京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23770号 / 医博第4816号 / 新制||医||1056(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 安達 泰治, 教授 遊佐 宏介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Introduction: Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the standard treatment for younger patients with newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). However, due to restrictive exclusion criteria, more than half of eligible patients are usually excluded from transplant-studies. Methods: This retrospective monocentric analysis included 540 patients with MM who received an ASCT between 1996 and 2019. Results: Up to 2005, induction therapy consisted mainly of conventional chemotherapies, e.g. vincristine/doxorubicin/dexamethasone (VAD). In the following years, the triple-combinations based on bortezomib coupled with doxorubicin/dexamethasone (PAD), melphalan/prednisolone (VMP), cyclophposphamide/dexamethasone (VCD) or bendamustine/prednisolone (BPV) became the most popular treatment options. A progressive improvement in PFS was observed in patients treated with the two current induction therapies BPV (47 months) or VCD (54 months) compared to VAD (35 months, p<0.03), PAD (39 months, p<0.01 and VMP (36 months, p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in median OS (VAD 78, PAD 74, VMP 72, BPV 80 months and VCD not reached). In our analysis, we also included 139 patients who do fulfill at least one of the exclusion criteria for most phase 3 transplant-studies (POEMS/amyloidosis/plasma cell leukemia, eGFR<40 mL/min, severe cardiac dysfunction or poor general condition). Outcome for these patients was not significantly inferior compared to patients who met the inclusion criteria for most of the transplant studies with PFS of 36 vs 41 months (p=0.78) and OS of 78 vs 79 months (p=0.34). Conclusions: Our real world data in unselected pts also stress the substantial value of ASCT during the first line treatment of younger MM pts.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Bibliographische Beschreibung …………………………………………………...………………..……….……………………......2 Inhaltsverzeichnis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…........3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….4 1. Einführung …………………………………………………………………..…………………..…...................................7 1.1. Das multiple Myelom ………………………………………………….……………………………..………………………..7 1.2. Klinik und Diagnostik ……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………….7 1.3. Stadieneinteilung ……………………………………………………………….…………..…………………………………...8 1.4. Remissionsbeurteilung ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….10 1.5. Therapie …………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………...12 1.5.1. Konventionelle Chemotherapie ……………………………………………………………………………………….…12 1.5.2. Neue Substanzen in der Myelomtherapie …………………………………………………………………………..13 1.5.2.1. Immunmodulatorische Substanzen ……………………………………………………………………………….……13 1.5.2.2. Proteasomen-Hemmer ……………………………………………………………………………………….………………13 1.5.2.3. HDAC Hemmer ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13 1.5.2.4. Monoklonale Antikörper …………………………………………………………………………………………………….14 1.5.2.5. BCMA basierte Therapien …………………………………………………………………………………………………..14 1.5.3. Autologe Stammzelltransplantation in der Ära der konventionellen Chemotherapie ………...15 1.5.4. Allogene Stammzelltransplantation …………………………………………………………………………………….15 1.5.5. Autologe Stammzelltransplantation in der Ära der neuen Substanzen ………………………………..16 1.6. Aufgabenstellung der Arbeit ……………………………………………………………………………………………….17 2. Publikation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……18 3. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit ……………………………………………………………………………………………..33 Literatur …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..…37 Tabellenverzeichnis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………49 Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags …………………………………………………………………………………………………….50 Selbständigkeitserrklärung ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………52 Lebenslauf ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….53 Verzeichnis der wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen……………………………………………………………………54 Danksagung ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..56

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第25174号 / 医博第5060号 / 新制||医||1071(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 江藤 浩之, 教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 松田 道行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Die vorliegende medizinische Dissertation untersucht nicht-invasive bildgebende Verfahren wie die konventionelle Sonographie, die Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)-Elastographie sowie die Transiente Elastographie (TE) zur Detektion von Komplikationen in der Frühphase nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation. Dem kurativen Therapieansatz der Stammzelltransplantation steht ein hohes Komplikationspotential gegenüber. Besonders hepatobiliär treten Graft-versus-host Erkrankungen (GvHD) sowie Gefäßkomplikationen (VOD) auf. Der bisherige diagnostische Goldstandard, die Leberbiopsie, ist als invasives Verfahren mit einer hohen Intra- und Inter-Untersucher-Variabilität sowie der geringen Repräsentativität als Screeningmethode ungeeignet. Die Elastographieverfahren ARFI und TE als nicht-invasive Alternativen ermitteln die Lebergewebesteifigkeit als Surrogatparameter fibrotischer Veränderungen und wurden bereits in zahlreichen Studien als geeignete Diagnoseverfahren für Leberfibrose und -zirrhose unterschiedlicher Ätiologie definiert. Ziel dieser prospektiven Pilotstudie war die Evaluation der genannten Methoden zur Detektion von Frühkomplikationen nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass sowohl die konventionelle Sonographie als auch die Transiente Elastographie pathologische Organveränderungen vor allem des hepatobiliären Systems detektieren können. Allerdings erscheinen diese Veränderungen unspezifisch. Es bestehen keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Patienten mit und ohne Komplikationen. Anders bei der ARFI-Elastographie. Hier zeigten die Messwerte im linken Leberlappen signifikant höhere Werte bei Patienten mit Komplikationen. Zusammenfassend ist die ARFI-Elastographie zur Prädiktion möglicher Komplikationen nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation geeignet, sollte allerdings mit anderen diagnostischen Verfahren ergänzt werden.

Analysis of donor chimerism has become a routine method for the documentation of engraftment after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In recent years several groups have also focused on the application of this technique for the detection of relapsing disease after allogeneic HSCT. This review addresses technical issues (sensitivity, specificity) and discusses the advantages and limitations of methods currently used for chimerism analysis and their usefulness for the detection of MRD. In addition, the potential impact of novel procedures, e.g. subset chimerism or real-time PCR-based procedures, is discussed. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

L’infection primaire au VZV et la réactivation du VZV latent sont fréquemment observées à la suite d’une GMO ou d’une GSCO, ce qui cause de sérieuses complications chez le patient. Pour prévenir ces infections, une prophylaxie antivirale est administrée systématiquement chez tous les greffés de MO ou de SCO, alors qu’il n’existe aucun consensus sur la durée optimale d’une telle prophylaxie. Pour résoudre ce problème, notre objectif est de développer et valider une méthode ELISpot-VZV-IFN- qui permettra de suivre la reconstitution de l’immunité à médiation cellulaire anti-VZV chez les receveurs de GMO ou de GSCO et ainsi déterminer le moment opportun pour réduire ou interrompe la prophylaxie chez les receveurs de greffes de CSH. Dans un premier temps, des valeurs-seuil de la réponse à médiation cellulaire anti-VZV chez la population pédiatrique saine ont dû être générées. À la lumière de nos résultats, un enfant avec un résultat ELISpot-VZV-IFN- > 190.0 SFU/106 PBMC devrait être protégé contre une possible infection à VZV. Pour valider cette étude, une étude prospective de la reconstitution immunitaire anti-VZV a été effectuée chez 9 enfants greffés de MO ou de SCO. Nos résultats préliminaires ont montré qu’il n’y avait eu aucune reconstitution significative de l’immunité à médiation cellulaire anti-VZV dans les 18 premiers mois post-transplantation chez 8 de ces 9 enfants. Les résultats de ces expériences vont fournir d’importantes informations quant à la reconstitution de l’immunité anti-VZV à la suite d’une GMO ou d’une GSCO et pourraient permettre l’amélioration des soins apportés aux receveurs de GMO ou de GSCO. / Primary infection with VZV and reactivation of latent VZV are commonly observed following BMT and UCBT, leading to serious complications in patients. As a result, antiviral prophylaxis is systematically administered to BMT and UCBT recipients, yet there is no consensus that defines its optimal duration. To resolve this problem, our objective was to develop and validate a VZV-IFN--ELISpot with which reconstitution of VZV immunity can be followed in BMT and UCBT recipients, providing clinicians a practical tool to gauge the need for and adjust antiviral prophylaxis in individual HSCT recipients. First of all, threshold values for anti-VZV immunity in healthy pediatric subjects were generated. Based on our results, a child exhibiting > 190.0 VZV-specific SFU /106 PBMC should be protected against a possible VZV infection. To validate these results, a prospective study on the recovery of VZV-specific T cell immunity was performed on 9 children following BMT or UCBT. Preliminary results demonstrated that there was no significant recovery of VZV-specific T cell immunity in the first 18 months post-transplantation in 8 of 9 cases. Results of these experiments will yield important new information regarding reconstitution of anti-VZV immunity following BMT and UCBT and could lead to improvements in clinical management of BMT and UCBT recipients.

