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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die religiöse Ansprechbarkeit der Leipziger Bevölkerung in der Plattenbausiedlung Grünau ist bedingt durch den DDR-Sozialismus als ,,Ersatzreligion" gering. Doch stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die politische Wende 1989 auch zu einer religiösen Wende im Leben der Menschen geführt hat. Für diese Erhebung habe ich zunächst die Geschichte, die sozialistische Prägung, die Rolle der Kirchen und die postmoderne Beeinflussung untersucht. Die aktuelle religiöse Ansprechbarkeit ließ sich im Zuge der qualitativen Sozialforschung mithilfe von Interviews mit den Kirchenleitungen Grünaus und der Kategorisierung religiöser Dimensionen von Charles Y. Glock eruieren. Dabei wurde nach den Ritualen, dem Sinn im Leben, dem religiösen Wissen, den Konsequenzen im Alltag und dem religiösen Erleben gefragt. Abschließend habe ich die Ergebnisse im Blickfeld der Kontextualisierung ausgehend von der Praxispyramide (Praxis-Zyklus) missionstheologisch evaluiert. Die Lage in Grünau entspricht grundsätzlich der in Gesamtostdeutschland: Konfessionslosigkeit, die sich vom bekennenden Atheismus durch die indifferente Haltung zum Glauben unterscheidet, bestimmt das Bild. Zahlenmäßig liegt die Summe der Kirchenmitglieder in Grünau (ca. 8%) sogar noch unter dem Gesamtdurchschnitt Ostdeutschlands. Aber die empirischen Ergebnisse lassen eine steigende religiöse Ansprechbarkeit nach der Wende erkennen, der mit kontextgerechten und mentalitätsadäquaten Maßnahmen, wie z. B. christlichen postsozialistischen Feiern, einem Grünauer Trabbi-Cafe, einem Plattenbaukino und anderen schöpferischen Aktionen begegnet werden kann. The religious receptiveness of the people of Leipzig, in the estate of prefabricated houses of Grünau, is low, due to GDR-socialism as an "alternative religion". However, the question arises, as to which extent the political turnaround in 1989, also brought about a religious turnaround in people's lives. For this research, I first of all analysed the history, the socialist influence, the role of the churches, and the post-modern influence. The current religious receptiveness was elicited by qualitative social research interviewing church leaders of Grünau, and by making use of the categorisation of religious dimensions by Charles Y. Glock. In the process questions pertaining to rituals, the meaning of life, religious knowledge, the consequences in everyday life, and the religious experience, were asked. Thereafter, I evaluated the results mission-theologically, in sight of the contextualisation of the so-called praxis pyramid (praxis cycle). The situation in Grünau basically corresponds with the situation in all of East Germany: Not belonging to a church which differs from confessed atheism because of the indifferent attitude towards faith dominates the picture. Numerically, the sum of church members in Grünau (approximately 8%) is even below the overall average of East Germany. However, the empirical results show an increasing religious receptiveness after the turnaround which can be met by measures fitting the context and the mentality, for example, Christian post-socialist celebrations, a "Grünau Trabbi-Café" (a coffee shop), a cinema on the housing estates, and other creative actions. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / (M.Th.(Missiology))

Intention of this thesis is to familiarize with mission in life of Prague Auxiliary bishop ThDr. Antonín Podlaha (1865 - 1932). This significant person of Czech church, sience and historiography isn't so much reflect. This thesis is divided into five chapter. First four is about bishop life and career. Last part deal with his public activity. Antonín Podlaha was significant collector, benefactor and protector of historical sight. He was organizer of grand culture social event. For example Ethnography expo in 1895 where he organized church part of this expo or he was main person of Wenceslaus's celebrations in 1929. Bishop Podlaha was an important scientist scope of activity of church history, art history, Czech saints and theology. The most important works are Český slovník bohovědný and Památky historické. The most significant deed of Antonín Podlaha was contributed to finished building of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. Antonín Podlaha got involved in unionism. With archbishop of Olomouc, Antonín Cyril Stojan, they was organizing congresses, printed books or spreaded legacy of St. Cyril and Methodius. This thesis aim for describe the very interesting parts of life of ThDr. Antonín Podlaha in nationwide and Central Europe church and political context. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-07-31T13:08:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Milena Rodrigues de Oliveira.pdf: 1301743 bytes, checksum: 58b76e6506bc7781113c82770b7b0f78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-31T13:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milena Rodrigues de Oliveira.pdf: 1301743 bytes, checksum: 58b76e6506bc7781113c82770b7b0f78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-29 / FAPEMA / This study researched the main religious festivals that took place in São Luís in the 1850 period to 1875, religious festivals encompassed three stages, the first was the Mass that took place within the Church, the second was the procession and the third involved party off, this study decided to study in more detail the second and third stage of the festival, among the parties have chosen three to specify in more detail on specific chapters, these were Our Lady of Remedios that was frequented by merchants, Our Lady of the Rosary I accepted slaves and Our Lady of the Conception who accepted free and brown. The period 1850-1875 was chosen by the availability of documentation and the greater control that the Catholic Church decided to carry on his devotees in the second half of the nineteenth century, used as appointments reference, which were documents regulating the administration of the brotherhoods, newspapers, collection laws and even pastoral letters, for a better foundation on the subject also left for a literature that has helped us to further deepen our object. / Este estudo pesquisou sobre as principais festas religiosas ocorridas em São Luís do Maranhão no período de 1850 a 1875, as festas religiosas englobavam três etapas, a primeira era a missa que acontecia dentro da Igreja, a segunda era a procissão e a terceira envolvia a festa de largo, esta pesquisa resolveu estudar de forma mais detalhada a segunda e a terceira etapa da festividade, dentre as festas escolhemos três para especificar com mais detalhes em capítulos específicos, estas foram Nossa Senhora dos Remédios que era frequentada por comerciantes, Nossa Senhora do Rosário que aceitava escravos e Nossa Senhora da Conceição que aceitava livres e mulatos. O período de 1850 a 1875 foi escolhido pela disponibilidade de documentação e pelo maior controle que a Igreja Católica resolveu exercer sobre seus devotos na segunda metade do século XIX, utilizamos como referência compromissos, que eram documentos que regulavam a administração das irmandades, jornais, coleção de leis e até cartas pastorais, para uma melhor fundamentação acerca do tema partimos também para uma pesquisa bibliográfica que nos ajudou a aprofundar ainda mais o nosso objeto.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die religiöse Ansprechbarkeit der Leipziger Bevölkerung in der Plattenbausiedlung Grünau ist bedingt durch den DDR-Sozialismus als ,,Ersatzreligion" gering. Doch stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die politische Wende 1989 auch zu einer religiösen Wende im Leben der Menschen geführt hat. Für diese Erhebung habe ich zunächst die Geschichte, die sozialistische Prägung, die Rolle der Kirchen und die postmoderne Beeinflussung untersucht. Die aktuelle religiöse Ansprechbarkeit ließ sich im Zuge der qualitativen Sozialforschung mithilfe von Interviews mit den Kirchenleitungen Grünaus und der Kategorisierung religiöser Dimensionen von Charles Y. Glock eruieren. Dabei wurde nach den Ritualen, dem Sinn im Leben, dem religiösen Wissen, den Konsequenzen im Alltag und dem religiösen Erleben gefragt. Abschließend habe ich die Ergebnisse im Blickfeld der Kontextualisierung ausgehend von der Praxispyramide (Praxis-Zyklus) missionstheologisch evaluiert. Die Lage in Grünau entspricht grundsätzlich der in Gesamtostdeutschland: Konfessionslosigkeit, die sich vom bekennenden Atheismus durch die indifferente Haltung zum Glauben unterscheidet, bestimmt das Bild. Zahlenmäßig liegt die Summe der Kirchenmitglieder in Grünau (ca. 8%) sogar noch unter dem Gesamtdurchschnitt Ostdeutschlands. Aber die empirischen Ergebnisse lassen eine steigende religiöse Ansprechbarkeit nach der Wende erkennen, der mit kontextgerechten und mentalitätsadäquaten Maßnahmen, wie z. B. christlichen postsozialistischen Feiern, einem Grünauer Trabbi-Cafe, einem Plattenbaukino und anderen schöpferischen Aktionen begegnet werden kann. The religious receptiveness of the people of Leipzig, in the estate of prefabricated houses of Grünau, is low, due to GDR-socialism as an "alternative religion". However, the question arises, as to which extent the political turnaround in 1989, also brought about a religious turnaround in people's lives. For this research, I first of all analysed the history, the socialist influence, the role of the churches, and the post-modern influence. The current religious receptiveness was elicited by qualitative social research interviewing church leaders of Grünau, and by making use of the categorisation of religious dimensions by Charles Y. Glock. In the process questions pertaining to rituals, the meaning of life, religious knowledge, the consequences in everyday