The main objective of the thesis was to analyze selected forms of support for small and medium enterprises and their exploitation in the Sokolov region, further evaluate cooperation of small and medium enterprises with representatives of microregion and suggest possibilities for further development of SMEs. Characteristic of region Sokolov (general and economic) was conducted from secondary sources. Primary data were obtained from a questionnaire survey of SMEs in the region of Sokolov and from controlled interviews with representatives of the communities. There was conducted also a SWOT analysis of the Sokolov region, focusing on SMEs. Also were proposed forms of business support that are suitable for SMEs in the region and then were defined the recommendations and possibilities for further development of SMEs in region Sokolov. For example: improving information and cooperation of SMEs with local authority, with the Regional Chamber of Commerce Poohří, the use of SMEs development by means of Lake Medard, building a technology park and business incubator, etc.

The purpose of the master´s thesis titled The South Bohemian Chamber of Commerce analysis with respect to small and medium-sized enterprises was to analyze activities, services and products offered by the South Bohemian Chamber of Commerce (Chamber) to assist small and medium-size undertakings in the Region of South Bohemia. The theoretical background deals with the possibility to use financial means offered by the EU structural funds and subsidies granted by the Region of South Bohemia as this is the area of interest for the undertakings and due to the fact that the Chamber pursues activities pertaining to this area as well, namely in the form of consulting services and projects´ implementation. The practical part analyzes the activity of the Chamber - e.g. the services the Chamber offers.

Les exigences et les risques du commerce international ont fait apparaître, au début du XXème siècle, une technique juridique adaptée au rapport entre exportateurs et importateurs. Il s'agit tout particulièrement du crédit documentaire qui peut être défini comme l'opération par laquelle la banque de l'acheteur s'engage à régler le prix des marchandises au vendeur, lorsque celui-ci remettra les documents attestant l'expédition des marchandises. Ces derniers peuvent être soit un connaissement, une facture, une lettre de transport, soit même une assurance. Toutefois, l'absence d'une règlementation précise concernant le crédit documentaire a mobilisé les praticiens, ce qui a abouti en 1993 à la naissance des «Règles et Usances Uniformes relatives aux crédits documentaires» (RUU), œuvre de la Chambre de Commerce Internationale. Aujourd'hui faute de législation de source nationale ou internationale régulant le crédit documentaire, elles s'appliquent après adhésion volontaire soit par le système bancaire d'un pays donné, soit par adhésion individuelle de banques,«à tous les crédits documentaires sauf dispositions contraires stipulées expressément par les parties». Ces pratiques sont parallèlement efficaces car elles s'appuient sur des techniques bancaires éprouvées dans la règle de l'inopposabilité des exceptions. / Requirements and risks of international trade have created, in the early twentieth century, a legal technique adapted to the relationship between exporter and importer. This is especially the documentary credit, which can be defined as a transaction in which the buyer's bank agrees to pay the price of goods to the seller, when he will submit documentation confirming the shipping of the goods. This can be either a bill of lading an invoice, or even an insurance police... However, the absence of specific regulations concerning the documentary credit decided the practitioners to give birth, in 1993, of the «Uniform Customs and Practice on Documentary Credit» (UCP), the creation of the International Chamber of Commerce. Today, because of the lack of legislation regulating national or international documentary credit source, these rules apply, after voluntary decision of the parties or by the banking system of a said country or by individual adoption by the banks, to « all documentary credits unless otherwise as expressly provided by the parties». These practices are also effective because they rely on proven banking techniques in the rule of unenforceable exceptions.

The essay focuses on the issue of the international regulation of international sales contracts. It analyses the United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods and documents published by the International Chamber of Commerce and by other organisations active in harmonisation and unification of instruments of regulation of international sales contracts. So, the goal of the essay is to decide whether the documents help to remove the barriers of the international trade and whether the documents do not overlap the Convention.

What is «liquidable» and how should this concept be faced by arbitrators and judges? Can an enforcement judge determine concepts such as costs, interests and/or penalties if the arbitral tribunal has not provided any parameters? What fundamental rights might be violated? In accordance with international arbitration practice, we will deal here with the problems arising from the division of functions between judges and arbitrators in relation to the enforcement of the «liquidable» concepts. / ¿Qué es lo «liquidable» y cómo debe ser este concepto enfrentado por los árbitros y jueces? ¿Puede un juez en ejecución determinar conceptos como costas, intereses y/o las penalidades sin que el tribunal arbitral le haya brindado ningún parámetro?¿Qué derechos fundamentales están en juego? En función de la práctica arbitral internacional, nos ocuparemos de los problemas que surgen por la división de funciones entre jueces y árbitros en relación con la ejecución de lo «liquidable».

