A variety of proteases have been shown to promote the progression of cancer by virtue of their ability to degrade extracellular proteinaceous barriers, such as basement membrane and interstitial stroma. At the outset of this study available evidence strongly implicated cathepsin D in breast cancer metastasis. It was envisaged that an antibody inhibitory to the activity of this enzyme might retard invasion, and restrain a tumour from spreading. To this end anti-peptide antibodies were generated against a peptide sequence derived from the substrate capturing "flap" of the enzyme. Inhibition of enzyme activity by these antibodies could not be demonstrated, probably due to the lack of a suitably sensitive enzyme assay. However, the rationale of this study and the expertise gained from it could be applied, in the future, to enzymes that have since been found to be more relevant to tumour invasion. A feature of many transformed cells is an anomalous lysosomal enzyme trafficking system, and concomitant hyper-secretion of some enzymes. The distribution of low pH compartments and lysosomal enzyme-containing compartments was investigated in human breast epithelial cells, and their c-Ha-ras- transformed counterparts. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy showed that these compartments have a more peripheral cellular distribution with respect to normal cells, and cathepsins B and D were cell surface-associated. Studies were undertaken to reveal the extracellular matrix degrading ability of c-Ha- ras-transformed cells. Transformed cells exhibited increased degradation of fluorescein-labelled extracellular matrix in serum free medium, and increased motility, and degradation and disruption of extracellular matrix in serum-containing medium. In vitro invasion through artificial basement membrane by transformed cells was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, and was further used to preliminarily identify the proteases involved in invasion by specific inhibition. By this means, greatest inhibition of in vitro invasion was obtained using a specific metalloproteinase inhibitor. Overexpression by transformed cells of a metalloproteinase was detected by gelatin zymography. Together these results suggest that the increased invasive capacity of ras-transformed breast epithelial cells may be largely due to increased metalloproteinase activity. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg , 1996.

La cathepsine D est une aspartyl protéase lysosomale surexprimée et hypersécrétée par les cellules épithéliales cancéreuses mammaires. C'est un marqueur de mauvais pronostic du cancer du sein. Elle stimule la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses, la croissance invasive des fibroblastes et la formation des métastases. Les travaux de l'équipe ont montré qu'elle peut agir indépendamment de son activité catalytique par interaction protéique. Le répresseur transcriptionnel Tricho-Rhino-Phalangeal Syndrome type 1, TRPS1, a été identifié comme un partenaire potentiel de la cathepsine D. Différentes études indiquent que des cystéines cathepsines peuvent être localisées au noyau et être protéolytiquement actives. Par exemple, la cystéine cathepsine L agit par protéolyse limitée sur le facteur de transcription CDP/Cux et sur l'histone H3 lorsqu'elle est localisée au noyau.Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié le rôle de la cathepsine D nucléaire dans des cellules cancéreuses mammaires. Nos résultats indiquent que la cathepsine D, comme TRPS1, est localisée au noyau et est associée à la chromatine dans les cellules positives aux récepteurs aux œstrogènes. De plus elle interagit de manière directe et endogène avec TRPS1 et participe à la régulation transcriptionnelle de PTHrP (parathyroïd hormone-related protein) un gène cible de TRPS1. Finalement nous avons identifié de nouveaux gènes co-régulés par TRPS1 et la cathepsine D dans le cancer du sein montrant que leur action n'est pas limitée à PTHrP. L'ensemble de ces résultats suggère que la cathepsine D est la première cathepsine identifiée comme un co-facteur transcriptionnel et que son rôle dans le cancer pourrait impliquer, en plus de ses activités extracellulaires, ses activités nucléaires. / Cathepsin D is a lysosomal aspartyl protease which is overexpressed and hyper-secreted by epithelial breast cancer cells. This is a poor prognosis factor in breast cancer. It stimulates cancer cell proliferation and metastasis formation. Team works have shown it can acts in an independent manner of its catalytic activity by protein interactions. The transcriptional repressor trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 protein, TRPS1, has been identified as a new potential partner of Cathepsin D. Several studies indicate that cystein cathepsins can be localized in nucleus and are proteolytically actives. For example, the cystein Cathepsin L acts by limited proteolysis of the CDP/Cux transcription factor and histone H3 when located to the nucleus.During this thesis, we studied the role of nuclear Cathepsin D in breast cancer cells. Our results indicate that Cathepsin D, as TRPS1, is localized in nucleus and is associated with chromatin in estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer cells. Furthermore it interacts in a direct and endogenous manner with TRPS1 and participates to the transcriptional repression of PTHrP, parathyroïd hormone-related protein, a TRPS1 target gene. Finally, we identified new co-regulated genes by TRPS1 and Cathepsin D in breast cancer showing their action is not limited to PTHrP.Together, our results suggest that Cathepsin D is the first cathepsin identified as a transcriptional co-repressor and that its role in cancer may involve, in addition to its extracellular activities, its nuclear activities.

