No presente trabalho, buscou-se generalizar o Stern-Gerlach óptico para o caso de duas cavidades, as quais possuem eixos ópticos perpendiculares entre si. Nesse experimento, um pacote atomico de dois níveis incide em uma pequena fração do volume ocupado por dois modos, na região onde os nodos das ondas estacionárias de cada modo se superpõem. Diferentemente do Stern-Gerlach óptico de cavidade única, além do intercâmbio de fótons efetuado entre o átomo e cada modo separadamente, também ocorre interação modo-modo, mediada indiretamente pelo átomo. Esse fator contribui efetivamente na caracterização da distribuição de momento do átomo. Espera-se que os desvios de trajetória sofridos pelo átomo, decorrentes de sua interação simultânea com dois modos idênticos do campo de radiação, devam ser observados no plano definido pelas duas cavidades. O estudo é efetuado considerando-se o tratamento clássico da posição do centro de massa atômico, que está associado à sua direção de incidência. Além do que, considera-se a aproximação de Raman-Nath, na qual despreza-se a variação da energia cinética transversal ao movimento atômico, durante a interação átomo-modos. Verifica-se que a análise da distribuição de momento atômico transversal permite acessar a estatística de fótons dos modos das cavidades. Este resultado viabiliza a realização da tomografia dos estados de dois modos por meio da medida da distribuição de momento bidimensional dos átomos. Por fim, através da utilização de estados coerentes na configuração de cavidades cruzadas, investiga-se as possibilidades do controle da direção de deflexão do átomo para aplicações em litografia puramente quântica. / This work deals with the generalization of the optical Stern-Gerlach effect for two cavities whose optical axes are perpendicular to each other. An atomic wave of a two-level atom is focused on a small fraction of the volume occupied by the two modes, in the region where the standing waves nodes overlap. Unlike the optical Stern-Gerlach of single cavity, besides the separate photon exchange between an atom and each mode, there also occurs mode-mode interaction indirectly mediated by the atom. This fact contributes towards the characterization of the atomic momentum distribution. Trajectory deviations suffered by the atom due to its simultaneous interaction with the two identical modes of the radiation field are expected in the plane defined by the two cavities. The study is carried out considering the classical treatment of the atomic center of mass position, which is associated with its incidence direction. The Raman-Nath approximation, which neglects the variation in the kinetic energy transversal to the atomic motion during the interaction atom-modes is considered. The analysis of the transversal momentum distribution of the atom allows accessing the photon statistics of the cavities modes. This result enables the realization of the two-mode states tomography via measurement of the two-dimensional momentum distribution of the atom. Finally, by using coherent states of the crossed cavities configuration, the study investigates the possibilities of controlling the atomic deflection direction for applications to quantum lithography.

Thermal and quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic near field of atoms and macroscopic bodies play a key role in quantum electrodynamics (QED), as in the Lamb shift. They lead, e.g., to atomic level shifts, dispersion interactions (Van der Waals-Casimir-Polder interactions), and state broadening (Purcell effect) because the field is subject to boundary conditions. Such effects can be observed with high precision on the mesoscopic scale which can be accessed in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and solid-state-based magnetic microtraps for cold atoms (‘atom chips’). A quantum field theory of atoms (molecules) and photons is adapted to nonequilibrium situations. Atoms and photons are described as fully quantized while macroscopic bodies can be included in terms of classical reflection amplitudes, similar to the scattering approach of cavity QED. The formalism is applied to the study of nonequilibrium two-body potentials. We then investigate the impact of the material properties of metals on the electromagnetic surface noise, with applications to atomic trapping in atom-chip setups and quantum computing, and on the magnetic dipole contribution to the Van der Waals-Casimir-Polder potential in and out of thermal equilibrium. In both cases, the particular properties of superconductors are of high interest. Surface-mode contributions, which dominate the near-field fluctuations, are discussed in the context of the (partial) dynamic atomic dressing after a rapid change of a system parameter and in the Casimir interaction between two conducting plates, where nonequilibrium configurations can give rise to repulsion. / Thermische und Quantenfluktuationen des