Le busulfan (Bu) est un composé clé de la phase de conditionnement chez les enfants subissant une transplantation des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (TCSH). Les différences inter-individuelles de la pharmacocinétique (PK) du Bu pourraient affecter son efficacité et sa toxicité. Le Bu est principalement métabolisé par la glutathion-S-transférase (GST). Nous avons étudié la relation des génotypes GSTA1, GSTM1 et GSTP1 avec la PK de la première dose de Bu et la relation avec les résultats de la TCSH chez 69 enfants recevant un régime de conditionnement myéloablatif. Le génotype GSTM1 nul a corrélé avec une exposition élevée du Bu et une faible clairance (CL) chez les patients âgés de 4 ans (p ≤ 0,04). Dans le respect du rôle fonctionnel suggéré d’haplotype GSTA1 *A2, il a été associé à des niveaux plus faibles de médicaments et des niveaux élevés de CL (p ≤ 0,03). L’effet Gène-dose a également été observé (p = ≤ 0,007). L’haplotype de GSTA1 était associé avec les résultats de la TCSH. Les porteurs de deux copies d’haplotype *A2 avaient une meilleure survie sans événement (p = 0,03). En revanche, les individus homozygotes pour haplotypes * B et *B1 ont un risque plus élevé d’atteindre la maladie veino-occlusive (MVO) (p = 0,009). Les individus porteurs de GSTM1 nul âgés de 4 ans possèdent un risque plus fréquent d’avoir la maladie du greffon contre l'hôte (GvHD) (p = 0,03). En conclusion, nous avons montré que les variantes génétiques de GST influencent la PK du BU et les résultats de la TCSH chez les enfants. Pour l'ajustement de la posologie, un modèle avec l'inclusion des facteurs génétiques et non génétiques devrait être évalué et validé dans une étude prospective. / Busulfan (Bu) is a key compound of conditioning regimen in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Inter-individual differences in Bu pharmacokinetics might affect Bu efficacy and toxicity. Since Bu is mainly metabolized by glutathione S-transferase (GST), we investigated the relationship between GSTA1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 genotypes with first-dose Bu pharmacokinetics (PK), and relationship with HSCT outcomes in 69 children receiving myeloablative conditioning regimen. GSTM1 null genotype correlated with higher Bu exposure and lower clearance in patients older than 4 years (p≤0.04). In accordance with the suggested functional role GSTA1*A2 haplotype was associated with lower drug levels and higher drug clearance (p≤0.03). Gene-dosage effect was also observed (p=≤0.007). GSTA1 haplotypes were associated with HSCT outcomes Patients with two copies of haplotype *A2 had better event free survival (p=0.03). In contrast, homozygous individuals for haplotypes *B and *B1 had higher occurrence of veno-occlusive disease (p=0.009). GSTM1 null individuals older than 4 years had more frequently graft versus host disease (p=0.03). In conclusion, we showed that GST gene variants influence Bu PK and outcomes of HSCT in children. A model for the dosage adjustment with the inclusion of genetic and non-genetic factors should be evaluated in a future prospective validation cohort.

No description available.