A mosca domestica (Musca domestica) é um dos insetos largamente distribuído e conhecido pelo homem. A larva de M. domestica possui no conteúdo luminal do ventrículo anterior e médio uma atividade proteolítica com pH ótimo entre 3,0 3,5 e propriedades cinéticas similares a catepsina-D. Três cDNAs codificantes para preprocatepsina-D (ppCAD1, ppCAD2 e ppCAD3) foram clonados a partir de uma biblioteca de cDNA ventricular de larvas de M. domestica. As sequências possuem o peptídeo sinal, o propeptídeo e a enzima madura contendo os resíduos catalíticos e todos os resíduos de ligação ao substrato conservados, achados em uma catepsina-D lisossomal bovina. Um cladograma de sequências de aminoácidos de catepsinas-D de insetos e vertebrados depositados no GENBANK formou um grande grupo dividido em duas ramificações monofiléticas: Uma com sequências de vertebrados e a outra com sequências de catepsinas-D lisossomais de insetos incluindo a ppCAD1. A sequência do pepsinogênio humana, ppCAD2, ppCAD3 e uma sequência de D. melanogaster são excluídas desse grande grupo indicando uma função não lisossomal para essas sequências. ppCAD3 deve corresponder a uma catepsina-D digestiva encontrada no conteúdo luminal em larvas do inseto devido: (1) Análise por RT-PCR indicam que os transcritos codificantes para a CAD3 são expressos no ventrículo anterior e porção proximal do ventrículo médio. (2) pCAD3 recombinante após autoativação sob condições ácidas possui um pH ótimo entre 2,5 3,0 que é próximo ao pH luminal do ventrículo médio onde essa enzima atua. (3) Imunoblots das proteínas de diferentes tecidos e marcadas com o anticorpo preparado contra a pCAD3 foi positiva apenas nos tecidos e conteúdo do ventrículo anterior e médio. (4) CAD3 é localizada pela técnica de imuno-ouro no interior de vesículas de secreção e próxima a microvilosidades nas células do ventrículo anterior e médio. Esses dados suportam a idéia que ao se adaptar a um hábito detritivo, a CAD digestiva da mosca (e de outros Diptera Cyclorrhapha) resultou do mesmo gene ancestral da catepsina-D lisossomal intracelular, da mesma forma que se acredita que ocorreu com a pepsina em vertebrados. Uma limitada quantidade de informações de sequências de DNA e aspectos moleculares de M. domestica é disponível até o presente momento. Nós então propusemos gerar sequências de ESTs a partir de uma bibilioteca de cDNA ventricular da larva desse inseto. Um total de 826 ESTs randomicamente selecionados presentes no ventrículos de larvas de M. domestica foram seqüenciados e analisados com programas de bioinformática e separado em 323 clusters. As sequências foram manualmente anotadas e separadas em 3 categorias: (S) produtos provavelmente secretados, (H) produtos de metabolismo em geral (housekeeping) e (U) produtos sem função conhecida. Cento e sessenta clusters (423 ESTs) codificavam para proteínas secretadas tais como: lisozimas, lipases, tripsinas, quimotripsinas, dipeptidades, carboxipeptidase e α-amilases. Cento e trinta e dois clusters (190 ESTs) codificavam para sequências de metabolismo em energético, síntese de proteínas, transdução de sinal e outras funções celulares. Noventa e cinco clusters (231 ESTs) codificaram para proteínas sem similaridades com proteínas conhecidas no banco de dados. Estudos de expressão, localização e imunocitoquímica de sequências alvos deverão no futuro nos fornecer um melhor entendimento da fisiologia digestiva da larva de Musca domestica em detalhes moleculares. Uma enzima lipolítica (LipMD) foi identificada no item anterior. A sequência de aminoácidos