elektromagnetischen Nahfelds von Atomen und makroskopischen Körpern spielen eine Schlüsselrolle in der Quantenelektrodynamik (QED), wie etwa beim Lamb-Shift. Sie führen z.B. zur Verschiebung atomarer Energieniveaus, Dispersionswechselwirkungen (Van der Waals-Casimir-Polder-Wechselwirkungen) und Zustandsverbreiterungen (Purcell-Effekt), da das Feld Randbedingungen unterliegt. Mikroelektromechanische Systeme (MEMS) und festkörperbasierte magnetische Fallen für kalte Atome (‘Atom-Chips’) ermöglichen den Zugang zu mesoskopischen Skalen, auf denen solche Effekte mit hoher Genauigkeit beobachtet werden können. Eine Quantenfeldtheorie für Atome (Moleküle) und Photonen wird an Nichtgleichgewichtssituationen angepasst. Atome und Photonen werden durch vollständig quantisierte Felder beschrieben, während die Beschreibung makroskopischer Körper, ähnlich wie im Streuformalismus (scattering approach) der Resonator-QED, durch klassische Streuamplituden erfolgt. In diesem Formalismus wird das Nichtgleich- gewichts-Zweiteilchenpotential diskutiert. Anschließend wird der Einfluss der Materialeigenschaften von normalen Metallen auf das elektromagnetische Oberflächenrauschen, das für magnetische Fallen für kalte Atome auf Atom-Chips und für Quantencomputer-Anwendungen von Bedeutung ist, sowie auf den Beitrag des magnetischen Dipolmoments zum Van der Waals-Casimir-Polder-Potential im thermisch- en Gleichgewicht und in Nichtgleichgewichtssituationen untersucht. In beiden Fällen sind die speziellen Eigenschaften von Supraleitern von besonderem Interesse. Beiträge von Oberflächenmoden, die die Feldfluktuationen im Nahfeld dominieren, werden im Kontext des (partiellen) dynamischen Dressing nach einer raschen Änderung eines Systemparameters sowie für die Casimir-Wechselwirkung zweier metallischer Platten diskutiert, zwischen denen in Nichtgleichgewichtssituationen Abstoßung auftreten kann.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:16:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5357.pdf: 11039751 bytes, checksum: 1534d2a0d9db4a8e8f0feb6c57f55080 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-01 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The simultaneously incidence of two light beams on one or more atoms causes destructive interference of these beams in atomic states causing cancellation of the absorption of one of the incident beams and this phenomenon is called Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT). The main objective of this work is to show that the Electromagnetically Induced Transparency, which is usually studied in the quantum context, can be modeled classically as a function of coupled harmonic oscillators subject to an external force and dissipation. To will establish the classical equivalence, it will be presented the theory of the EIT in diferent quantum systems and also the theory of classic harmonic oscillators. Analogies will be performed comparing the classical and quantum equations of motion obtained for each scheme. For this, we perform the equivalence of EIT in quantum systems as atoms in three levels in Λ configuration, two-level atoms plus a cavity mode and the cavity optomechanics with the classical system of two coupled harmonics oscillator forced and damped. We also analyze the equivalence of two diferent quantum systems: three level atoms plus one cavity mode and four levels atoms in free space with a classical system composed by three coupled harmonic oscilators, forced and damped, in diferent configurations. / A incidência simultânea de dois feixes luminosos em um ou mais átomos provoca a interferência destrutiva desses feixes em um dos estados atômicos causando o cancelamento da absorção de um dos feixes incidentes e esse fenômeno é denominado Transparência Eletromagneticamente Induzida (\Electromagnetically Induced Transparency", EIT). O objetivo principal deste trabalho é mostrar que a Transparência Eletromagneticamente Induzida, que é normalmente estudada no contexto quântico, pode ser modelada classicamente em função de osciladores harmônicos amortecidos forçados e acoplados. Para que a equivalência clássica seja bem fundamentada, será apresentada a teoria da EIT em diversos sistemas quânticos e também a teoria dos osciladores harmônicos clássicos. As equivalências serão realizadas comparando as equações de movimento clássicas e quânticas obtidas para cada regime. Para isso, vamos realizar a equivalência da EIT em sistemas quânticos de átomos de três níveis em configuração Λ, dois níveis atômicos mais um modo da cavidade e a optomecânica de cavidades com o sistema clássico de dois osciladores harmônicos amortecidos forçados e acoplados. Logo após, será analisada a equivalência de dois sistemas quânticos compostos por átomos de três níveis mais um modo da cavidade e átomos de quatro níveis com os sistemas clássicos de três osciladores harmônicos amortecidos forçados e acoplados em diferentes configurações.

