Aux synapses Fibres Parallèles - Cellules de Purkinje, le récepteur mGluR4 est le seul mGluR du groupe III à moduler la neurotransmission en inhibant les influx calciques qui régulent la libération de glutamate. Dans des systèmes hétérologues, il a été montré que mGluR4 était lié à des protéines G de type Gi/o couplées négativement à l'adénylate cyclase (AC). Afin de rester au plus proche des interactions physiologiques, nous avons débuté notre étude par la définition du réceptosome des récepteurs mGluR4 natifs dans le cervelet de rat. Nous avons identifié 184 partenaires putatifs du récepteur. Afin de confirmer ces interactions, mais aussi de recenser d'autres interacteurs éventuels, nous avons réalisé une approche complémentaire et indépendante de chromatographie d'affinité. Nombre de protéines ont été retrouvées par cette deuxième approche, en particulier des protéines appartenant aux familles de l'exocytose et du trafic cellulaire. Nos résultats suggèrent que le contrôle de la neurotransmission par mGluR4 pourrait s'effectuer, au moins partiellement, par une interaction avec ce type de protéines. D'autre part, nos approches biochimiques n'ont pas mis en évidence de protéines de la voie AC, mais au contraire plusieurs protéines identifiées appartiennent à la voie Phospholipase C/ Protein Kinase C (PLC/PKC). Ces résultats biochimiques corroborent certains résultats fonctionnels du laboratoire et ouvrent de nouvelles pistes quant à la modulation négative de la neurotransmission par les récepteurs mGluR4 natifs dans le cervelet / At Purkinje Cell - Parallel Fiber synapses, mGluR4 receptors are the only glutamatergic metabotropic receptors of group III to modulate glutamatergic transmission by inhibiting calcium presynaptic influx controlling glutamate release. In heterologous systems, mGluR4 has been shown to activate G proteins of type Gi/o that would be negatively linked to adenylate cyclase (AC). In order to conserve most of physiological interactions, we first studied the receptosome of native mGluR4 in rat cerebellum. We identified 184 putative partners of the receptor. Moreover, in order to confirm these interactions, but also to find other partners, we decided to perform an independent and complementary approach of chromatography affinity. Numerous proteins have been found by this method, particularly proteins belonging to exocytosis and cellular trafficking families. Our results suggest that a partial control of neurotransmission could be due to interaction of mGluR4 with these kinds of proteins. On the other hand, biochemical approaches did not reveal interactions of mGluR4 with some proteins belonging to AC pathway, but with proteins of PLC/PKC pathway. These results are consistent with some functional studies of our lab and gave the way for elucidating the native molecular mechanisms of the cerebellar neurotransmission modulation by mGluR4.

L'AVC est la seconde cause de décès et la première cause de handicaps acquis chez l’adulte dans le monde. Au cours des vingt dernières années le traitement en phase aigüe de l'AVC s’est considérablement amélioré. La mortalité post-AVC a alors commencé à diminuer et la proportion de patients survivants avec un handicap léger ou modéré a augmenté. Le suivi à long terme de ces patients a permis de mettre en évidence, chez une proportion importante d’entre-eux, la survenue d’une forte détresse psychologique. Ces troubles de l’humeur réduisent considérablement la qualité de vie post- AVC. La prise en charge principalement axée sur les déficits moteurs, sensoriels ou de langage, commence alors à s’orienter vers la prise en charge psychiatrique des patients. Ces complications restent cependant insuffisamment comprises et leur prise en charge demeure insatisfaisante. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de mieux décrire les troubles de l’humeur post-AVC et de mettre en évidence, grâce à des outils de mesure objectifs, l’existence de facteurs de risques de leur survenue. 91 patients ont été suivis durant un an et ont répondu à des évaluations cognitives, de l’humeur, du sommeil et/ou du langage. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’identifier certaines variables impliquées dans la survenue ou l’évolution de certains troubles post-AVC, par exemple la fragmentation du sommeil avec l’apathie ou la prosodie affective avec la dépression. Les lésions cérébelleuses semblent également liées à la survenus des troubles de l’humeur post-AVC. Ces résultats s’inscrivent dans une dynamique de recherche de plus en plus importante concernant les troubles de l’humeur post-AVC. / Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the leading cause of acquired disability in adults worldwide. Over the last twenty years, treatment in the acute phase of stroke has improved considerably. As a result, post-stroke mortality began to