obtidas é homóloga a lipases e contém os três bem conservados resíduos de aminoácidos que compõe a tríade catalítica (Ser183, His273 e Asp208) para esse grupo de enzimas. O fragmento de cDNA codificante para a LipMD foi clonado em vetor pAE (Ramos et al., 2004) e expresso em E. coli produzindo uma enzima com massa molecular de 37,3 kDa. A LipMD recombinante foi purificada e é capaz de hidrolizar tributirina e um grande número de substratos (pNP-acetato a pNP-esterato) e possui um pH ótimo próximo de 7,5. Analise por RT-PCR mostrou que os transcritos codificantes para a LipMD são expressos apenas no ventrículo anterior. Western-blots após SDS-PAGE das proteínas de vários tecidos e marcados com o anticorpo produzido contra a LipMD revelou a ocorrência da enzima principalmente no conteúdo luminal do ventrículo anterior. A LipMD é localizada pela técnica de imuno-ouro no interior de vesículas de secreção próximas a microvilosidades no interior das células do ventrículo anterior. Esta enzima pode atuar como uma enzima lipolítica digestiva secretada nessa região do ventrículo de larvas de M. domestica / The house fly, Musca domestica is one the best known and most widely distributed insects known to humans. M. domestica larvae display in anterior and middle midgut contents, a proteolytic activity with pH optimum of 3.0-3.5 and kinetical properties like cathepsin-D. Three cDNAs coding for preprocatepsin D-like proteinases (ppCAD1, ppCAD2, ppCAD3) were cloned from a M. domestica midgut cDNA library. The sequences encoding the signal peptide, propeptide and mature enzyme having all conserved catalytic and substrate binding residues found in bovine lysosomal cathepsin-D. A cladogram of sequences of insect and vertebrate cathepsin-D-like proteinases deposited on GENBANK form a large grouping divided into two monophyletic branches: one with vertebrate and the other with insect lysosomal sequences including ppCAD1. Human pepsinogen, ppCAD2, ppCAD3, and a sequence from Drosophila melanogaster are excluded indicating a nonlysosomal function for them. CAD3 should correspond to the digestive CAD found in enzyme assays because: (1) The mRNA for CAD3 is expressed (RT-PCR) only in the anterior and proximal middle midgut. (2) Recombinant pCAD3, after auto activation has a pH optimum of 2.5-3.0 that is close to the luminal pH of M. domestica midgut. (3) Immunoblots of proteins from different tissues and stained with antiserum prepared against recombinant pCAD3 were positive only for the anterior and middle midgut tissue and contents. (4) CAD3 is localized with immunogold labeling inside secretory vesicles and around microvilli in anterior and middle midgut cells. The data support the view that on adapting to a detritivorous habit M. domestica digestive CAD (and of other Diptera Cyclorrhapha) resulted from the same archetypical gene as the intracellular cathepsin-D, paralleling what happened with vertebrates. A limited amount of data regarding DNA sequences and molecular aspects of Musca domestica species is avaliable. We proposed to generate ESTs sequences from a cDNA library constructed from larval midguts. A total of 826 randomly selected midgut derived cDNAs were sequenced and assembled based on their similarities into 323 clusters. The sequences were classified into three categories: (S) probably secretory products, (H) housekeeping products and (U) products with unknown cell localization and function. One hundred and sixty clusters (423 ESTs) encode putative secreted proteins such as lysozymes, lipases, trypsins, chymotrypsins, dipeptidases, carboxypeptidases