Intermédiaire essentiel au dialogue entre théorie et vérification expérimentale, la mesure n'a de sens que si la précision des résultats est élevée. La métrologie en laboratoire s'attache à augmenter autant que possible la précision avec laquelle l'expérimentateur a accès à la valeur d'un paramètre. Le bruit quantique affectant la mesure impose une limite sur la précision maximale accessible à partir d'états quasi-classiques: la limite quantique standard (SQL). La métrologie quantique cherche à utiliser les caractéristiques propres à la mécanique quantique pour la dépasser et se rapprocher le plus possible de la limite ultime, physiquement non franchissable, appelée limite de Heisenberg. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons développé une stratégie de mesure d'un champ électromagnétique contenant moins d'un photon basée sur l'utilisation de corrélations atome-champ dans une expérience d'électrodynamique quantique en cavité. L'idée est de mesurer l'amplitude de ce petit champ en sondant la perturbation qu'il introduit sur un état intriqué atome-champ mésoscopique déjà présent dans une cavité supraconductrice. Nous avons pu démontrer que le choix de notre mesure est, en principe, optimal grâce aux outils que sont l'information de Fisher (dépendant du processus de mesure) et l'information de Fisher dite quantique (qui elle n'en dépend pas), liées à la précision sur la mesure par des inégalités de type Cramér-Rao. Expérimentalement, nous avons très largement dépassé la précision obtenue sur l'amplitude du champ électromagnétique par une mesure classique et nous nous sommes rapprochés de la limite de Heisenberg autant que les imperfections expérimentales nous le permettaient. / As an essential intermediary between theories and their experimental proofs, measurement is meaningfull if the precision of its results is high. The main emphasis of metrology in laboratories is therefore on increasing as much as possible the precision of the experimental evaluation of a parameter. Quantum noise that affects the measurement establishes a quantitative limit on the maximal precision that can be achieved with classical states: the standard quantum limit (SQL). Quantum metrology aims at using quantum features to beat this limit and to approach the physically ultimate limit called Heisenberg limit. This thesis presents a measurement strategy for an electromagnetic field containing less than one photon, which is based on the use of atom-field correlations in a cavity quantum electrodynamics experiment. The idea is to measure the amplitude of the small field by probing the disturbance caused on an entangled mesoscopic state that is already stored in the superconducting cavity. We demonstrated that our measurement strategy is in principle optimal thanks to two tools: the Fisher information (that depends on the measurement process) and the quantum Fisher information (that does not), which define the precision tanks to Cramér-Rao like equations. The measurement signal subsequently largely exceeded the level of accuracy obtained with classical states and we got as closed to the Heisenberg limit as the experimental imperfections allowed us.