decline and the proportion of surviving patients with mild or moderate disabilities has increased. The long-term monitoring of this category of patients allowed to highlight, in a significant proportion of them, the occurrence of high psychological distress. These mood disorders significantly reduce post-stroke quality of life and, therefore, the assumption that put primary emphasis on the motor deficits, sensory or language now begins to move towards the psychological care of patients. These complications are however still insufficiently understood and their management remains unsatisfactory.In this context, the objective of this PhD was to better describe these post-stroke mood disorders and highlight, through objective measurement tools, the existence of risk factors for their occurrence. 91 patients were followed during one year after stroke and were evaluated on cognitive assessments, mood state evaluation, sleep recording and language recording. The results allowed us to better understand the involvement of some variables in the occurrence or progression of some mood disorders, for example sleep fragmentation and post-stroke apathy or affective prosody and post-stroke depression. Cerebellar lesions also appear to be related to the occurrence of post-stroke mood disorders. These results are part of the increasing research on post-stroke mood disorders.

INTRODUÇÃO: Há evidências de modulação da excitabilidade do córtex motor por informações cerebelares, em animais e humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a assimetria inter-hemisférica de excitabilidade cortical entre indivíduos com infarto cerebelar na fase crônica e controles saudáveis, através de estimulação magnética transcraniana. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos sete indivíduos com infarto cerebelar (> 4 meses pós-infarto) e sete controles saudáveis. Cada participante foi submetido a uma sessão de estimulação magnética transcraniana do córtex motor no hemisfério direito e no hemisfério esquerdo, para a realização de medidas de excitabilidade e a determinação de assimetrias entre os hemisférios cerebrais. Os seguintes parâmetros de excitabilidade cortical foram avaliados: limiar motor de repouso, facilitação intracortical, inibição intracortical, relação entre amplitudes de potenciais evocados motores e amplitudes de ondas M, com intensidade de estimulação correspondendo ao limiar motor de repouso, a 130% do limiar motor de repouso, e a 100% da capacidade máxima do estimulador. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significante na assimetria inter-hemisférica da inibição intracortical entre os grupos (teste de Mann-Whitney, p=0,048). Em todos os indivíduos com infartos cerebelares, a inibição intracortical foi menor no córtex motor primário contralateral ao infarto cerebelar, em comparação ao córtex motor ipsilateral. Houve ainda correlação significante entre o tempo de ocorrência do infarto cerebelar e a assimetria da inibição intracortical (r=0,91, p=0,004). Os demais parâmetros avaliados não apresentaram diferença significante entre os dois hemisférios em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Estes resultados indicam que, em indivíduos com infarto cerebelar na fase crônica, ocorre desinibição do córtex motor contralateral. Avaliados em conjunto com estudos realizados em indivíduos com infartos cerebelares na fase subaguda, apoiam a hipótese de que alterações na inibição intracortical passam por modificações dinâmicas em diversas fases após um infarto cerebelar / INTRODUCTION: There is evidence of modulation of excitability of the motor cortex by cerebellar and somatosensory input in animals and humans. The goal of this study was to compare the inter-hemispheric asymmetry of cortical excitability in humans with cerebellar infarcts and healthy controls. METHODS: In order to evaluate inter-hemispheric asymmetry, seven individuals with cerebellar infarcts (> 4 months post-infarct) and seven healthy subjects were evaluated. There were no significant differences in age or gender between the groups. Each participant was submitted to one session of transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex of the right and left hemispheres, to determine asymmetries in excitability between the cerebral hemispheres. The following parameters of cortical excitability were evaluated: resting motor threshold, intracortical facilitation, intracortical inhibition, the relationship between motor evoked potential amplitudes and M-wave amplitudes. Three stimulation intensities were used: resting motor threshold, 130% of the resting motor threshold, and the stimulator\'s maximum output. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in inter-hemispheric asymmetry of intracortical inhibition between the groups (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.048). For all individuals with cerebellar infarcts, intracortical inhibition was lower in the primary motor cortex contralateral to the cerebellar infarction, compared to the ipsilateral motor cortex. There was also a significant correlation between the time elapsed since the cerebellar infarction and asymmetry of intracortical inhibition (r=0.91, p=0.004). The other variables evaluated were not significantly different between the two hemispheres in either group. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that disinhibition of the contralateral motor cortex occurs in individuals with chronic cerebellar infarcts. Taken together with studies performed in individuals with cerebellar infarcts in the subacute phase, these results support the hypothesis that changes in intracortical inhibition undergo dynamic changes over time, after a cerebellar infarct

Zhang Jie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-74). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ABSTRACT (Chinese) --- p.iv / ABBREVIATION --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview of the study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Secretin --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Discovery / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Molecular biology / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Biosynthesis and localization / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Function / Chapter 1.3 --- Secretin receptor --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Molecular biology / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Localization / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Signal transduction pathway / Chapter 1.4 --- Secretin and autism --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- AMPA receptor --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Molecular biology / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Localization / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Pharmacological property / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Function / Chapter 1.6 --- Cerebellum --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Structure of the cerebellar cortex / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Neurons of the cerebellar cortex / Chapter 1.6.2.1 --- Granule cells / Chapter 1.6.2.2 --- Purkinje cells / Chapter 1.6.2.3 --- Basket and stellate cells / Chapter 1.6.2.4 --- Golgi cells / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Intrinsic circuitry of the cerebellar cortex / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- METHODS AND MATERIALS --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- Brain slice preparation and maintenance --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experimental set-up --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Visualization of neurons / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Electrophysiological recordings / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Evoked stimulation / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Drug preparation and administration / Chapter 2.3 --- Data analysis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Construction of dose-response curve / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Analysis of synaptic currents / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Statistics / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESULTS --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- Basic characteristics of IPSCs recorded from PCs --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Spontaneous IPSCs / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Miniature IPSCs / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Evoked IPSCs / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Rundown of IPSCs / Chapter 3.2 --- Electrophysiological effects of secretin --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effects of secretin on evoked IPSCs and EPSCs / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effects of secretin on spontaneous IPSCs / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Effects of secretin on miniature IPSCs / Chapter 3.3 --- Mechanisms of secretin as a neuropeptide --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Non-involvement of a postsynaptic site of action / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Non-involvement of calcium influx / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Involvement of cAMP second messenger / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Involvement of presynaptic AMP A receptors / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Glutamate-mediated action of secretin / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Effects of AMPA on miniature IPSCs / Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- Pharmacological evidence / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- Secretin as a novel neuropeptide --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- Mechanisms of secretin --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- Physiological role of secretin in the cerebellum --- p.52 / Chapter 4.4 --- Secretin and autism --- p.52 / REFERENCES --- p.54