A and α-amylases. One hundred and thirty two clusters (190 ESTs) encode housekeeping sequences associated with energy metabolism, protein syntesis, signal transduction and other cellular functions. Ninety five clusters (213 ESTs) encode proteins with no similarity with known proteins. Expression and high-throughput bioassay screening of target sequences must provide us with a better understanding of the digestive physiology of Musca domestica midgut larvae, in molecular detail. A lipolytic enzyme (LipMD) was identified from expressed sequence tags (EST) constructed from midgut larvae cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence is homologous to lipases and contained the three well-conserved amino acid residues, Ser183, His273, and Asp208, which form the catalytic triad of the enzyme. The cDNA fragment encoding for LipMD was cloned into a pAE vector (Ramos et al., 2004) and expressed in E. coli producing an enzyme with a molecular mass of 37.3 kDa. The recombinant LipMD was purified and was able to hydrolyse tributyrin and a broad range of substrates, from C2 to C18 p-nitrophenyl-esters and displayed an optimal pH of approximately 7.5. RT-PCR analysis in tissue homogenates (anterior, middle and posterior midguts, hemolymph, fat body and Malpighian tubules) showed that LipMD mRNA transcripts were expressed only in anterior midgut. Western-blots after SDS PAGE of proteins from different tissues and stained with anti-LipMD serum revealed that the enzyme occurs mainly in the anterior midgut lumen. LipMD is localized with immunogold labeling inside secretory vesicles and around microvilli in anterior midgut cells. LipMD is a candidate to be the digestive lipolytic enzyme found in that midgut region

Das Glioblastoma multiforme gehört zu den ZNS-Tumoren neuroepithelialen Ursprungs. Es zeichnet sich durch ein multiformes Zellbild, einen geringen Differenzierungsgrad und eine schnelle Krankheitsprogression aus. Trotz mikrochirurgischer Entfernung und anschließender Radiochemotherapie entwickeln die Patienten im Durchschnitt nach 7 Monaten einen Rezidivtumor und haben eine mittlere Überlebenszeit von 14,6 Monaten. Die Rezidivneigung stellt somit ein großes Problem in der Behandlung von Glioblastompatienten dar. In früheren Arbeiten konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Rezidivtumore eine andere Zellzusammensetzung und auch ein aggressiveres Wachstumsverhalten als deren Primärformen aufweisen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zu prüfen ob mittels 2D-Gelelektrophorese und anschließender MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie Unterschiede im Proteinexpressionsmuster zwischen Gewebeproben vom Primärtumor eines Glioblastoms WHO Grad IV und dem korrespondierendem Rezidivtumor eines Patienten detektierbar sind. Hierbei wurden 43 Proteine als differentiell exprimiert erkannt, von denen mit Hilfe der MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie sechs genauer charakterisiert wurden. Vier der sechs Proteine waren im Rezidivtumor erhöht: EnoylCoA-Hydratase, ATP-Synthase Untereinheit d, Tropomyosin alpha-3-Kette Isoform 2 und Cathepsin D. Die anderen zwei waren im Rezidivtumor niedriger ausgeprägt: Nukleosid-Diphosphatkinase A und L-3-Phosphoserin-Phosphatase. Eine weitere Untersuchung mittels Western-Blot-Analyse bestätigte, dass Cathepsin D (als eines der sechs charakterisierten Proteine) tatsächlich auch in den Rezidivtumoren dreier weiterer Patienten stärker exprimiert war als in den korrespondierenden primären Glioblastomen.