En esta tesis se realiza un estudio teórico de la interacción luz-sonido en estructuras foxonicas, con las cuales es posible el control de la luz y el sonido a la misma vez. Esta interacción en dichas estructuras se estudia, tanto desde un punto de vista macroscópico (diseño de estructuras para el confinamiento y guiado de ondas electromagnéticas y elásticas) como microscópico (estudio de la interacción fotón-fonón en microcavidades y desarrollo teórico de modelos cuánticos para la comprensión de dicha interacción). / Escalante Fernández, JM. (2013). Theoretical study of light and sound interaction in phoxonic crystal structures [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/33754 / TESIS

La communauté scientifique a réussi ces dernières années à bâtir des systèmes quantiques simples sur lesquels des séries de mesures sont acquises successivement le long de trajectoires quantiques et sans réinitialisation de l’état (opérateur densité) par l’expérimentateur.L’objet de cette thèse est d’adapter les méthodes de tomographie quantique (estimation d’état et de paramètres) à ce cadre pour prendre en compte la rétroaction de la mesure sur l’état, la décohérence et les imperfections expérimentales.Durant le processus de mesure, l’évolution de l’état quantique est alors gouvernée par un processus de Markov à états cachés (filtres quantiques de Belavkin). Pour des mesuresen temps continu, nous commençons par montrer comment discrétiser l’équation maîtresse stochastique tout en préservant la positivité et la trace de l’état quantique, et ainsi sera mener aux filtres quantiques en temps discret. Ensuite, nous développons, à partir de trajectoires de mesures en temps discret, des techniques d’estimation par maximum de vraisemblance pour l’état initial et les paramètres. Cette estimation est accompagnée de son intervalle de confiance. Lorsqu’elle concerne des valeurs de paramètres (tomographie de processus quantique), nous donnons un résultat de robustesse grâce au formalisme des filtres particulaires et nous proposons une méthode de maximisation fondée sur le calcul du gradient par l’adjoint et bien adaptée au cas multiparamétrique. Lorsque l’estimation porte sur l’état initial (tomographie d’état quantique), nous donnons une formulation explicite de la fonction de vraisemblance grâce aux états adjoints, montrons que son logarithme est une fonction concave de l’état initial et élaborons une expression intrinsèque de la variance grâce à des développements asymptotiques de moyennes bayésiennes et reposant sur la géométrie de l’espace des opérateurs densité.Ces méthodes d’estimation ont été appliquées et validées expérimentalement pour deux types de mesures quantiques : des mesures en temps discret non destructives de photons dans le groupe d’électrodynamique quantique en cavité du LKB au Collège de France, des mesures diffusives de la fluorescence d’un qubit supraconducteur dans le groupe d’électronique quantique du LPA à l’ENS Paris. / In recent years, the scientifical community has succeeded in experimentally building simple quantum systems on which series of measurements are successively acquired along quantum trajectories, without any reinitialization of their state (density operator) by the physicist. The subject of this thesis is to adapt the quantum tomography techniques (state and parameters estimation) to this frame, in order to take into account the feedback of the measurement on the state, the decoherence and experimental imperfections.During the measurement process, the evolution of the quantum state is then governed by a hidden-state Markov process (Belavkin quantum filters). Concerning continuous-time measurements, we begin by showing how to discretize the stochastic master equation, while preserving the positivity and the trace of the quantum state, and so reducing to discrete-time quantum filters. Then, we develop,starting from trajectories of discrete-time measurements, some maximum-likelihood estimation techniques for initial state and parameters. This estimation is coupled with its confidence interval. When it concerns the value of parameters (quantum process tomography), we provide a result of robustness using the formalism of particular filters, and we propose a maximization technique based on the calculus of gradient by adjoint method, which is well adapted to the multi-parametric case. When the estimation concerns the initial state (quantum state tomography), we give an explicit formulation of the likelihood function thanks to the adjoint states, show that its logarithm is a concave function of the initial state and build an intrinsic expression of the variance, obtained from asymptotic developments of Bayesian means, lying on the geometry of the space of density operators.These estimation techniques have been applied and experimentally validated for two types of quantum measurements: discrete-time non-destructive measurements of photons in the group of cavity quantum electro-dynamics of LKB at Collège de France, diffusive measurements of the fluorescence of a supra-conducting qubit in the quantum electronics group of LPA at ENS Paris.

