Brown is often regarded among the most monumental decisions ever rendered by the United States Supreme Court. Its legacy includes a body of case law affecting the shape and meaning of school desegregation over the past fifty years. However, school desegregation and the transition of Brown from courtroom jurisprudence to a manifestation of equal educational opportunities for African American and other minority students has not been characterized by steady, forward progress. This research project is about Brown’s evolutionary transition vis-à-vis public school desegregation law. A comprehensive overview of the Brown v. Board of Education litigation and its affect on school desegregation is provided. The timeframe for the study primarily covers the years following the Brown decisions from 1954 to 2002. However, the study also emphasizes the legal and historical details that led to Brown. In addition, a review is included of the June 2003 United States Supreme Court decisions in the University of Michigan cases that addressed affirmative action issues, which is relative to Brown. The body of case law and information associated with Brown was immense. Therefore, specific litigation was selected for review and analysis. The basis for litigation selection is discussed in each chapter relative to the section’s content. The litigation analysis is addressed from four perspectives: the Historical Perspective: "Separate-But-Equal" Era, the Brown Decisions, the Seminal Desegregation Era, and the Contemporary Desegregation Era. Since the research was so extensive, it is beyond the study’s scope to exhaust all avenues of school desegregation case law in Brown’s progeny. Brown offered the promise and hope of better educational opportunities for African American children in the United States. In the face of contemporary measures that consistently show achievement for African American children lagging behind that of their white and Asian counterparts, this project was motivated by a desire to explore the course of action, from a legal perspective, that resulted in unfulfilled expectations of Brown. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Araujo Bim.pdf: 404308 bytes, checksum: 9a8f1253b20feb21f490ad97e885935f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 / The contemporary society craves a renowned justice, qualitative and which well serve as a guiding tool, capable of pointing the direction that the courts are waving in relation to each law. This study aims to see that this important social claim is achieved through case law in its different forms. In the specific context of the Labour Process, the research pointed out that the case-law itself does not represent an adequately way of making society feel comfortable enough about the rights they seek for. It is essential, however, to surround the court decisions by making it robust and, therefore, we have developed studies about the surrounded case-law by guiding principles, translated from its origin as well as sources and principles of legal certainty, the perfect juridical act and res judicata. We also tried to elaborate an analysis on the context of the case-law as a fundamental guarantee of the individuals who both seek to bring findings about the ways of Power between the Union s Advisory Bodies, especially the judiciary judicial branch from which emanates the decisions, those ones that are capable of bringing social peace to a particular historical and cultural context for a plaintiff firm in a democratic state of law / A sociedade contemporânea anseia por uma justiça célere, qualitativa e que sirva de instrumento norteador, capaz de apontar a direção que os Tribunais estão a acenar relativamente a cada Direito. O presente estudo visa constatar que este importante reclame social é atingido através da jurisprudência nas suas mais diferentes formas. No âmbito específico do Processo do Trabalho, aponta-se nesta pesquisa que, a jurisprudência sozinha, não representa uma forma cabal de fazer com que a sociedade se sinta confortável em relação aos direitos que almeja. É fundamental, porém cercar a decisões judiciais tornando-a robusta e, para isso, desenvolvemos estudos sobre a jurisprudência cercada de princípios norteadores, desde seu nascedouro assim traduzido como fontes e os princípios da segurança jurídica, do ato jurídico perfeito e da coisa julgada. Buscou-se também elaborar analise sobre a jurisprudência num contexto de garantia fundamental do indivíduo e, para tanto, procurou-se trazer constatações sobre as formas de Poder entre os Órgãos da União, principalmente do Poder Judiciário donde emanam as decisões, estas, capaz de trazer a paz social num determinado contexto histórico-cultural para uma reclamante sociedade pertencente a um Estado Democrático de Direito

The diploma thesis deals with the issues of tax havens and opportunities of their utilization for the Czech entrepreneurs relating income taxes. The thesis focuses on analysis of the Czech legislation and international agreement binding for the Czech Republic and their interpretation in the case law of the European Court of Justice and the Highest administrative court of the Czech Republic. The thesis includes practical example of the utilization of tax havens.

Resolving investment disputes from the perspective of case-law of international arbitration courts The purpose of my thesis is to analyse resolution of investment disputes from the perspective of international arbitration courts' case-law. The reason for my analysis is recent increase of importance for investment disputes resolution in front of international arbitration courts. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the topic. First chapter is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis, such as investment, investment disputes, difference between investment dispute and commercial dispute. Second chapter examines relevant Czech and Slovak treaties on the protection of investments concluded with another states. The chapter deals with both bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. In this chapter there are also two charts with the overview of most used forums for investment disputes resolutions from Czech and Slovak bilateral investment treaties. Third chapter is subdivided into two parts, the general part, and specific part with the case-law of European Court of Justice. This chapter is called European Union and protection of investments. It includes also the most recent progress in European rulemaking, regarding the common investment...