A mosca domestica (Musca domestica) é um dos insetos largamente distribuído e conhecido pelo homem. A larva de M. domestica possui no conteúdo luminal do ventrículo anterior e médio uma atividade proteolítica com pH ótimo entre 3,0 3,5 e propriedades cinéticas similares a catepsina-D. Três cDNAs codificantes para preprocatepsina-D (ppCAD1, ppCAD2 e ppCAD3) foram clonados a partir de uma biblioteca de cDNA ventricular de larvas de M. domestica. As sequências possuem o peptídeo sinal, o propeptídeo e a enzima madura contendo os resíduos catalíticos e todos os resíduos de ligação ao substrato conservados, achados em uma catepsina-D lisossomal bovina. Um cladograma de sequências de aminoácidos de catepsinas-D de insetos e vertebrados depositados no GENBANK formou um grande grupo dividido em duas ramificações monofiléticas: Uma com sequências de vertebrados e a outra com sequências de catepsinas-D lisossomais de insetos incluindo a ppCAD1. A sequência do pepsinogênio humana, ppCAD2, ppCAD3 e uma sequência de D. melanogaster são excluídas desse grande grupo indicando uma função não lisossomal para essas sequências. ppCAD3 deve corresponder a uma catepsina-D digestiva encontrada no conteúdo luminal em larvas do inseto devido: (1) Análise por RT-PCR indicam que os transcritos codificantes para a CAD3 são expressos no ventrículo anterior e porção proximal do ventrículo médio. (2) pCAD3 recombinante após autoativação sob condições ácidas possui um pH ótimo entre 2,5 3,0 que é próximo ao pH luminal do ventrículo médio onde essa enzima atua. (3) Imunoblots das proteínas de diferentes tecidos e marcadas com o anticorpo preparado contra a pCAD3 foi positiva apenas nos tecidos e conteúdo do ventrículo anterior e médio. (4) CAD3 é localizada pela técnica de imuno-ouro no interior de vesículas de secreção e próxima a microvilosidades nas células do ventrículo anterior e médio. Esses dados suportam a idéia que ao se adaptar a um hábito detritivo, a CAD digestiva da mosca (e de outros Diptera Cyclorrhapha) resultou do mesmo gene ancestral da catepsina-D lisossomal intracelular, da mesma forma que se acredita que ocorreu com a pepsina em vertebrados. Uma limitada quantidade de informações de sequências de DNA e aspectos moleculares de M. domestica é disponível até o presente momento. Nós então propusemos gerar sequências de ESTs a partir de uma bibilioteca de cDNA ventricular da larva desse inseto. Um total de 826 ESTs randomicamente selecionados presentes no ventrículos de larvas de M. domestica foram seqüenciados e analisados com programas de bioinformática e separado em 323 clusters. As sequências foram manualmente anotadas e separadas em 3 categorias: (S) produtos provavelmente secretados, (H) produtos de metabolismo em geral (housekeeping) e (U) produtos sem função conhecida. Cento e sessenta clusters (423 ESTs) codificavam para proteínas secretadas tais como: lisozimas, lipases, tripsinas, quimotripsinas, dipeptidades, carboxipeptidase e α-amilases. Cento e trinta e dois clusters (190 ESTs) codificavam para sequências de metabolismo em energético, síntese de proteínas, transdução de sinal e outras funções celulares. Noventa e cinco clusters (231 ESTs) codificaram para proteínas sem similaridades com proteínas conhecidas no banco de dados. Estudos de expressão, localização e imunocitoquímica de sequências alvos deverão no futuro nos fornecer um melhor entendimento da fisiologia digestiva da larva de Musca domestica em detalhes moleculares. Uma enzima lipolítica (LipMD) foi identificada no item anterior. A sequência de aminoácidos obtidas é homóloga a lipases e contém os três bem conservados resíduos de aminoácidos que compõe a tríade catalítica (Ser183, His273 e Asp208) para esse grupo de enzimas. O fragmento de cDNA codificante para a LipMD foi clonado em vetor pAE (Ramos et al., 2004) e expresso em E. coli produzindo uma enzima com massa molecular de 37,3 kDa. A LipMD recombinante foi purificada e é capaz de hidrolizar tributirina e um grande número de substratos (pNP-acetato a pNP-esterato) e possui um pH ótimo próximo de 7,5. Analise por RT-PCR mostrou que os transcritos codificantes para a LipMD são expressos apenas no ventrículo anterior. Western-blots após SDS-PAGE das proteínas de vários tecidos e marcados com o anticorpo produzido contra a LipMD revelou a ocorrência da enzima principalmente no conteúdo luminal do ventrículo anterior. A LipMD é localizada pela técnica de imuno-ouro no interior de vesículas de secreção próximas a microvilosidades no interior das células do ventrículo anterior. Esta enzima pode atuar como uma enzima lipolítica digestiva secretada nessa região do ventrículo de larvas de M. domestica / The house fly, Musca domestica is one the best known and most widely distributed insects known to humans. M. domestica larvae display in anterior and middle midgut contents, a proteolytic activity with pH optimum of 3.0-3.5 and kinetical properties like cathepsin-D. Three cDNAs coding for preprocatepsin D-like proteinases (ppCAD1, ppCAD2, ppCAD3) were cloned from a