from the participants was analysed thematically following the six stages of thematic data analysis.The research findings obtained from family caregivers from Thulamela municipality found in the Vhembe district within the Limpopo province, highlighted that taking care of a family members with mental illness comes with a number of challenges. The impact was experienced by all members of the family irrespective of the age, social or financial status. The impact was experienced emotionally, physically, socially and financially. All participants also reported to be experiencing burnout. They prefer their loved ones to remain living in mental institution as it gives them a chance to live normal lives. / NRF

Swedish elderly care stands before vast employee related challenges in a future with an aging population that will require welfare. By studying what makes working in elder care attractive and what can be done to strengthen its’ attractiveness, tools can be made to attract employees to the occupation and thereby secure the future needs. This qualitative study has investigated employees' experiences of attractive work in a municipal home care service. Through two focus groups based on a model for attractive work, six employees' experiences of what makes their work attractive in a municipal home care organization have been identified. The results show these are social contact and relationships with colleagues, helping others, having varied tasks and care recipients, present and understanding leadership, and problem-solving in work. Improvement points such as increased salaries, more flexible schedules, raising the status of the home care profession, improving employees' ability to show appreciation for each other, and expanding employees' autonomy in their work have also been identified as ways to enhance the attractiveness of the work according to respondents. The study was inspired by hermeneutic-oriented empirical phenomenology, where respondents' experiences of the phenomenon of attractive work are central, but pre-understanding is used to gain a deeper understanding of these experiences and put them in a broader context. Using the model for attractive work, respondents' experiences have been compared to the model and previous research in the field, where similarities and differences have been identified and discussed. / Svensk äldreomsorg står inför stora personalrelaterade utmaningar i en framtid med en åldrande befolkning som kommer behöva välfärd. Genom att undersöka vad som gör hemtjänstarbetet attraktivt och vad som kan göra arbetet attraktivare kan verktyg skapas för att locka fler medarbetare till hemtjänsten och därigenom säkra framtidens behov. Denna kvalitativa studie har undersökt medarbetares upplevelser av attraktivt arbete i en kommunal hemtjänstverksamhet. Genom två fokusgrupper som kommer ifrån en modell för attraktivt arbete har vad sex medarbetarna upplever som attraktivt med sitt arbete hos en kommunal hemtjänstorganisation identifierats. Resultatet visar att dessa är den sociala kontakten och relationen till kollegorna, att hjälpa andra, ha varierande arbetsuppgifter och brukare, veta vad som ska göras, ett närvarande och förstående ledarskap samt att få lösa problem i arbetet. Förbättringsområden som höjda löner, luftigare scheman, att höja hemtjänstyrkets status, att medarbetarna blir bättre på att visa varandra uppskattning samt en utökad handlingsfrihet i arbetet för medarbetarna har också identifierats som respondenterna menade kan stärka arbetets attraktivitet. Studien har inspirerats av en hermeneutisk orienterad empirisk fenomenologi där respondenternas upplevelser av fenomenet attraktivt arbete står i centrum men förförståelse används för att få en djupare förståelse för dessa upplevelser och sätta dem i en större kontext. Med hjälp av modellen för attraktivt arbete har respondenternas upplevelser jämförts med nämnda modell samt tidigare forskning inom fältet för att identifiera och diskutera likheter och skillnader.