Microfluidics has seen an explosion in growth in the past few years, providing researchers with new and exciting lab-on-chip platforms with which to perform a wide variety of biological and biochemical experiments. In this work, a volume quantification tool is developed, demonstrating the ability to measure the volume of individual cells at high resolution and while enabling microfluidic sample manipulations. Care is taken to maximise measurement sensitivity, range and accuracy, though novel use of buoyancy and dynamically tunable microchannels. This first demonstration of a microfluidic tunable volume sensor meant volume sensing over a much wider range, enabling the detection of ̴ 1 µm3 E.coli that would otherwise go undetected. Software was written that enables pressure-driven flow control on the scale of individual cells, which is used to great success in (a) sorting cells based on size measurement and (b) monitoring the growth of cells. While there are a number of macroscopic techniques capable of sorting cells, microscopic lab-on-chip equivalents have only recently started to emerge. In this work, a label-free, volume sensor operating at high resolution is used in conjunction with pressure-driven flow control to actively extract particle/cell subpopulations. Next, a microfluidic growth monitoring device is demonstrated, whereby a cell is flowed back and forth through a volume sensor. The integration of sieve valves allows cell media to be quickly exchanged. The combination of dynamic trapping and rapid media exchange is an important technological contribution to the field, one that opens the door to studies focusing on cell volumetric response to drugs and environmental stimuli. This technology was designed and fabricated in-house using soft lithography techniques readily available in most biotechnology labs. The main thesis body contains four scientific articles that detail this work (Chapters 2-5), all published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. These are preceded by an introductory chapter which provides an overview to the theory underlying this work, in particular the non-intuitive physics at the microscale and the Coulter principle.

La détection quantitative de cellule est généralement réalisée par cytométrie en flux en raison de sa haute sensibilité, cependant cette technique est difficile à mettre en oeuvre pour des analyses de routine ou des analyses au chevet du patient. Les méthodes électrochimiques et en particulier la spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique ont gagné en popularité en raison de la possibilité de réaliser des analyses sans marquage et de miniaturiser les systèmes d'analyse pour une intégration sur puce. De plus, les avancées récentes dans le domaine des technologies de microfabrication ont permis de développer des électrodes micrométriques ayant de nombreux avantages tels que des hautes impédances dues à des courants très faibles ainsi que la possibilité de les intégrer dans des systèmes microfluidiques. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse se concentre sur la réalisation et l'optimisation de dispositifs microfluidiques contenant les systèmes d'électrodes pour le piégeage immunologique et le comptage impédimétrique de monocytes pro-inflammatoires, marqueurs d'une infection. Compte tenu de l'influence du taux de recouvrement de la surface sur la sensibilité, plusieurs géométries d'électrodes ont été testées. Les meilleures sensibilités et reproductibilités ont été obtenues dans le cas de microélectrodes interdigitées ayant de faibles espaces inter-électrodes (50 µm). D'autre part les études ont également permis de montrer dans ce cas, que la gamme de concentration cellulaire pour laquelle la sensibilité était maximale dépendait de la surface de l'électrode. Les électrodes de plus petites surfaces ont permis d'atteindre une limite de détection inférieure à 10 cellules/mL. De plus, compte tenu de la grande sensibilité des dispositifs ainsi réalisés, ces systèmes ont également été testés pour la caractérisation d'interaction récepteurs-ligands à partir de cellules entières. Ces études ont permis de mettre en évidence l'interaction de cellules CHO exprimant le récepteur A2a à des ligands c-di-AMP pour de très faibles concentrations cellulaires. / The quantitative detection of specific cells is usually carried out by flow cytometry due to its high sensitivity and reliability, however, this technique is not suited for routine screening and point-of-care diagnostics. Electrochemical methods, as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have gained interest mainly due to a label-free detection and their miniaturization capability required for integration on chip. Furthermore, recent advances in microfabrication based technologies have allowed to develop micron-sized electrodes whose main advantages over conventional electrodes are higher impedances due to smaller currents and the possibility of being integrated inside microfluidic channels. The aim of the present work was the realization and the optimization of microfluidic devices with improved sensitivity targeting the immuno-trapping and counting of pro-inflammatory monocytes as infection markers. Taking into account the influence of the surface coverage on the sensitivity, different geometries were tested. The best sensitivities and reproducibility were recorded in the case of interdigitated micro-electrodes with weak inter-electrodes gap (50 µm). Moreover, experiments carried out with different surfaces demonstrated that there was a threshold beyond which a surface is exploitable for a given slice of concentration. Such microfluidic devices allowed to reach a detection limit around 10 cells/mL. Furthermore, due to the high sensitivity recorded, the devices were also tested to detect ligand binding by cell receptors. These studies have allowed to demonstrate the interaction of CHO-A2a with c-di-AMP for low cell concentrations.