M. domestica midgut cDNA library. The sequences encoding the signal peptide, propeptide and mature enzyme having all conserved catalytic and substrate binding residues found in bovine lysosomal cathepsin-D. A cladogram of sequences of insect and vertebrate cathepsin-D-like proteinases deposited on GENBANK form a large grouping divided into two monophyletic branches: one with vertebrate and the other with insect lysosomal sequences including ppCAD1. Human pepsinogen, ppCAD2, ppCAD3, and a sequence from Drosophila melanogaster are excluded indicating a nonlysosomal function for them. CAD3 should correspond to the digestive CAD found in enzyme assays because: (1) The mRNA for CAD3 is expressed (RT-PCR) only in the anterior and proximal middle midgut. (2) Recombinant pCAD3, after auto activation has a pH optimum of 2.5-3.0 that is close to the luminal pH of M. domestica midgut. (3) Immunoblots of proteins from different tissues and stained with antiserum prepared against recombinant pCAD3 were positive only for the anterior and middle midgut tissue and contents. (4) CAD3 is localized with immunogold labeling inside secretory vesicles and around microvilli in anterior and middle midgut cells. The data support the view that on adapting to a detritivorous habit M. domestica digestive CAD (and of other Diptera Cyclorrhapha) resulted from the same archetypical gene as the intracellular cathepsin-D, paralleling what happened with vertebrates. A limited amount of data regarding DNA sequences and molecular aspects of Musca domestica species is avaliable. We proposed to generate ESTs sequences from a cDNA library constructed from larval midguts. A total of 826 randomly selected midgut derived cDNAs were sequenced and assembled based on their similarities into 323 clusters. The sequences were classified into three categories: (S) probably secretory products, (H) housekeeping products and (U) products with unknown cell localization and function. One hundred and sixty clusters (423 ESTs) encode putative secreted proteins such as lysozymes, lipases, trypsins, chymotrypsins, dipeptidases, carboxypeptidases A and α-amylases. One hundred and thirty two clusters (190 ESTs) encode housekeeping sequences associated with energy metabolism, protein syntesis, signal transduction and other cellular functions. Ninety five clusters (213 ESTs) encode proteins with no similarity with known proteins. Expression and high-throughput bioassay screening of target sequences must provide us with a better understanding of the digestive physiology of Musca domestica midgut larvae, in molecular detail. A lipolytic enzyme (LipMD) was identified from expressed sequence tags (EST) constructed from midgut larvae cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence is homologous to lipases and contained the three well-conserved amino acid residues, Ser183, His273, and Asp208, which form the catalytic triad of the enzyme. The cDNA fragment encoding for LipMD was cloned into a pAE vector (Ramos et al., 2004) and expressed in E. coli producing an enzyme with a molecular mass of 37.3 kDa. The recombinant LipMD was purified and was able to hydrolyse tributyrin and a broad range of substrates, from C2 to C18 p-nitrophenyl-esters and displayed an optimal pH of approximately 7.5. RT-PCR analysis in tissue homogenates (anterior, middle and posterior midguts, hemolymph, fat body and Malpighian tubules) showed that LipMD mRNA transcripts were expressed only in anterior midgut. Western-blots after SDS PAGE of proteins from different tissues and stained with anti-LipMD serum revealed that the enzyme occurs mainly in the anterior midgut lumen. LipMD is localized with immunogold labeling inside secretory vesicles and around microvilli in anterior midgut cells. LipMD is a candidate to be the digestive lipolytic enzyme found in that midgut region

Les hémorphines représentent une classe de peptides cryptiques bioactifs issus de la protéolyse de la chaîne ß de l’hémoglobine dont la présence in vivo a souvent été associée à des conditions physiologiques ou pathologiques particulières, comme les cancers. De ce fait, l’hypothèse d’utiliser ces peptides comme marqueur de pathologies avaient déjà été posé. Des études récentes au laboratoire ont montré que leur concentration sérique des hémorphines était diminuée chez les patients diabétiques. Nous avons travaillé sur une cohorte de 120 patients atteints de diabète de type 1 et 2 et nous avons étudié les différentes hypothèses permettant d’expliquer cette diminution : métabolisme des hémorphines, impact de la glycation de l’hémoglobine sur la libération des peptides. De plus, nous avons cherché à connaître le rôle de LVVH7 dans la signalisation insulinique. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la diminution de la concentration sérique des hémorphines de type 7 est spécifique du diabète mais que la glycation de l’hémoglobine n’a pas d’impact sur la libération des hémorphines. Parallèlement à cette étude, nous avons caractérisé les hémorphines de type 7 dans le microenvironnement du cancer broncho-pulmonaire. La cathepsine D, enzyme impliquée dans la libération de LVVH7 et VVH7 ainsi que dans le microenvironnement tumoral, a été étudié dans des cultures de lignées de cancers broncho-pulmonaires acidifiée et donc propice à la progression tumorale. Les résultats ont permis de confirmer la présence de la cathepsine D dans le surnageant de cultures des cellules cancéreuses. De plus, nous avons montré la libération d’hémorphines de type 7 dans des milieux de culture acidifiés. / Hemorphins are cryptic bioactive peptides derived from ß chain of haemoglobin proteolysis. Their biological presence has often been associated with physiological or pathological conditions, like cancers. Thus, it was already suggested that hemorphins could be used as marker of pathology. Previous studies achieved in our laboratory demonstrated that hemorphin-7 was decreased in serum of diabetic patients. We worked on a population of 120 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and we studied different hypothesis: hemorphins metabolism, impact of glycated haemoglobin. Moreover, we researched the role of LVVH7 in insulin signalisation. The results suggested that hemorphin-7 concentrations in serum of diabetic patients are specific of this pathology but glycation of haemoglobin have no impact on liberation of hemorphins. In parallel, we characterized hemorphin-7 in tumor progression of lung cancers. Cathepsin D, previously demonstrated as a key enzyme in hemorphins generation and also in tumor progression, has been studied in vitro in lung cancers, cultured in acidified conditions, favourable to metastasis. In addition, we also identified hemorphin-7 liberation in acidified media culture.

L’identification de marqueurs pronostiques et prédictifs du cancer du sein est un facteur important pour une meilleure compréhension du processus évolutif et le développement de thérapies ciblées. Les récepteurs des oestrogènes (RE) représentent ainsi à la fois un marqueur pronostique mais aussi prédictif du traitement par le tamoxifène ou les anti-aromatases. Cependant, un certain nombre de patientes vont évoluer en dépit de traitements anti-hormonaux adaptés. L’objectif de notre travail, a été d’évaluer la méthode de mesure des RE, l’apport des protéases dans la distinction de profils tumoraux pronostiques et prédictifs. Nous avons démontré l’influence du mode de mesure des RE et en particulier de l’expression quantitative sur l’interprétation pronostique et sur une meilleure détermination du bénéfice du traitement en fonction du niveau d’expression des RE. Nous avons montré l’intérêt de l’évaluation des protéases tissulaires uPA, PAI-I et cathépsine-D, pour caractériser l’hétérogénéité des tumeurs en complément des RE. Particulièrement, chez les patientes RE+, des taux élevés de cathépsine-D et de PAI-1 étaient un indicateur de mauvais pronostic. Nous avons développé un nomogramme combinant RE et le statut ganglionnaire à 3 types de protéases : PAI-1, cathépsine-D et la thymidine kinase, pour déterminer la probabilité de survie à 2 et 5 ans. De plus, ces protéases évaluées dans les tumeurs infectées par l’Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), témoignaient de tumeurs biologiquement agressives avec des taux plus élevés de thymidine kinase. Notre travail a contribué à améliorer l’identification de profils des tumeurs en fonction des RE et des protéases et de caractériser les tumeurs viro-induites. / The identification of prognostic and predictive markers is important for a better understanding of the evolutionary process and the development of targeted therapies. Thus estrogen receptors (ER) represent both an important prognostic marker but also predictive of therapies using tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors. However, a number of patients will evolve despite hormonotherapy. The objective of our work was to evaluate the method for measuring ER, the contribution of proteases in the distinction of prognostic and predictive tumor profiles. In our work, we demonstrated the influence of the mode of measure of ER and in particular its quantitative expression on the prognostic interpretation and a better determination of benefit of treatment depending on the level of expression of ER. We show the interest of the evaluation of tissue proteases uPA, PAI-I and cathepsin-D, to characterize the heterogeneity of tumors in addition to ER. Specifically, in ER + patients, high levels of cathepsin-D and PAI-1 are an indicator of poor prognosis. We developed a nomogram combining ER and nodal status, to 3 types of proteases: PAI-1, cathepsin-D and thymidine kinase, to determine the probability of survival at 2 and 5 years. In addition, these proteases are evaluated in tumors infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and shows high rates of thymidine kinase in EBV + BC, reflecting biologically aggressive tumors. Our work has helped to improve the identification of profiles of tumors according to ER and proteases and characterize virus-associated tumors.