life, and the religious experience, were asked. Thereafter, I evaluated the results mission-theologically, in sight of the contextualisation of the so-called praxis pyramid (praxis cycle). The situation in Grünau basically corresponds with the situation in all of East Germany: Not belonging to a church which differs from confessed atheism because of the indifferent attitude towards faith dominates the picture. Numerically, the sum of church members in Grünau (approximately 8%) is even below the overall average of East Germany. However, the empirical results show an increasing religious receptiveness after the turnaround which can be met by measures fitting the context and the mentality, for example, Christian post-socialist celebrations, a "Grünau Trabbi-Café" (a coffee shop), a cinema on the housing estates, and other creative actions. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / (M.Th.(Missiology))

PEKÁRIK, Vojtech. Hussite tradition in South Bohemia. Prague 2018. Thesis. Charles University. Hussite Theological Faculty. Department of Historical Theology and Church History. Leader Jaroslav Hrdlička. Keywords: Jan Hus, Hussite Tradition, Památník Mistra Jana Husa, Husinec, exposition, birth house, Hus` birth room, Hus` Celebrations, Respect, Prachatice, Kozí Hrádek, Hus` linden The work maps the development of the Hussite tradition in South Bohemia from the historical point of view. The first part summarizes the development of the Hussian tradition during the centuries from the Poděbrady and Jagellon periods, through the period after Bílá Hora battle, the 19th century, the First Republic, the Protectorate, the Socialist period up to the present. In the second part there are places in southern Bohemia, which are connected with the stay of Master Jan Hus. It is primarily his birth house in Husinec, the Literary School in Prachatice, the Church of St. Jacob Mayor in Prachatice, Hus` Rock near Husinec and Kozí Hrádek near Sezimovo Usti. The third part deals briefly with the iconography of Master Jan Hus in the monitored area. In the fourth part is a detailed history of Hus' celebrations at the birthplace of Jan Hus thru various historical periods. In the other parts there are mentioned Hus's Chapels...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Lino 1-110.pdf: 305183 bytes, checksum: 3e9fdf0932dcc4b802238095ad98a383 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation addressed the conflicts that occurred in the geographical space known as "Northern Pioneer". The image of the Bom Jesus, the family-owned Pinto, was expropriated by the vicar of the parish of the district of Salto Itararé, priest Alfredo Simon, who met about twenty armed men to capture this saint. In this religious conflict that occurred on 26/4/1933, two people were killed: the business of the Small Village Pintos, João Moreira, and heir of Bom Jesus, José Pinto de Oliveira. The latter has died months after the conflict. Around this image was created an official history and supervised by the owners of the symbolic, sponsor of the order and tradition. However, the history of Bom Jesus was understood in a broader concept, as occurred in the religious sphere a phenomenon called Romanization. The Catholic Church followed the Code of Canon Law of 1917, not recognizing the Code of Civil Law of the Brazilian. In the political sphere, the government paranaense put into practice the system of land vacant. In the sector of transport, the railway RVPRSC (Roads Paraná Santa Catarina) was already in the region since 1919. And this time, the new socio-cultural relations and economic fields have been made in, that is, the agrarian capitalism.(AU) / Essa dissertação abordou os conflitos que ocorreram no espaço geográfico denominado Norte Pioneiro . A imagem do Bom Jesus, de propriedade da família Pinto, foi expropriada pelo vigário da paróquia do Distrito de Salto do Itararé, padre Alfredo Simon, que reuniu cerca de vinte homens aramados para capturar esse santo. Nesse conflito religioso que ocorreu no dia 26/4/1933 duas pessoas foram mortas: o comerciante do Arraial dos Pintos, João Moreira, e o herdeiro do Bom Jesus, José Pinto de Oliveira. Esse último veio a falecer meses depois do conflito. Ao redor dessa imagem foi sendo criada uma história oficial e vigiada pelos donos do poder simbólico, mantenedora da ordem e da tradição. No entanto, a história do Bom Jesus foi compreendida numa concepção mais ampla, pois na esfera religiosa ocorria um fenômeno denominado de romanização. A Igreja Católica seguia o Código de Direito Canônico de 1917, não reconhecendo o Código de Direito Civil do Estado Nacional Brasileiro. Na esfera política, o governo paranaense colocou em prática o sistema de terras devolutas. No setor dos transportes, a estrada de ferro RVPRSC (Rede Viária Paraná Santa Catarina) já se encontrava na região desde 1919. E nesse ínterim, as novas relações sócio-culturais e econômicas foram introduzidas no campo, isto é, o capitalismo agrário.(AU)