Les puces microfluidiques sont des éléments clés pour la manipulation et l'analyse de solutions et d'échantillons biologiques. Elles facilitent les études aux échelles microscopiques et sont le fondement du concept de laboratoire sur puce, à la pointe des diagnostics médicaux. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse a été d'explorer les possibilités fonctionnelles offertes par les architectures microfluidiques 3D, dans le cadre du développement d'outils diagnostiques reposant sur le tri, le marquage et la manipulation de cellules. Ces fonctions ont été validées sur des sous-populations de monocytes, qui sont des marqueurs de maladies inflammatoires. Afin de couvrir une chaîne cohérente d'étapes nécessaires au prétraitement des échantillons biologiques complexes, trois fonctions complémentaires ont été étudiées : le tri par taille par filtration hydrodynamique, le tri immunologique par séparation magnétique et le marquage sur puce par microparticules magnétiques. En vue d'effectuer des réactions de marquage (sondes fluorescentes ou microbilles magnétiques), un micro-mélangeur reposant sur la séparation et recombinaison de flux (transformation du boulanger) a été fabriqué et caractérisé. Des expériences de test des dispositifs pour les mélanges fluorescéine/eau et cellules/microbilles sont proposées, ainsi que les modèles analytiques et numériques associés. De nouvelles approches de tri par taille par filtration hydrodynamique ont été étudiées, en réalisant des structures 3D en "bypass", qui rendent possible une stratégie de mélange adaptée aux cellules et particules. Un modèle analytique des écoulements et de l'efficacité de tri et de mélange est proposé, ainsi qu'une caractérisation des dispositifs. Il a été de plus démontré que cette approche permettait également de réaliser la séparation d'espèces sub-micrométriques comme les microparticules sanguines. Tous les systèmes microfluidiques 3D ont été obtenus par une technique originale d'empilement (laminage) de films secs photosensibles, réduisant nettement le temps de micro-fabrication et compatibles avec les procédés standards. Cette technique de fabrication permet également l'intégration de micro-sources magnétiques dans les laboratoires sur puce par la réalisation de micro-bobines planaires sous des canaux microfluidiques. En couplant les effets des micro-bobines intégrées aux champs générés par des aimants extérieurs, nous apportons la preuve de concept de systèmes pour la séparation, la déviation et le piégeage de microbilles magnétiques. Les modèles (champs et force magnétiques) et la caractérisation des dispositifs seront présentés. Nous aborderons également la réalisation d'instrumentation spécifique (source de courant) pour l'actionnement des bobines, permettant le contrôle (temporel et en intensité) des champs magnétiques appliqués. / Microfluidic chips are key elements for solutions and biological samples handling and analysis. They are enablers for micro-scale studies and are the cornerstone of lab on chips, at the cutting edge of medical diagnostics. The aim of this thesis work was to explore functional possibilities offered by 3D microfluidic architectures for the development of diagnostic tools relying on cell sorting, tagging and handling. These functions were investigated on monocytes sub-populations, which are markers for many inflammatory diseases. In order to cover a consistent series of necessary steps for complex biological samples pretreatment, three additional functions were studied: size sorting with hydrodynamic filtration, immuno-isolation by magnetic separation, and on-chip tagging with magnetic microparticles. To perform tagging reactions, a micromixer based on diffusion and flow split and recombination (baker's transform) was fabricated and characterized. Analytical (diffusion) and numerical (diffusion-advection) models are showed, together with test experiments on the devices for mixing reactions of fluorescein/water and cells/microbeads. New approaches of hydrodynamic filtration based size sorting were investigated by devising 3D bypass structures, that allow developing a mixing strategy (tagging reactions) suited to cells and particles. An analytical model for flows and sorting efficiency is introduced and compared to the devices characterization. Furthermore, it was shown that this approach also enables sorting of sub-micron particles (like blood microparticles). All 3D microfluidic systems were obtained thanks to an original dry film photoresist stacking (lamination) technique, dramatically reducing micro-fabrication time, even though compatible with standard process. This fabrication technique also enables magnetic micro-sources integration in lab on chips by realizing planar micro-coils underneath microfluidic channels. By coupling the effects of integrated micro-coils to the fields generated by external magnets, we brought the proof of concept of systems dedicated to trapping, focusing and separating (in flow) magnetic microbeads. Models (magnetic fields and forces) are described along with devices characterization. Conception of specific instrumentation (current source) for micro-coils actuation is also shown, as it allows time and intensity control over applied magnetic fields.