Introdução. O transplante de células é possibilidade terapêutica promissora para muitas doenças neurológicas. Nos últimos anos, a possibilidade do isolamento de células-tronco dos tecidos adultos, por exemplo da medula-óssea, atrai a atenção da comunidade científica, estratégia que minimiza os problemas éticos relativos ao uso de tecido fetal para implantes visando ao tratamento de doenças neurológicas. Entretanto, a eficiência da transdiferenciação de células-tronco mesenquimais em neurônios, bem como os mecanismos envolvidos nesse processo, permanecem desconhecidos. A obtenção de neurônios maduros ocorreu somente em sistemas de co-cultura, o que induz a questão se a diferenciação representa um potencial das células per si, ou se é possível somente devido à fusão com neurônios maduros. Objetivos. No presente trabalho, pretendeu-se verificar o potencial de as células-tronco mesenquimais tornarem-se neurônios e esclarecer os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nesse processo. Material e métodos. Células-tronco mesenquimais foram isoladas de 20 doadores voluntários normais e caracterizadas por análise de separação celular ativada por fluorescência. A multipotencialidade foi investigada ao se diferenciar as células em condrócitos e osteócitos. A capacidade de auto-renovação foi confirmada pelo ensaio de incorporação de BrdU. Ulteriormente, as células foram diferenciadas por uma semana em meio contendo AMPc, IBMX, ou combinação de ambos, e os resultados foram comparados com o cultivo em meio básico. Diferentes bloqueadores de Ca2+ ou inibidores de PKA foram usados como tentativa de se impedir a diferenciação, ocorrência que foi mensurada com imunocitoquímica para NF-200 (marcador de neurônios maduros). O registro eletrofisiológico por meio de patch clamp foi usado para se confirmar o fenótipo neuronal. As figuras foram configuradas em microscopia confocal. Para análise estatística foi utilizada ANOVA com teste post-hoc. Resultados. As células isoladas expressaram CD90, 105, 44 e 13 mas foram negativas para CD34 e 45. Isto significa que não são de origem hematopoiética; 98,74 ± 0,43% das células incorporaram BrdU em 24 horas. Após o isolamento, foi possível diferenciá-las em condrócitos ou osteócitos. Em situação controle, não foram evidenciadas células positivas para NF200. Por outro lado, ocorreu positividade em 10,75% ± 1,35 (p<0,0001) das células sob IBMX e, em 15,18% ± 1,12, sob a combinação cAMP e IBMX (p<0,0001). Foram registradas correntes de Na+ e K+ dependentes de voltagem, mas não potenciais de ação. A diferenciação foi inibida com PKAi (5,73% ± 0,42, p<0,0001), nifedipina (5,79% ± 0,98, p<0,0001), Ni2+ (7,06% ± 1,68, p<0,0001) e Cd2+ (0 ± 0, p<0,0001). Discussão. Isolou-se uma população de células-tronco estromais da medula-óssea de seres humanos que se mostrou multipotencial e auto-renovável. O aumento da concentração de AMPc no meio elevou a concentração de neurônios para 15%. A diferenciação parece depender da via PKA mas também envolve a concentração intracelular de Ca2+. Conclusão. O correto entendimento de como as células-tronco mesenquimais diferenciam-se pode contribuir para aumentar a eficácia do método e, talvez um dia, tornar possível o uso dessa ferramenta no campo clínico. / Introduction. Cell transplantation has been considered a promising therapeutic approach for many neurological diseases. The possibility of isolation of stem cells from adult tissues, i.e. bone marrow, has attracted the attention of the scientific community in the recent years. This strategy is interesting on avoiding the ethical issues regarding the use of fetal tissue for neural implants. Moreover, the efficiency of the transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into neurons, and the mechanisms involved in this process remain largely unknown. The obtention of mature neurons was described only in coculture systems, what raised the question if the differentiation is a potential of the cells itself, or if it is possible only due to fusion with mature neurons. Objectives. In the present investigation, we aimed to verify the potential of MSCs to differentiate into neurons, and also to clarify the possible mechanisms involved on it. Material and methods. MSCs were isolated from 20 healthy human subjects and characterized by FACS-analysis. Multipotentiality was addressed by differentiating them into chondrocytes and osteocytes. The self-renewal capacity was confirmed with BrdU-incorporation assay. Afterwards, cells were differentiated for 1 week in a medium containing cAMP, IBMX, or a combination of both, and the results were compared with cells treated in basal-medium condition. Different Ca2+-blockers and PKA-inhibitor peptide were used on an attempt to impair differentiation, which was quantified with NF-200 immunostaining (a marker of mature neurons). Patch-clamp recording was used to confirm neuronal phenotype. Pictures were taken in confocal microscope. For statistical analysis ANOVA with a post-hoc test was used. Results. The isolated cells expressed CD90, 105, 44, and 13, but were negative for CD34 and 45, meaning that they were non-hematopoiethic; 98.74 ± 0.43 % of them incorporated BrdU in 6hs. After isolation, they differentiated into chondrocytes and osteocytes. In a control situation, no NF200 positive cell was seen. On the other hand, 10.75% ± 1.35 (p<.0001) of positivity was seen under IBMX and 15.18% ± 1.12 in the combination of cAMP with IBMX (p<.0001). Na+ and K+-voltage gated currents were recorded. Differentiation was impaired with PKAi (5.73% ± 0.42, p<.0001), nifedipin (5.79% ± 0.98, p<.0001), Ni2+ (7.06% ± 1.68, p<.0001), and Cd2+ (0 ± 0, p<.0001). Discussion. We were able to isolate a population of stromal stem cells from the bone marrow of human subjects, since they were multipotential and self-renewable. Increasing the concentration of cAMP raised the percentage of neurons up to 15%. The differentiation seems to be dependent on the PKA pathway, but also involved the intracellular concentration of Ca2+. Conclusions. The complete understanding of how MSC differentiate can contribute to increase the efficiency of the method and thus make possible to use this powerful tool in the clinical practice.