OF THE DIPLOMA THESIS The Economic Analysis of Law in Case-Law Pavlína Hubková According Richard Posner, "economics is a powerful tool for analyzing a vast range of legal questions but most lawyers have difficulty connecting economic principles to concrete legal problems." This diploma thesis focuses on the clash between law and economics and on those difficulties lawyers may have when applying economic analysis of law. It tries to identify borders between two fields of study and problems or obstacles which are faced by judges. In concrete, the thesis deals with the economic analysis of law in the domain of competition law. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and an empirical part. The theoretical part includes four chapters. The first chapter characterizes the economic analysis of law in general, it provides with a short history of this approach to law, opinions of its proponents as well as critics and a summary of utility of economics in law. The second chapter then refers specifically to the role of economic analysis in judicial decision-making. Competition law as an "explicitly economic field" is presented in the third chapter. The core of the thesis is to be found in the next chapter which focuses on the problems and obstacles which judges have to face and potentially overcome when...

Esta tese é o resultado de um estudo empírico relativo à interrelação entre defesa da concorrência e regulação no Brasil, com ênfase nos setores de infraestrutura que enfrentam a falha de mercado conhecida como monopólio natural. A hipótese de investigação reside em afirmar que, apesar do fato de que nestes mercados geralmente há um único agente econômico, e que os mesmos encontram-se sujeitas à regulação estrita por uma agência especializada, ainda há espaço para a intervenção das autoridades de defesa da concorrência. A fim de confirmar essa hipotese, examinamos as decisões da autoridade brasileira de defesa da concorrência (CADE) nos setores de infraestrutura, e fim de avaliar se o CADE efetivamente intervém em tais mercados. A pesquisa incluiu a análise de atos de concentração, bem como as decisões acerca de condutas anticompetitivas envolvendo agentes atuantes nos setores de concessão de ferrovias, rodovias, portos, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, telefonia fixa, saneamento, distribuição de gás canalizado e transporte de gás natural. A pesquisa comprovou que não há diferença significativa entre a percentagem de intervenções em atos de concentração observados nos setores regulados de infraestrutura e a percentagem de casos em que o CADE determinou o desfazimento ou impôs restrições à aprovação de operações na generalidade dos mercados. Em matéria de infrações às regras de concorrência, a percentagem de condenações e acordos de cessação de práticas, considerados em connjunto, observados nos setores de infraestruturas foi superior àquela obervada nos mercados não regulados. O resultado da pesquisa confirma que as autoridades de concorrência devem continuar a ser as principais implementadoras da política de defesa da concorrência em setores regulados de infraestrutura. Embora as intervenções CADE tenham ficado restritas a setores de meios de transporte e de telefonia fixa, a jurisprudência mostra que as preocupações antitruste verticais e de natureza conglomerada que podem surgir nos mercados regulados de infraestrutura justifica essa intervenção. A última parte da tese é dedicada a discutir as perspectivas da defesa da concorrência nos mercados de infraestrutura, no Brasil, incluindo a aprovação da nova Lei de Defesa da Concorrência (Lei 12.529/2011), e discutir a que compete decidir acerca de conflitos de competência ou de interpretações confliantes e irreconciliáveis entre o CADE e as agências reguladoras. / This thesis is the result of an empirical study that addresses the intersection between competition and regulation policies in Brazil, especially involving industries that face the market failure known as natural monopoly. The hypothesis investigated is that, despite the fact that in these markets there is usually only one economic agent and that they are subject to strict regulation by a specialized agency, there still remains room for intervention by the competition authority. In order to confirm this, we have reviewed the case law of the Brazilian competition authority (CADE) on public utility sectors, aiming at assessing whether CADE had intervened in such markets. The survey included mergers and acquisitions, as well as investigations regarding infractions to competition rules, involving agents active in railroad, road, port, electric power transmission and distribution, fixed telephone, sewage, gas transportation and distribution markets. The research revealed that there is no significant difference between the percentage of interventions in concentration acts observed in these regulated markets (jointly considered) and the percentage of cases that CADE has not approved or has imposed restrictions to their approval in all markets. In terms of investigations regarding offences to competition rules, the percentage of condemnations and agreements to cease practices in regulated markets actually overcome that observed in unregulated markets. The result of the investigation confirms that competition authorities should remain to be the primary enforcers of competition law in regulated sectors. Although CADEs interventions were actually restricted to markets involving means of transportation and fixed telephone, we could observe that the case law provides evidence that antitrust vertical and conglomerate concerns may arise in public utility regulated markets generally considered. The final part of the thesis is dedicated to debate the perspectives of competition defense in public utility markets in Brazil, especially in view of the passing of the new competition statute (Rule 12,529/2011), as well as to discuss who is the authority empowered to decide conflicts of understandings between competition and regulation authorities.