Un cadre théorique classique pour expliquer comment les mouvements volontaires sont générés et optimisés implique l'existence d'un modèle interne basé sur les conséquences sensorielles de ses propres actions. Le cervelet est souvent considéré comme une structure où ces modèles pourraient être efficacement stockés et mis-à-jour. Parmi tous les systèmes sensoriels, le système vestibulaire est probablement celui où la plus grande proportion de stimuli est auto-générés et pourtant peu étudié en conditions actifs. Pour appréhender le rôle du vestibulo-cervelet, nous avons enregistré des cellules de Purkinje du nodulus en condition active chez le rongeur, associé à l'enregistrement quantitatif des signaux inertiels produits par les mouvements de la tête. Cela a nécessité le développent d'outils de mesure adaptés au petit animal. Ces outils, absents du commerce, sont capable d'enregistrer, et cela sans aucun câble, les mouvements inertiels (accélération linéaire et vitesse angulaire) de celui ci offrant une représentation des informations vestibulaires. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse montrent que, au moins dans des conditions actives, les cellules de Purkinje présentent une sensibilité sélective à certaines composantes du mouvement de la tête. La diversité des réponses observées démontre de plus que chaque cellule possède son propre " champ récepteur vestibulaire ". Il a ainsi été montré que certaines cellules avaient un champ récepteur en coordonnées égocentriques et d'autres allocentriques. Cette distinction s'inscrit dans le problème général de la transformation par le cervelet des coordonnées vestibulaires et de la représentation de l'environnement. / A classical and theoretical explaining framework how voluntary movements are generated and optimized implies the existence of an internal model based on the sensory consequences of own actions. The cerebellum is often considered as a structure where the models could be effectively stored and made-to-day. Of all the sensory systems, the vestibular system is probably one where the largest proportion of stimuli are self-generated but yet little studied in active conditions. To understand the role of the vestibular-cerebellum, we recorded Purkinje cells from nodulus in active condition in rodents associated with quantitative recording of inertial signals produced by head motion. This required developing the measurement tools adapted to small animals. These tools, absent of trade, are capable of recording, without any cables, the inertial movement (linear acceleration and angular velocity) of this one as a representation of vestibular information. The results presented in this thesis show that, at least in active condition, Purkinje cells exhibit selective sensitivity to certain components of the head movement. The diversity of responses observed further demonstrates that each cell has its own "vestibular receptive field". It has thus been shown that some cells have a receptive field in egocentric coordinates while others allocentric. This results is part of the general problem of the coordinate transformation and of the environment representation by the vestibular cerebellum.

Resumo não disponível. / Malnutrition is a worldwide problem affecting millions of unborn and young children during the most vulnerable stages of brain development (1). All restriction of protein during the perinatal period of life can alter the development of mammalian fetus and have marked repercussions on development of the Central Nervous System (CNS). The brain is vulnerable to protein malnutrition with altered morphologic and biochemical maturation, leading to impaired functions. The focus of this study is to investigate [U-14C]glycine metabolism in malnourished rats submitted to pre- and postnatal protein deprivation (diet: 8% protein with addition and without addition of L-methionine) on glycine metabolism of rats (normonourished group: 25% protein). It was observed that protein malnutrition alters oxidation to CO2, conversion to lipids and protein synthesis from [U-14C]glycine in cerebellum of malnourished rats without addition of L-methionine on a diet at 7 and 21 days of postnatal life. Our results also indicate that protein malnutrition causes a retardation in the normally ordered progression of brain development, and the malnourished groups have smaller cells, reduction in cell numbers and smaller cerebellar weight comparing to the control group.