Amoebae are commonly studied to understand embryogenesis, and the best-characterized amoebozoan species is Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd). Dd has a very simple life cycle with a range of developmental stages, among which we are most interested in the stage of a migrating slug. It has been observed that different sizes of Dd slugs maintain a proportional distribution of prestalk cells and prespore cells: prestalk cells occupy the anterior 20% of the slug, while prespore cells occupy the posterior 80%. However, it remains unknown how the migrating slug forms and preserves this anterior-posterior proportional pattern under so many different dynamics including cell movement, signaling, and cell differentiation. Therefore, we constructed a mathematical model to simulate the cell movement and chemical distribution during slug migration, and we conducted numerical experiments to explore possible factors for this pattern. In particular, we divided the problem of interest into the following three parts to be investigated. (1) differential motion: the ability of prestalk cells to move through all the prespore cells and stay in the anterior region of the slug; (2) signaling: how cells of different types produce, receive, and respond to the signals in the environment; (3) cell differentiation: how prestalk and prespore cells differentiate into each other under the regulation of signaling. We finally combined and balanced these mechanisms appropriately to achieve the desired patterns observed in migrating slugs.

“Lab on a Chip” technologies have revolutionized the field of bio-chemical analytics. The crucial role of optical techniques in this revolution resulted in the emergence of a field by itself, which is popularly termed as “optofluidics”. The miniaturization and integration of the optical parts in the majority of optofluidic devices however still remains a technical challenge. The works described in this thesis focuses on developing integration methods to combine various optical techniques with microfluidics in an alignment-free geometry, which could lead to the development of portable analytical devices, suitable for field applications. The integration approach was applied to implement an alignment-free optofluidic chip for optical chromatography; a passive optical fractionation technique fractionation for cells or colloids. This system was realized by embedding large mode area photonic crystal fiber into a microfluidic chip to achieve on-chip laser beam delivery. Another study on passive sorting envisages an optofluidic device for passive sorting of cells using an optical potential energy landscape, generated using an acousto-optic deflector based optical trapping system. On the analytical side, an optofluidic chip with fiber based microfluidic Raman spectroscopy was realized for bio-chemical analysis. A completely alignment-free optofluidic device was realized for rapid bio-chemical analysis in the first generation by embedding a novel split Raman probe into a microfluidic chip. The second generation development of this approach enabled further miniaturization into true microfluidic dimensions through a technique, termed Waveguide Confined Raman Spectroscopy (WCRS). The abilities of WCRS for online process monitoring in a microreactor and for probing microdroplets were explored. Further enhanced detection sensitivity of WCRS with the implementation of wavelength modulation based fluorescent suppression technique was demonstrated. WCRS based microfluidic devices can be an optofluidic analogue to fiber Raman probes when it comes to bio-chemical analysis. This allows faster chemical analysis with reduced required sample volume, without any special sample preparation stage which was demonstrated by analyzing and classifying various brands of Scotch whiskies using this device. The results from this study also show that, along with Raman spectroscopic information, WCRS picks up the fluorescence information as well, which might enhance the classification efficiency. A novel microfabrication method for fabricating polymer microlensed fibers is also discussed. The microlensed fiber, fabricated with this technique, was combined with a microfluidic gene delivery system to achieve an integrated system for optical transfection with localized gene delivery.