Este trabalho busca identificar os entraves e perplexidades jurídicas no setor postal apontará as consequências da falta de clareza legislativa, doutrinária, jurisprudencial e regulatória no setor, aprofundando-se na análise de jurisprudência, especialmente do Supremo Tribunal Federal chamando atenção para a possibilidade de serem adotadas novas soluções para resolvê-los. O trabalho estrutura-se a partir de dois eixos intimamente relacionados: a) saber o que é serviço postal, qual é sua relevância na atual conjuntura das comunicações e qual é a realidade de prestação dos serviços nesse setor, objeto dos Capítulos 1 e 2, e b) desenvolver uma discussão crítica sobre serviço (público ou não) postal e monopólio postal, objeto do Capítulo 3 e núcleo central do trabalho. Ainda que o foco desta análise não seja a discussão mais ampla sobre a importância do planejamento e dos arranjos jurídico-institucionais do setor, procurar-se-á chamar atenção para esses aspectos no âmbito do setor postal. A conclusão final da pesquisa, que confirma a hipótese central do trabalho, é a de que o regime jurídico do setor postal se constrói predominantemente a partir da atuação da ECT. O regime jurídico do setor tem sido delimitado a partir das políticas públicas voltadas à ECT, dos serviços postais por ela prestados e das decisões judiciais em que a estatal é autora ou ré, o que lhe confere um regime jurídico privilegiado e protetivo. A análise de todo esse arcabouço jurídico revela que, em grande medida, objetiva-se preservar a empresa pública ECT, em detrimento da avaliação do quadro maior do setor postal brasileiro. Esse entrave do setor leva à reflexão sobre a possibilidade de serem adotadas novas soluções para resolver os problemas setoriais, que podem abarcar desde soluções interpretativas a uma revisão do quadro normativo atualmente aplicável ao setor. / This dissertation aims to identify the legal obstacles and perplexities in the postal sector will point the consequences of the lack of clarity of the legislative, doctrinal, case law and regulatory treatment of the sector, deepening the analysis of case law, especially of the Supreme Court calling attention to the possibility of adopting new solutions to solve them. The work is structured from two closely interconnected axes: a) one, to know what is the postal service, what is its relevance in the current communications, and the reality of service provision, the subject of Chapters 1 and 2; b) two, to develop a critical discussion about postal service (public or not) and post monopoly, the subject of Chapter 3 and the central core of the work. Although the focus of this analysis does not correspond to the wider discussion about the importance of planning and of legal and institutional arrangements in the sector, this dissertation will seek to draw attention to these aspects within the postal sector. The final conclusion of the study, which confirms the central hypothesis of the work, is that the legal system of the postal sector is built predominantly from the action of ECT. The legal system has been delimited from public policies to ECT, from the postal services it provides and from judicial decisions in which the public company is either plaintiff or defendant, and which gives to ECT a privileged and protective legal system. The analysis of all this legal framework reveals that, to a great extent, the objective is to preserve the public company ECT, rather than the evaluation of the bigger picture of the postal sector in Brazil. This obstacle of the sector leads to a reflection on the possibility of adopting new solutions to solve the problems, which can range from interpretative solutions to a review of the regulatory framework currently applicable to the sector.