Orientador: Maria do Carmo Martins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T08:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CeleidaMariaCostadeSouzae_D.pdf: 3790892 bytes, checksum: 3a0c2207ecf2343af43a488b1b39422a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objeto de análise nessa tese são as práticas pedagógicas e a cultura escolar do Colégio Salesiano de Santa Teresa, localizado em Corumbá-MS. Uma instituição confessional católica em atividades educacionais desde 1899. Para esse estudo, elegemos os anos de 1972 a 1987. A proposta de entendimento das práticas pedagógicas e da cultura escolar por meio das festas, comemorações escolares e do culto cívico no Colégio Salesiano de Santa Teresa em Corumbá-MS, está relacionada ao interesse em conhecer adequadamente a relação da escola com o município e o imaginário que se tem dela em relação à população local. Buscamos compreender que valores e sentimentos foram criados ou difundidos por meio das festividades e comemorações escolares e que propósitos ou intenções a festa carregava. No caso desse estudo, estamos considerando as informações sobre as festividades que aconteceram no Colégio Santa Teresa, levando em conta a organização temporal presente no calendário escolar, as anotações do Livro de Ocorrência, os ofícios (expedidos, recebidos, circulares), os depoimentos de ex-alunos, ex-professores e ex- funcionários, agendas e programas oficiais. Utilizamos também como fontes registros iconográficos, jornais e fontes de referências bibliográficas, uma vez que os salesianos já foram estudados por outros autores. Essa pesquisa permitiu-nos desvelar a realidade complexa e dinâmica da escola, mostrando as festas e comemorações presentes no calendário escolar como elementos da cultura escolar que sofrem modificações de acordo com as épocas, e as finalidades que as produzem, sejam elas, políticas, sociais, econômicas, religiosas ou de socialização. E os sujeitos que as elaboram ou dela participam, como atores ou espectadores, também as transformam e, por elas são transformados. Desse modo, o olhar histórico no universo escolar por meio das festividades e comemorações, possibilitou-nos revisitar o passado, construir interpretações, explicações e entender a escola por dentro. / Abstract: This thesis has as its aim of analysis the pedagogical practices and the scholar culture in the Colégio Salesiano Santa Teresa sited in Corumbá-MS. A religious catholic institution in educative activities since 1899. For this research, we elected the years of 1972 to 1987. The proposal of understanding the pedagogical practices and the scholar culture by the school parties (festivities), scholar celebrations and the civic culture in the Colégio Salesiano Santa Teresa in Corumbá-MS, are related with the interest in knowing correctly the relation of the school with de city and the imaginary that is built from it, in relation to the local inhabitants. Our goal was to comprehend what values and feelings were created or spread by the school parties (festivities) and scholar celebrations and the purposes or intentions that the school party (festivity) carried. In this research, we are working with the information about the festivities that happened in the Colégio Santa Teresa, between 1972 and 1987, considering the organization present in the school calendar in that period, the notes from the book where the activities were registered, the official letters (dispatched, received, circulars) and the testimonies of ex-students, ex-teachers and ex-employees, diaries and official programs. We used as well as sources iconographic registers, newspapers and bibliographic references, once the salesianos were already studied by other authors. This research allowed us to elucidate the complexity of the reality and dynamic of the school showing the parties (festivities) and celebrations that are present in the scholar calendar as elements of the scholar culture that suffer modifications during the seasons and the purposes that produce them, not depending if they are political, social, economic, religious or of socialization. And the subjects that elaborate it or that are part of it as actors or spectators, as well transformed them and are transformed by it. In this way, the historic look of festivities and celebrations in the scholar universe gave the possibility to revisit the past, build interpretations, explanations and to understand the school by its inside. / Doutorado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Doutor em Educação