Neben chemotherapeutischen und chirurgischen Maßnahmen ist die Bestrahlung integraler Bestandteil multimodaler Therapiekonzepte bei malignen Tumorerkrankungen. In diesem Zusammenhang spielt der Einblick in physiologische und pathophysiologische Abläufe in menschlichen Zellen und auf molekularer Ebene  eine zunehmende Rolle. Auf diese Weise werden komplexe Stoffwechselwege mit ihren unterschiedlichen Funktionen und ihren aus einzelnen Proteinen bestehenden Komponenten immer besser verstanden. Allerdings entstehen durch die Kenntnis dieser Stoffwechselwege neue Fragen, die Gegenstand medizinischer Forschung sind.  Der TGFβ-Signalweg ist ein wesentlicher intrazellulärer Signalweg, der neben zahlreichen anderen Funktionen einen Einfluss auf die Entstehung bestimmter Tumorerkrankungen hat. Eine Vielzahl an Einzelnukleotid-Polymorphismen (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNP) ist bekannt sowie die Erkenntnis darüber, dass die Anwesenheit von verschiedenen Varianten eines SNP einen Einfluss auf die Zellvitalität hat je nach Behandlungsbedingung. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es den Einfluss von Keimbahn-Polymorphismen in Genen des TGFβ-Signalwegs und der DNA-Reparatur auf die Strahlenempfindlichkeit lymphoblastoider Zellen zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden 54 käuflich erworbene lymphoblastoide Zellen angezüchtet. Jede dieser Zelllinien wurde sechs parallelen Behandlungsbedingungen unterworfen. Neben der unbehandelten Kontrolle und einer mit anti-TGFβ behandelten Kontrolle wurden Zellen einer alleinigen Bestrahlung mit 3 Gy ausgesetzt. Darüber hinaus wurden Zellen 16 Stunden vor der Bestrahlung mit TGFβ1 oder anti-TGFβ vorinkubiert oder unmittelbar nach der Bestrahlung mit TGFβ1 behandelt.  Nach Ablauf einer 24-stündigen Inkubationszeit erfolgte die Zellvitalitätsmessung mittels FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting)–Analyse. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Daten von insgesamt 1656 polymorphen Positionen (aus HapMap Datenbank) aus 21 Kandidatengenen korreliert. Auf diese Weise sollte der Einfluss dieser Polymorphismen auf die Zellvitalität ermittelt werden. Sowohl bei SMAD3 als auch bei SMAD7 fanden sich jeweils 2 SNP, die ein perfektes bzw hohes Kopplungsungleichgewicht (linkage disequilibrium) aufwiesen. Insgesamt waren zwölf Polymorphismen aus acht Genen (TGFBR1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD7, BRCA2, MSH2, MSH6 und XRCC1) mit signifikanten Veränderungen der Zellvitalität assoziiert. Das Variantenallel scheint bis auf wenige Ausnahmen einen zytoprotektiven Effekt zu haben. Ausnahmen sind 3 SNP der Gene BRCA2, SMAD3 und SMAD 7, bei denen der Wildtyp mit höherer Zellvitalität einhergeht. Bei alleiniger Bestrahlung wirkten sich SNP aus SMAD3, SMAD7, MSH2 und MSH6 modulierend auf die Zytotoxizität aus, wenn auch statistisch nicht signifikant. Interessanterweise zeigten sich bei Betrachtung der Auswirkung einer Stimulation mit TGFβ1 vor und nach Bestrahlung mit 3 Gy dieselben SNP als statistisch signifikante Modellprädiktoren wie auch bei alleiniger Bestrahlung mit Ausnahme eines SNP aus SMAD3.  Bei Vorinkubation mit TGFβ1 wirkte sich die MSH2-Variante stärker aus. Hier entstand beim Wildtyp ein zusätzlich zytotoxischer Einfluss im Vergleich zur Stimulation nach Bestrahlung. Bei Inhibition durch anti-TGFβ vor der Bestrahlung zeigte noch ein SNP aus MSH6 und ein SNP aus SMAD7 einen zytoprotektiven Effekt.  Einige Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit könnten, sofern sie im Verlauf durch nachfolgende Studien bestätigt bzw. erweitert werden helfen Therapiekonzepte maligner Tumoren zu optimieren und eine individuelle Radiotherapie zu ermöglichen.