La problématique militaire a toujours été à l’ombre des débats publics, à l’écart du reste de la société. En effet, le rendez-vous des droits de l’homme et des casernes n’aurait peut-être jamais eu lieu, du moins sur le plan européen, sans l’impulsion vigilante de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme.Les droits de l’homme se sont largement introduits au sein des casernes, comme le démontre l’adage européen : « La convention européenne ne s’arrête pas aux portes des casernes » emportant avec lui diverses conséquences. La pénétration des droits fondamentaux au sein des casernes conduit à reconnaître aux militaires la jouissance d’un véritable statut juridique en sanctionnant la méconnaissance des droits et libertés qui y sont contenus.Cependant, si aujourd’hui, la jouissance des droits et libertés fondamentaux est reconnue aux militaires, il est important de rappeler, que ces derniers demeurent des individus assujettis à des contraintes commandées par leur statut particulier. Ces sujétions que doit prendre en compte le juge européen lors de son interprétation viennent dès lors, limiter et restreindre la portée des droits garantis aux militaires. Il est donc nécessaire que le juge européen, prenne en considération l’ensemble de ces paramètres lors de son processus interprétatif.Dans cette perspective, le juge européen tentera habilement de ménager d’une part, son objectif fondamental à savoir garantir aux militaires la jouissance et la protection de leurs droits fondamentaux Et d’autre part, de concilier cette promotion des droits et libertés avec l’ensemble des sujétions auxquelles sont soumis les militaires. / The military subject has always benn in the shadow of public debate. The meeting of human rights and the military barracks could never have happened without impetus of the European Court. The human rights have largely introduced in the military barracks. About that, the quote from the European Court indicates : « The European Convention on Human Rights does not stop at the gates of the barracks ».which has several consequences. The introduction of human rights they allow recognize a real legal status to the military.However, if the rights are recognized to the military, it is necessary to remember the military are subject to constraints in view of special status. The European judge must take into consideration these parameters in his interpretative process. In this perspective, the European jugde will attempt conciliate his primary objective that of rights protection, with that of the constraints which are subject the military.

Esta tese é o resultado de um estudo empírico relativo à interrelação entre defesa da concorrência e regulação no Brasil, com ênfase nos setores de infraestrutura que enfrentam a falha de mercado conhecida como monopólio natural. A hipótese de investigação reside em afirmar que, apesar do fato de que nestes mercados geralmente há um único agente econômico, e que os mesmos encontram-se sujeitas à regulação estrita por uma agência especializada, ainda há espaço para a intervenção das autoridades de defesa da concorrência. A fim de confirmar essa hipotese, examinamos as decisões da autoridade brasileira de defesa da concorrência (CADE) nos setores de infraestrutura, e fim de avaliar se o CADE efetivamente intervém em tais mercados. A pesquisa incluiu a análise de atos de concentração, bem como as decisões acerca de condutas anticompetitivas envolvendo agentes atuantes nos setores de concessão de ferrovias, rodovias, portos, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, telefonia fixa, saneamento, distribuição de gás canalizado e transporte de gás natural. A pesquisa comprovou que não há diferença significativa entre a percentagem de intervenções em atos de concentração observados nos setores regulados de infraestrutura e a percentagem de casos em que o CADE determinou o desfazimento ou impôs restrições à aprovação de operações na generalidade dos mercados. Em matéria de infrações às regras de concorrência, a percentagem de condenações e acordos de cessação de práticas, considerados em connjunto, observados nos setores de infraestruturas foi superior àquela obervada nos mercados não regulados. O resultado da pesquisa confirma que as autoridades de concorrência devem continuar a ser as principais implementadoras da política de defesa da concorrência em setores regulados de infraestrutura. Embora as intervenções CADE tenham ficado restritas a setores de meios de transporte e de telefonia fixa, a jurisprudência mostra que as preocupações antitruste verticais e de natureza conglomerada que podem surgir nos mercados regulados de infraestrutura justifica essa intervenção. A última parte da tese é dedicada a discutir as perspectivas da defesa da concorrência nos mercados de infraestrutura, no Brasil, incluindo a aprovação da nova Lei de Defesa da Concorrência (Lei 12.529/2011), e discutir a que compete decidir acerca de conflitos de competência ou de interpretações confliantes e irreconciliáveis entre o CADE e as agências reguladoras. / This thesis is the result of an empirical study that addresses the intersection between competition and regulation policies in Brazil, especially involving industries that face the market failure known as natural monopoly. The hypothesis investigated is that, despite the fact that in these markets there is usually only one economic agent and that they are subject to strict regulation by a specialized agency, there still remains room for intervention by the competition authority. In order to confirm this, we have reviewed the case law of the Brazilian competition authority (CADE) on public utility sectors, aiming at assessing whether CADE had intervened in such markets. The survey included mergers and acquisitions, as well as investigations regarding infractions to competition rules, involving agents active in railroad, road, port, electric power transmission and distribution, fixed telephone, sewage, gas transportation and distribution markets. The research revealed that there is no significant difference between the percentage of interventions in concentration acts observed in these regulated markets (jointly considered) and the percentage of cases that CADE has not approved or has imposed restrictions to their approval in all markets. In terms of investigations regarding offences to competition rules, the percentage of condemnations and agreements to cease practices in regulated markets actually overcome that observed in unregulated markets. The result of the investigation confirms that competition authorities should remain to be the primary enforcers of competition law in regulated sectors. Although CADEs interventions were actually restricted to markets involving means of transportation and fixed telephone, we could observe that the case law provides evidence that antitrust vertical and conglomerate concerns may arise in public utility regulated markets generally considered. The final part of the thesis is dedicated to debate the perspectives of competition defense in public utility markets in Brazil, especially in view of the passing of the new competition statute (Rule 12,529/2011), as well as to discuss who is the authority empowered to decide conflicts of understandings between competition and regulation authorities.