Cette thèse porte sur les rôles sociaux des réjouissances populaires dans les communautés rurales francophones de l’Amérique du Nord entre les années 1770 et 1870. Elle aborde le sujet de la fête en dirigeant plus précisément son regard sur la festivité. L’objectif principal est de mettre en lumière comment les festivités, que nous appelons réjouissances populaires, influencent le fonctionnement des sociétés francophones nord-américaines. Quels rôles les réjouissances populaires jouent-elles dans la vie sociale des habitants de ces sociétés? Quels impacts ont-elles sur les identités individuelles et collectives? Conservent-elles les mêmes caractéristiques d’une société à l’autre ou s’adaptent-elles à des environnements et à des contextes différents? Comment se développent-elles et évoluent-elles au fil du temps? Quels sont les éléments qui influencent leur évolution? Afin de répondre à ces questions, l’accent est mis sur l’étude de certaines réjouissances populaires au sein de quatre populations rurales d’origine française, c’est-à-dire les habitants de la vallée du Saint-Laurent, de la région de Détroit, du Pays des Illinois et de la Louisiane (plus précisément les habitants d’origine acadienne). En se fondant sur des monographies publiées, des manuscrits personnels, de la correspondance ecclésiastique, de la littérature de fiction et des travaux de folkloristes, chacun des cinq chapitres représente une étude de cas qui permet de montrer comment les réjouissances populaires sont influencées par le contexte dans lequel les habitants vivent et comment la sociabilité festive intervient dans la construction de différentes identités sociales, c’est-à-dire des identités de race, de genre et de classe. Dans le premier chapitre, le regard porté sur les noces des Canadiens et des Louisianais d’origine acadienne à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et au milieu du XIXe siècle fait ressortir que la nourriture, la boisson, la musique et la danse sont très présentes, mais surtout que ces festivités sont le théâtre de nombreux rites de passage s’adressant au nouveau couple, et souvent plus particulièrement à l’épouse, qui permettent à la communauté de contrôler la reconnaissance et l’officialisation de leur union sociale et sexuelle. Dans le deuxième et le troisième chapitre, l’analyse de la guignolée, de l’Épiphanie et surtout du carnaval au Canada, à Détroit ainsi que dans les villages du Pays des Illinois permet de montrer que cette période festive est influencée par le climat hivernal des colonies nordiques et qu’elle demeure un moment fort de la vie sociale des habitants. Elle est, entre autres, synonyme, dans les trois régions, de rencontres, de soupers et de bals au cours desquels les habitants déterminent ceux qui ont le droit de se fréquenter, c’est-à-dire des jeunes issus du même rang social, et ceux qui font partie intégrante de leur communauté et ceux qui en sont exclus, c’est-à-dire des habitants plus démunis (vallée du Saint-Laurent) ou des Noirs et des Autochtones (Pays des Illinois). Dans le quatrième chapitre, l’étude de l’évolution de la culture dominicale des Louisianais d’origine acadienne met en lumière comment, malgré le succès, au fil du temps, de l’Église catholique dans ses tentatives d’imposer la sanctification de cette journée, les bals de maison perdurent, en étant transférés au samedi, et participent à la construction de l’identité raciale de cette population. Dans le dernier chapitre, l’examen de l’évolution des réjouissances de la plantation du mai expose l’efficacité des rapports de réciprocité pour solidifier et renforcer la hiérarchie sociale dans les campagnes canadiennes, c’est-à-dire entre les habitants et un membre de l’élite locale (seigneur ou capitaine de milice). Cette thèse contribue à enrichir l’historiographie de la fête en Amérique française qui aborde très peu le sujet des réjouissances populaires rurales sous l’angle de la sociabilité festive. Elle montre que ces réjouissances sont intimement liées aux aspects contextuels de chacune des quatre régions étudiées, c’est-à-dire la démographie, la présence d’autres groupes ethniques, le climat, la géographie, les rapports genrés, l’économie, la situation politique et la hiérarchie sociale. Les habitants francophones des milieux ruraux adaptent leurs réjouissances populaires aux particularités de leur société, mais elles préservent tout de même, parfois jusqu’aux années 1870, leurs fonctions régulatrices de reproduction des hiérarchies sociales, économiques, genrées et raciales. En d’autres mots, elles sont un outil permettant à ces francophones, non seulement d’affirmer leur identité d’origine française, mais aussi d’identifier clairement les personnes qui peuvent ou qui ne peuvent pas se réclamer de cette identité et les inégalités qui sont produites à l’intérieur de ce processus. / This thesis focuses on the social roles of popular celebrations in rural French-speaking communities of North America between 1770 and 1870. It approaches the subject of festivals by looking more precisely at the festivity. The main objective is to highlight how the festivities, which we call popular celebrations, influence the functioning of North American francophone societies. What