Les objectifs de ma thèse ont été de caractériser le développement du gradient en ions chlorures dans les cellules de Purkinje dans un modèle d'étude de l'autisme : les souris exposées de façon prénatale au valproate de sodium. A cette fin, j'ai effectué des mesures éléctrophysiologiques de courants GABAergiques au cours du développement post-natal de ces animaux et des observations histologiques de la densité linéaire en cellules de Purkinje. D'autre part, j'ai participé à une étude comportementale visant à étudier l'influence d'un composé modulant le gradient en ions chlorures dans deux modèles génétiques d'étude de l'autisme : les souris Oprm1-/- et les souris Fmr1-/-. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai mis en évidence un retard du développement du gradient en ions chlorures. J'ai également montré qu'une exposition prénatale au valproate de sodium induisait une perte post-natale en cellules de Purkinje. Enfin, le composé avec lequel j'ai travaillé améliore le phénotype autistique et laisse entrevoir un fort potentiel translationnel. / The aims of my PhD were to characterize the development of the chloride gradient in Purkinje cells in a model of autism: mice prenatally exposed to sodium valproate. To this end, I measured GABAergic currents along the post-natal development of these mice and made histological observations of the Purkinje cells linear density. Secondly, I took part of a behavioral study to test the influence of a compound acting on the chloride gradient in two genetic models of autism: Oprm1-/- and Fmr1-/- mice. During my thesis I showed a delay in the development of the chloride gradient. I also observed that a prenatal exposition of sodium valproate induced a post-natal Purkinje cells loss. Finally, the compound I worked with improves the autistic phenotype and opens the perspective for translational potential.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Biological Sciences)--Vanderbilt University, Dec. 2007. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

<p>Medulloblastoma is a highly malignant cerebellar childhood tumor. As in many other brain tumors, expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors has been shown in medulloblastoma. To reveal the importance of this growth factor in cerebellar development and tumorigenesis, analyses were performed on human medulloblastoma cell lines and on tissue from normal mouse brain at different stages of development. The <i>in vivo</i> effect of a forced expression of PDGF-B in the cerebellar primordium was examined in transgenic mice. </p><p>In the normal mouse embryo, we found PDGF receptor-α-positive cells in the early neuroepithelium and on neuronal precursors. In the postnatal cerebellum, cells in the external germinal layer and Purkinje cells expressed the receptor. In the medulloblastoma cells, expression of all the three PDGF isoforms and PDGF receptors was seen and correlated to neuronal differentiation. Endogenously activated, <i>i.e.</i> tyrosine phosphorylated, PDGF receptors were identified. To reveal the role of PDGF in normal cerebellar development, we established transgenic mice where a PDGF-B cDNA was introduced via homologous recombination into the engrailed-1 gene. Engrailed-1 is specifically expressed at the mid-/hindbrain boundary of the early neural tube, <i>i.e.</i> in an area from which the cerebellar primordium develops. The ectopic expression of PDGF-B caused a disturbance of cerebellar development. Midline fusion of the cerebellar primordium did not occur properly, which resulted in cerebellar dysplasia in the adult mouse.</p><p>In a parallel study, the expression pattern of a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-<i>lacZ</i> transgene was followed in the embryonic mouse central nervous system. It was shown that the human GFAP promoter was already active by embryonic day 9.5 and as development proceeded, expression occured in different, independent cell populations. Among these cell populations were the radial glial cells in the neocortex.</p>

Several factors contribute to the failure of the central nervous system (CNS) to regenerate after injury. These include inhibition of axonal growth by myelin and glial scar associated molecules, as well as the intrinsic inability of adult CNS neurons to grow long axons in environments that are permissive for younger neurons. Neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) display a much higher capacity to regenerate after injury than CNS neurons, as shown by conditioning lesion experiments and by microtransplantation of dorsal root ganglia neurons into CNS white matter tracts. Our central hypothesis is that neurons of the PNS express specific regeneration associated genes that mediate their enhanced growth response after injury. We have employed a combination of subtractive hybridization, microarray comparison and promoter analysis to probe for genes specific to neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), using cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) as a reference. We have identified over a thousand different genes, many of whose products form interaction networks and signaling pathways. Moreover, we have identified several dozen transcription factors that may play a role in establishing DRG neuron identity and shape their responses after injury. One of these transcription factors is Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), previously known to be upregulated in the PNS after a conditioning lesion but not known to be specific to the PNS. Using a real time PCR and immunochemical approaches we have shown that STAT3 is constitutively expressed and selectively active in DRG neurons both in culture and in vivo. We show that the overexpression of wild type STAT3 in cerebellar granule neurons leads to the formation of supernumerary neurites, whereas the overexpression of constitutively active STAT3-C leads to a 20% increase in total neurite outgrowth. It is hoped that the genetic delivery of STAT3-C, potentially combined with co-activators of transcription, will improve functional regeneration of CNS axons in vivo.