Le présent travail de thèse repose sur la conception d'un système miniaturisé de type biopuce capable d'assurer la capture et le relargage contrôlé de différentes populations des cellules sanguines (e.g. lymphocytes). Ce projet a pour objectif la construction d'un outil potentiel de recherche dans le domaine de l'immunologie ainsi que du diagnostic qui permettrait non seulement de réaliser des essais à partir d'une faible quantité d'échantillon, mais aussi de réduire le temps d'analyse. L'approche consiste plus précisément en la fabrication d'une matrice d'oligonucléotides et l'immobilisation de cellules via une molécule hybride composée d'un anticorps IgG couplé à une séquence d'oligonucléotide complémentaire. La synthèse du produit conjugué est mise en place et conduit à l'assemblage functionnel sur biopuce. Une fois les cellules spécifiquement capturées sur la surface, deux voies de rélargage contrôlé sont explorées. Ainsi, les lymphocytes sont libérées de façon contrôlée et séquentielle par clivage enzymatique d'ADN ou alors par désorption physique possible grâce au chauffage localisé. La détection se fait en temps réel par l'imagerie de la résonance plasmonique de surface (Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging, SPRi) qui présente l'avantage de pouvoir suivre les phénomènes biomoléculaires en absence de marquage et d'apporter une réponse simultanée d'un échantillon biologique sur un grand nombre des sondes. Accessoirement, une approche instrumentale particulière nous permet d'observer les étapes de capture/relargage par microscopie optique classique. La construction de la biopuce permet également l'élargissement à plusieurs cibles et ouvre ainsi la voie à de nombreuses possibilités d'exploration en termes d'application pour l'analyse d'échantillons biologiques plus complexes tels que du sang. / This PhD thesis is devoted to conception of a miniaturized system of biochip type able to realize a controlled capture and release of different populations of the blood cells (e.g. lymphocytes). The main objective of the project is to create a potential tool of research, especially in the field of immunology, and medical diagnostics as well, that could perform short-time analyses by using a small sample amount. The approach relies more precisely on fabrication of a DNA matrix and further immobilization of cells through a hybrid molecule composed of an IgG antibody covalently coupled with short oligonucleotide sequence. Synthesis of the conjugated product is developed and demonstrates functional assembly on the micro-platform. Lymphocytes are specifically addressed onto biochip surface and once they are captured, two independent strategies of selective release are proposed. Therefore, immobilized cells are specifically detached either upon enzymatic cleavage of oligonucleotide substrate or physically desorbed by local heating and denaturation of double stranded DNA. The system makes use of Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRi) to enable real time detection of different biomolecular phenomena in a label-free and high-throughput manner. Accessorily, a particular instrumental approach is developed in order to observe cell capture-release steps directly under optical microscopy. The biochip construction permits to extend its performance to many targets and may be further explored in terms of application to analysis of complex biological samples such as blood.

Skin cancers are very common in humans. The two most frequent epithelial skin cancers are the basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). For the vast majority of cancers, the cell at the origin of tumour initiation is still unknown and assumptions concerning their origin rely mainly on morphological and immunohistochemical studies. Recently, adult stem cells (SCs) have been suggested to be at the origin of tumour initiation based on their long term self-renewing capacities. According to these, two important questions arise; do epithelial skin cancers arise from mutations in a specific cell lineage of the epidermis? And are the stem cells more competent to initiate tumors than committed cells?<p>BCCs result from aberrant activation of HH signaling and several mouse models carrying mutations in HH signaling genes are capable to form tumors resembling to human BCCs. <p>To identify the cell lineage at the origin of BCC and to investigate the role of stem cells in tumor initiation, we followed a genetic approach where we conditionally expressed SmoM2 oncogene (a constitutively active Smoothened mutant) in distinct skin epidermal compartments including SCs. Targeting basal epidermis cells, showed that only SmoM2-clones in the inter follicular epidermis (IFE) and the infundibulum can progress into BCC, whereas SmoM2 expression in Bulge SCs or in matrix transit amplifying progenitor cells never leads to BCC formation. Progressively after SmoM2 expression, tumor-initiating cells lose their normal differentiation to adopt a hair placode-like shape and markers, demonstrating that biochemical and morphological tumour features can be misleading in extrapolating their cellular origin.