roles do popular celebrations play in the social life of the inhabitants of these societies? What impacts do they have on individual and collective identities? Do they retain the same characteristics from one society to another or do they adapt to different environments and contexts? How do they develop and evolve over time? What are the elements that influence their evolution? In order to answer these questions, the focus is on studying certain popular celebrations among four rural populations of French origin, namely the inhabitants of the St. Lawrence Valley, the Detroit region, the Illinois Country and Louisiana (more specifically, the inhabitants of Acadian origin). Based on published monographs, personal manuscripts, church correspondence, fictional literature and the work of folklorists, each of the five chapters represents a case study that shows how popular celebrations are influenced by the context in which people live and how festive sociability is involved in the construction of different social identities, such as those relating to race, gender and class. In the first chapter, a look at the weddings of Canadians and Louisianans of Acadian origin in the late 18th and mid-19th centuries reveals that food, drink, music and dance are very much in evidence, but above all that these festivities are the scene of many rites of passage for the new couple, and often more particularly for the wife, allowing the community to control the recognition and formalization of their social and sexual union. In the second and third chapters, the analysis of the guignolée, Epiphany and especially the carnival in Canada, Detroit and the villages of the Illinois Country shows that this festive period is influenced by the winter climate of the northern colonies and that it remains a key moment in the social life of the inhabitants. Among other things, it is synonymous in all three regions with meetings, dinners and balls during which residents determine who has the right to court with whom, that is, young people of the same social rank, and those who are an integral part of their community and those who are excluded from it, that is, poorer residents (St. Lawrence Valley) or Blacks and Indigenous people (Illinois Country). In the fourth chapter, the study of the evolution of the Sunday culture of Louisianans of Acadian origin highlights how, despite the success, over time, of the Catholic Church in its attempts to impose the sanctification of this day, house balls persist, being transferred to Saturdays, and contribute to the construction of this population’s racial identity. In the last chapter, an examination of the evolution of the May Day celebrations shows the effectiveness of reciprocal relationships in reinforcing and strengthening the social hierarchy in rural Canada, that is, between country people and a member of the local elite (seigneur or militia captain). This thesis enriches the existing historiography of festival in French America, which hardly addresses the subject of rural popular celebrations from the perspective of festive sociability. It shows that these celebrations are closely linked to the contextual aspects of each of the four regions studied, i.e. the demography, the presence of other ethnic groups, the climate, the geography, the gender relations, the economy, the political situation and the social hierarchy. Francophone inhabitants of rural areas adapt their popular celebrations to the particularities of their society, but those celebrations still preserve, sometimes until the 1870s, their regulatory functions of reproducing social, economic, gender and racial hierarchies. In other words, they are a tool that allows these Francophones not only to affirm their identity of French origin, but also to clearly identify the people who can or cannot claim this identity and the inequalities that are produced within this process.

The master thesis called Winter in genre painting of the Northern European region in the 16th and 17th-century focuses with the theme of winter period performed on the works of selected artists from Northern Europe. It deals not only with her impressive atmosphere but mainly observes the habits and traditions of the ordinary inhabitants of the villages or towns what is represented on the pictures. The attention of interest is also biblical scenes connected with the Nativity of Christ or folk celebrations of Christian feats during the winter. On selected themes can further explore the forms of winter pleasures of ordinary people or hunting. The purpose of this work is to reflect the importance of winter landscape with reference to the life of a common inhabitants taking into account the socio-historical context of the Netherlands 16th - 17th century. Keywords: genre painting, Renaissance, baroque, Northern Europe, winter, habits, tradition, meeting, sport, carnival, celebrations, ice skating, landscape, hunting, holidays