A mucosite oral (MO) constitui uma condição dolorosa que se desenvolve entre 47% e 100% dos pacientes submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH), impactando enormemente em sua qualidade de vida. Investigar fatores preditivos para MO por meio de exames não invasivos faz-se necessário, visando melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a relação dos regimes de condicionamento e dos níveis salivares de Interleucina 6 (IL- 6) e Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa (TNF-?) com a MO, bem como investigar o impacto destes na qualidade de vida. Foram selecionados 82 pacientes submetidos a TCTH, que foram avaliados em 4 momentos diferentes: no início do condicionamento para o TCTH (M1), no dia da infusão das células (M2), após 12/20 dias do início do condicionamento para transplante autólogo e alogênico, respectivamente (M3), e após 30 dias ou na alta hospitalar para ambos (M4). Nestes momentos, foi avaliado clinicamente o grau de MO segundo critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), coletada saliva total e aplicados 3 questionários de avaliação de qualidade de vida em relação à MO e à saúde bucal: PROMS, OHIP-14 e OMQoL. As informações clínicas e laboratoriais foram correlacionadas através do STATA 13.0 com 5% de nível de significância. Verificou-se que a maior incidência e intensidade de MO, os piores índices de qualidade de vida e os maiores níveis de IL- 6 e TNF-? foram registrados no M3, porém não houve correlação entre as citocinas e graus de MO. Houve associação entre altos níveis salivares de IL-6 e maiores pontuações no PROMS. O regime de condicionamento mieloablativo (ML) foi relacionado à MO intensa (graus 3 e 4) e à maiores pontuações nos 3 questionários de qualidade de vida, e os escores dos questionários foram maiores conforme maior foi intensidade da MO (p<0,05). / Oral mucositis (OM) is a painful condition that develops between 47% and 100% of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), impacting greatly on their quality of life. Investigation of predictive factors for OM through noninvasive exams is necessary, in order to improve the quality of life of patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of conditioning regimens and salivary levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-?) with OM, and to investigate their impact on quality of life. We selected 82 patients undergoing HSCT, which were assessed at four different moments: at the start of conditioning for HSCT (M1), on the cell infusion day (M2), after 12/20 days of the start of conditioning for autologous and allogeneic transplantation, respectively (M3), and after 30 days or at hospital discharge for both (M4). In these moments, it was clinically evaluated the degree of OM according to criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), collected whole saliva and applied 3 questionnaires of assessment of quality of life related to OM and oral health: PROMS, OHIP-14 and OMQoL. Clinical and laboratorial data were correlated using STATA 13.0 in a 5% significance level. It was found that the highest incidence and intensity of OM, the worst indices of quality of life and higher IL-6 and TNF-? levels were found in M3, but there was no correlation between cytokines and levels of OM. There was an association between high levels of salivary IL-6 and higher scores in PROMS. The myeloablative conditioning regimen (ML) was related to intense OM (grades 3 and 4) and to highest scores in the 3 questionnaires of quality of life, and the scores of questionnaires were higher as higher was the intensity of OM (p<0,05).