A moradia digna constitui um direito social no país, além de configurar um direito inerente à personalidade humana. A não efetivação desse direito propicia a violação a inúmeros outros direitos e valores que visam assegurar a dignidade do ser humano. O Brasil, ao longo dos anos, assumiu vários compromissos internacionais para garantir o direito à moradia digna. O maior avanço, nessa questão, foi a introdução da moradia no rol dos direitos sociais expressos (artigo 6º CF) pela Emenda Constitucional 26 de 14 de fevereiro de 2000. A presente tese analisa o direito à moradia quando judicializado e em colisão com outros direitos fundamentais mais tradicionais como a propriedade, o meio ambiente, e com a legislação urbanística. Busca verificar seu estado de consolidação como direito fundamental social autônomo frente a outros direitos fundamentais também constitucionalmente assegurados. Para alcançar esses objetivos, os estudos foram divididos em duas partes. Na primeira discorre sobre a natureza da norma constitucional, sua forma de interpretação e aplicação, sobre a natureza da norma de direito fundamental social e sobre a criação do arcabouço legislativo infraconstitucional para sua garantia e efetivação, apresentando os instrumentos existentes no ordenamento jurídico para a sua aquisição. Na segunda parte, apresenta a Jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo observando a colisão do direito à moradia com esses outros direitos em 166 Acórdãos, tecendo uma tendência interpretativa desse direito no Tribunal de Justiça Paulista. Constata que o direito à moradia no Brasil, mesmo após 14 anos de existência constitucional expressa, ainda não se consolidou como categoria autônoma de direito. Apesar de todo arcabouço legislativo e esforço interpretativo dos juristas para a sua consolidação como direito subjetivo, não se observa nos julgados, essa assertiva. Existe no Brasil um conjunto de sistemas legais paralelos e desconexos que permite interpretações diversas sem ferir a lógica do ordenamento jurídico. O surgimento do direito à moradia e dos demais direitos ocorreu de forma anacrônica e o surgimento de um não acarretou a exclusão do outro. Há uma tendência de aplicação dos direitos mais antigos nas soluções dos casos concretos, prevalecendo na grande maioria o direito de propriedade e as normas de direito administrativo, em detrimento de uma ponderação da moradia no quadro dos direitos fundamentais. / Dignified housing constitutes a social right in the country, in addition to also being na inherent right to human beings. Not carrying out this right characterizes the violation of countless other rights and values that seek to ensure the dignity of the human being. Throughout the years, Brazil has taken on various international commitments to ensure the right to dignified housing. The most significant advance in this matter was including housing in the list of expressed social rights (article 6 of the Federal Constitution) by Constitutional Amendment 26 of February 14, 2000. This paper seeks to analyse housing after judicialization and compare it to other fundamental more traditional rights such as property, environment, in addition to the urban legislation. It seeks to verify its consolidation as a fundamental autonomous social right compared to other constitutionally assured fundamental rights. In order to reach these objectives, the study was divided into two parts. Firstly this paper discusses the nature of the constitutional standard, how it is interpreted and applied, the nature of the standard on fundamental social rights and the creation of the infra-constitutional legislation framework in order to make it effective and at the same time guarantee it, presenting the existing instruments in the Brazilian legal system for its achievement. Secondly, this paper presents the case law of the Court of Law of the State of São Paulo observing the comparison between the right to housing with other rights and court decision 166, forming an interpretation tendency of this right in the Court of Law of São Paulo. This paper also found that the right to housing in Brazil, even after 14 years of express inclusion in the Constitution, still hasn\'t been consolidated as na autonomous category of rights. In spite of the complete legislation framework and efforts made by jurists to consolidate this matter as a subjective right, this assertive has not yet been observed in judgments. The right to housing and other rights arose in an anachronistic manner and the creation of one did not exclude the other. There is a tendency of applying rights that have been long standing in the solution of concrete cases, this has been observed in most property law cases and standards of administrative law, negatively affecting the pondering of housing and the fundamental rights scope.