The Casimir-Polder interaction between a single neutral atom and a nearby surface, arising from the (quantum and thermal) fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, is a cornerstone of cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED), and theoretically well established. Recently, Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of ultracold atoms have been used to test the predictions of cQED. The purpose of the present thesis is to upgrade single-atom cQED with the many-body theory needed to describe trapped atomic BECs. Tools and methods are developed in a second-quantized picture that treats atom and photon fields on the same footing. We formulate a diagrammatic expansion using correlation functions for both the electromagnetic field and the atomic system. The formalism is applied to investigate, for BECs trapped near surfaces, dispersion interactions of the van der Waals-Casimir-Polder type, and the Bosonic stimulation in spontaneous decay of excited atomic states. We also discuss a phononic Casimir effect, which arises from the quantum fluctuations in an interacting BEC. / Die durch (quantenmechanische und thermische) Fluktuationen des elektromagnetischen Feldes hervorgerufene Casimir-Polder-Wechselwirkung zwischen einem elektrisch neutralen Atom und einer benachbarten Oberfläche stellt einen theoretisch gut untersuchten Aspekt der Resonator-Quantenelektrodynamik (cavity quantum electrodynamics, cQED) dar. Seit kurzem werden atomare Bose-Einstein-Kondensate (BECs) verwendet, um die theoretischen Vorhersagen der cQED zu überprüfen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die bestehende cQED Theorie für einzelne Atome mit den Techniken der Vielteilchenphysik zur Beschreibung von BECs zu verbinden. Es werden Werkzeuge und Methoden entwickelt, um sowohl Photon- als auch Atom-Felder gleichwertig in zweiter Quantisierung zu beschreiben. Wir formulieren eine diagrammatische Störungstheorie, die Korrelationsfunktionen des elektromagnetischen Feldes und des Atomsystems benutzt. Der Formalismus wird anschließend verwendet, um für in Fallen nahe einer Oberfläche gehaltene BECs Atom-Oberflächen-Wechselwirkungen vom Casimir-Polder-Typ und die bosonische Stimulation des spontanen Zerfalls angeregter Atome zu untersuchen. Außerdem untersuchen wir einen phononischen Casimir-Effekt, der durch die quantenmechanischen Fluktuationen in einem wechselwirkenden BEC entsteht.

We develop a robust and realistic mechanism for the generation of indistinguishable single-photon (SP) pulses with identical frequency and polarization. They are produced on demand from a coupled double-Raman atom-cavity system driven by a sequence of laser pump pulses. This scheme features a high efficiency, the ability to produce a sequence of narrow-band SP pulses with a delay determined only by the pump repetition rate, and simplicity of the system free from complications such as repumping process and environmental dephasing. We propose and analyze a simple scheme of parametric frequency conversion for optical quantum information in cold atomic ensembles. Its remarkable properties are minimal losses and distortion of the pulse shape, and the persistence of quantum coherence and entanglement. Efficient conversion of frequency between different spectral regions is shown. A method for the generation of frequency-entangled single photon states is discussed. We suggest a robust and simple mechanism for the coherent excitation of molecules or atoms to a superposition of pre-selected states by a train of femtosecond laser pulses, combined with narrow-band coupling field. The theory of quantum beatings in the generation of ultra-violet radiation via a four wave mixing in pump-probe experiments is developed. The results are in good agreement with experimental data observed in Rb vapor when the laser phase fluctuations are significant.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5145.pdf: 3696466 bytes, checksum: a50814528dfffc17767d4ca059a77ac6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / We investigate in this thesis the control of absorptive optical bistability in a standing wave optical cavity filled with a collection of two and three-level noninteracting atoms weakly coupled to a single electromagnetic mode of a optical resonator. The observed control for the three-level configuration happens under cavity coherent population trapping conditions, it is sensitive to the induced atomic coherence in the system and it can be manipulated through different parameters. We propose some applications presenting a new effect, named by ourselves as complementary optical bistability. It is very interesting to exploit bistability phenomenon to perform bistable cascade devices, such as an optical transistor. We also study the all-optical control of the quantum fuctuations of a beam via a combination of single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Specifically, the EIT control field is used to tune the CQED transition frequencies in and out of resonance with the probe light. In this way, single-photon and two-photon blockade and anti-blockade effects are employed to produce sub-Poissonian and super-Poissonian light fields, respectively. The achievable quantum control paves the way towards the realization of a prototype of a quantum transistor which amplifies or attenuates the noise. Its feasibility is demonstrated by calculations using realistic parameters from recent experiments. / Nesta tese estudamos o controle da biestabilidade óptica absortiva em uma cavidade linear contendo uma coleção de átomos de dois e três níveis não interagentes fracamente acoplados a um único modo do campo. Mostramos que o controle para a configuração atômica de três níveis ocorre apenas nas condições de aprisionamento coerente de população e que o mesmo é sensível à coerência atômica induzida no sistema podendo ser manipulado através de diferentes parâmetros. Propomos algumas aplicações apresentando um efeito novo, o qual denominamos de biestabilidade óptica complementar, muito interessante para explorar dispositivos ópticos biestáveis com funções de cascatabilidade, como um transistor óptico. Estudamos também o controle óptico das flutuações do campo de prova pela combinação do fenômeno de transparência eletromagneticamente induzida para um único átomo no regime de acoplamento forte em eletrodinâmica quântica de cavidades. Especificamente, o campo de controle é utilizado para ajustar as frequências de transição dos estados vestidos ressonantemente ou quase ressonantemente com o campo de prova do sistema. Desta forma, efeitos de bloqueio de um e dois fótons e anti-bloqueio são observados produzindo campos sub- e super-Poissonianos, respectivamente. O controle quântico obtido pode ser promissor para a realização de um protótipo de um transistor quântico que amplifica e atenua flutuações quânticas do campo transmitido pelo sistema. A viabilidade desse dispositivo é demonstrada através de cálculos utilizando parâmetros de experimentos recentes.