<p><p>The molecular changes occurring in tumor initiating cells and the mechanisms regulating the early steps of cancer development are poorly characterized for the majority of tumors. To address these questions in BCC, we took advantage of our ability to isolate SmoM2 expressing cells at different stages of tumor initiation and progression. Transcriptional profiling of SmoM2-basal IFE cells isolated one week (normal histology) and 4 weeks (dysplastic lesion), suggests that adult IFE cells undergo a reprogramming into embryonic hair follicle (EHFP) like fate. In addition, we showed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for BCC initiating cell reprogramming into EHFP like fate and for tumor initiation in a cell autonomous manner. Finally, we show that EHFP reprogramming occurs also in human BCCs in addition to the presence of a similar canonical Wnt activation signature to the one revealed in the SmoM2-BCC mouse model.<p><p>SCC is the second most frequent skin cancers after BCC and mutations in p53 and Ras genes has been suggested to be potentially the primary events in this tumour. SCCs present signs of squamous differentiation, suggesting that SCCs may originate from the inter follicular epidermis (IFE). To identify the cell lineage at the origin of SCC and the role of the hair follicle SCs in tumor initiation, we use a genetic tools driving oncogenic KRas (KRasG12D) expression at physiological levels in different epidermal compartments. <p>Targeting KRasG12D expression in bulge SCs and their progeny or in IFE results in benign tumor development with no sign of malignant transformation. In contrast, KRasG12D expression in HF Transit amplifying (TA) matrix cells do not promotes any macroscopic tumors or microscopic defects in the epidermis. Interestingly, papillomas arising from the IFE express follicular markers such as CD34 and K17, indicating that the expression of HF markers by tumor cells does not necessarily reflect their cellular origin. Using a combination of deletion of both p53 alleles together with KRasG12D expression, we showed that bulge SCs and/or their progeny but not HF matrix TA cells, promote SCC formation, suggesting that additional genetic hits such as p53 are required to promote full-blown invasive skin SCC. <p><p>In summary, our work demonstrated the non-follicular origin of BCC resulting from Smo mutation, as well as the implication of the IFE progenitors in tumor initiation. We also revealed the progressive reprogramming of BCC initiating cells towards an EHFP-like fate and the key role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in this process. In contrast, we showed the competence of several epidermal lineages to initiate benign tumors upon expression of KRasG12D oncogene at physiological levels. We also demonstrated that lineage -specific markers expression within tumor cells does not necessarily reflect their cellular origin. Finally, we demonstrated the requirement of additional hits, such as P53 loss, to promote malignant progression in the context of oncogenic Ras.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

Aggregation of microtubule-associated protein tau is involved in the pathology of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. The affibody TP4 has been shown to inhibit this aggregation process, and its target-binding positions were previously grafted onto a dimeric affibody scaffold, creating the sequestrin seqTP4. This project constitutes a part of the affinity maturation process of seqTP4, using two different bacterial display methods. An error-prone PCR library was first expressed on Staphylococcus carnosus cells for selection of variants with improved tau-binding properties, resulting in a library of 1.4×107 transformants. Flow cytometric tests indicated difficulties in the setup due to nonspecific interactions, and whereas several different approaches to alleviate the problems were investigated, two cell sorting attempts were ultimately unsuccessful. Subcloning of seqTP4 and the library to an Escherichia coli surface display vector resulted in functional surface expression of seqTP4 on E. coli JK321 and BL21 cells, and a BL21 library size of 1.6×109 transformants. An initial flow cytometric test of this library indicates the presence of improved tau-binding variants, paving the way for future cell sorting. / Aggregering av mikrotubuli-associerat protein tau är involverad i patologin av flera neurodegenerativa sjukdomar, däribland Alzheimers sjukdom. Affibodymolekylen TP4 har visat sig inhibera denna aggregeringsprocess, och överföring av dess målbindande positioner till ett dimeriskt affibodyprotein har tidigare gett upphov till seqTP4, en så kallad sequestrin. Detta projekt utgör ett led i processen att affinitetsmaturera seqTP4, med hjälp av två olika metoder för presentation av proteiner på ytan av bakterieceller. Ett error-prone PCR-bibliotek uttrycktes först på ytan av Staphylococcus carnosus-celler för selektion av varianter med ökad affinitet för tau, vilket resulterade i ett bibliotek av 1.4×107 transformanter. Flödescytometriska tester tydde på svårigheter i detta upplägg på grund av ospecifika interaktioner, och emedan flera olika angreppssätt för att förmildra dessa problem undersöktes, misslyckades slutligen två cellsorteringsförsök. Omkloning av seqTP4 och biblioteket till en vektor för ytpresentation på Escherichia coli resulterade i funktionellt ytuttryck av seqTP4 på E. coli JK321- och BL21-celler, och ett BL21-bibliotek bestående av 1.6×109 transformanter. Ett första flödescytometriskt test av detta bibliotek tyder på närvaron av varianter med förbättrad förmåga att binda tau, och vägen ligger nu relativt öppen för cellsortering.