Studies have shown that the alternative splicing of caspase 9 and the phospho-status of SR proteins, a conserved family of splicing factors, are regulated by chemotherapy and de novo ceramide via the action of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1). Two RNA splice variants are derived from the caspase 9 gene, pro-apoptotic caspase 9a and anti-apoptotic caspase 9b, via alternative splicing by either the inclusion or exclusion of an exon 3, 4, 5, and 6 cassette. In this study, the link between SR proteins and the alternative splicing of caspase 9 was established. Sequence analysis of the exon 3, 4, 5, and 6 cassette of the caspase 9 gene identified five possible high affinity sequences for interaction with the SR protein, SRp30a, a well-established regulator of exon inclusion/exclusion. Replacement mutagenesis identified purine-rich sequences between exons 4 and 5 and wthin exon 6 as important for binding SRp30a and required for expression of the caspase 9a splice variant. In vitro binding assays coupled with competitor studies demonstrated specific binding of RNA trans-acting proteins and SRp30a with these sequences. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE analysis of cross-linked RNA trans-acting factors with these possible RNA cis-elements revealed the specific binding of an approximate 66, 56, 45, and 38 kDa protein/protein complex to these sequences. A previous application of RNAi technology to downregulate SRp30a in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells induced an approximately 75% decrease in SRp30a expression and induced a dramatic change in the ratio of caspase 9a/caspase 9b. Therefore, these studies have identified SRp30a as a major regulator of the alternative splicing of caspase 9 directly linking de novo ceramide generation, PP1, and SRp30a as the signal transduction pathway regulating the expression of caspase 9.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Das Glioblastoma multiforme gehört zu den ZNS-Tumoren neuroepithelialen Ursprungs. Es zeichnet sich durch ein multiformes Zellbild, einen geringen Differenzierungsgrad und eine schnelle Krankheitsprogression aus. Trotz mikrochirurgischer Entfernung und anschließender Radiochemotherapie entwickeln die Patienten im Durchschnitt nach 7 Monaten einen Rezidivtumor und haben eine mittlere Überlebenszeit von 14,6 Monaten. Die Rezidivneigung stellt somit ein großes Problem in der Behandlung von Glioblastompatienten dar. In früheren Arbeiten konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Rezidivtumore eine andere Zellzusammensetzung und auch ein aggressiveres Wachstumsverhalten als deren Primärformen aufweisen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zu prüfen ob mittels 2D-Gelelektrophorese und anschließender MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie Unterschiede im Proteinexpressionsmuster zwischen Gewebeproben vom Primärtumor eines Glioblastoms WHO Grad IV und dem korrespondierendem Rezidivtumor eines Patienten detektierbar sind. Hierbei wurden 43 Proteine als differentiell exprimiert erkannt, von denen mit Hilfe der MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie sechs genauer charakterisiert wurden. Vier der sechs Proteine waren im Rezidivtumor erhöht: EnoylCoA-Hydratase, ATP-Synthase Untereinheit d, Tropomyosin alpha-3-Kette Isoform 2 und Cathepsin D. Die anderen zwei waren im Rezidivtumor niedriger ausgeprägt: Nukleosid-Diphosphatkinase A und L-3-Phosphoserin-Phosphatase. Eine weitere Untersuchung mittels Western-Blot-Analyse bestätigte, dass Cathepsin D (als eines der sechs charakterisierten Proteine) tatsächlich auch in den Rezidivtumoren dreier weiterer Patienten stärker exprimiert war als in den korrespondierenden primären Glioblastomen.