This thesis focuses on two problems in circuit quantum electrodynamics. We first investigate theoretically the coupling of a resonator to a continuous distribution of inhomogeneously broadened emitters. Studying this formalism is strongly motivated by recent proposals to use collections of emitters as quantum memories for individual excitations. Such systems benefit from the collective enhancement of the interaction strength, while keeping the relaxation properties of a single emitter. We discuss the influence of the emitters inhomogeneous broadening on the existence and on the coherence properties of the polaritonic peaks. We find that their coherence depends crucially on the shape of the distribution and not only on its width. Taking into account the inhomogeneous broadening allows to simulate with a great accuracy a number of pioneer experimental results on a ensemble of NV centers. The modeling is shown to be a powerful tool to obtain the properties of the spin ensembles coupled to a resonator. We also suggest an original Josephson qubit readout method based on a dc-SQUID with high loop inductance. This system supports a diamond-shape artificial atom where we define logical and ancilla qubits coupled through a cross-Kerr like term. Depending on the logical qubit state, the ancilla is resonantly or dispersively coupled to the resonator, leading to a large contrast in the transmitted microwave signal amplitude. Simulations show that this original method can be faster and have higher fidelity than methods currently used in circuit QED. / Cette thèse porte sur deux problèmes théoriques d'électrodynamique quantique en circuits supraconducteurs. Nous avons d'abord étudié les conditions d'obtention du couplage fort entre un résonateur et une distribution continue d'émetteurs élargie de façon inhomogène. Le développement de ce formalisme est fortement motivé par les récentes propositions d'utiliser des ensembles de degrés de liberté microscopiques pour réaliser des mémoires quantiques. En effet, ces systèmes bénéficient du couplage collectif au résonateur, tout en conservant les propriétés de relaxation d'un seul émetteur. Nous discutons l'influence de l'élargissement inhomogène sur l'existence et les propriétés de cohérence des pics polaritoniques obtenus dans le régime de couplage fort. Nous constatons que leur cohérence dépend de façon critique de la forme de la distribution et pas uniquement de sa largeur. En tenant compte de l'élargissement inhomogène, nous avons pu simuler avec une grande précision de nombreux résultats expérimentaux pionniers sur un ensemble de centres NV. La modélisation s'est révélée un outil puissant pour obtenir les propriétés des ensembles de spins couplés à un résonateur. Nous proposons également une méthode originale de mesure de l'état de qubits Josephson fondée sur un SQUID DC avec une inductance de boucle élevée. Ce système est décrit par un atome artificiel avec des niveaux d'énergie en forme de diamant où nous définissons les qubits logique et ancilla couplés entre eux par un terme Kerr croisé. En fonction de l'état du qubit logique, l'ancilla est couplée de manière résonante ou dispersive au résonateur, ce qui provoque un contraste important dans l'amplitude du signal micro-onde transmis par le résonateur. Les simulations montrent que cette méthode originale peut être plus rapide et peut aussi avoir une plus grande fidélité que les méthodes actuellement utilisées dans la communauté des circuits supraconducteurs.