This master thesis deals with the role of Italian Chambers of Commerce within international entrepreneurial environment. An overall analysis of Italian entrepreneurial environment is elaborated in terms of macroeconomic indicators and their last development, investment environment and characteristic features of Italian economy. The thesis analyses the system of Italian chambers of commerce in Italy and abroad, their function and role within nowadays society and everyday life of Italian businessmen and their business partners. It describes the history of Italian chambers of commerce, introduces Italian chambers of commerce under the rule of law no. 580/1993 and deals with their authorities, financing and staff. It characterises also the Union of Italian Chambers of Commerce (Unioncamere) and representation of Italian chambers of commerce within the European Union and it deals with the activity of the Association of Italian Chambers of Commerce Abroad (Assocamerestero). On the concrete case of the Italian-Czech Chamber of Commerce in Prague it describes the specifics of the activities of this chamber of commerce.

This thesis provides an overview of the importance of exports for the Czech economy and the main instruments used for support of exports by state and private institutions. It also presents new export activities of a non-state institution - International Chamber of Commerce in the Czech Republic (ICC Czech Republic), which is the general public not sufficiently aware of. The work contains opinions and positions of entities being directly affected by state export promotion in the Czech Republic - particularly small and medium enterprises, large exporters, and commercial banks - and also their specific requirements for the content of state export strategy. Their opinions are derived from various surveys and analysis and based on the information obtained from ICC Czech Republic. To create high-quality export strategy, it is necessary for the Ministry of Industry and Trade to cooperate with all relevant subjects such as EGAP, Czech Export Bank, Czech Chamber of Commerce, ICC Czech Republic, but especially with the business community. The strategy also needs to include the consolidation of state export promotion services, the allocation of sufficient funds for the Czech Export Bank and EGAP, the involvement of commercial banks in foreign trade finance and enhancement of international competitiveness of Czech exports. Thus can only be increased its contribution to individual subjects of foreign trade and the State itself.

Les entreprises américaines implantées en France ont été étudiées de 1890 à 1990 à partir des archives de la Chambre de Commerce américaine en France (AmCham). Cette source permet d’analyser les actions collectives qu’elles ont menées et l’influence qu’elles ont eue sur le milieu des entreprises françaises, dans cinq périodes successives où la cohérence entre leurs actions et celles des autorités américaines a été plus ou moins étroite. Dans la première période (1890-1914), l’AmCham est un club de riches hommes d’affaires dans un environnement prestigieux. Dans la deuxième (1914-1945), elle est une association d’entreprises, plus nombreuses mais placées dans un contexte de guerre et de crise, sans stratégie commune. Dans la troisième (1945-1970), elle est un outil efficace du Plan Marshall puis du « défi américain ». Dans la quatrième (1970-1990), les implantations se multiplient mais la montée en puissance de l’union européenne, les réticences américaines sur l’investissement à l’étranger et la francisation des filiales américaines font apparaître des facteurs de fragilité et finalement dans la cinquième (après 1990), l’AmCham, dont l’influence a décliné, cherche, avec difficulté, des éléments de solidarité entre ses adhérents dans le contexte nouveau de la mondialisation. A partir de cette source, on a étudié les interactions culturelles entre l’AmCham et son milieu et la diffusion du modèle de management américain, qui a conduit à une forte francisation des filiales américaines en France. / American firms in France have been studied from 1890 to 1990, from the archives of the American Chamber of Commerce in France (AmCham). This source provides the elements of an analysis of the collective actions they implemented and the influence they had on French firms over five successive periods where there was more or less a consistency between their actions and the US government’s decisions. In the first periode (1890-1914), AmCham was a club of wealthy businessmen in a prestigious environment. In the second one (1914-1945), it was an employer’s association, with more members but in a context of wars and crisis, without a common strategy. In the third one (1945-1970), it was an efficient instrument of the Marshall Plan and later the « American challenge ». In the fourth one (1970-1990), with a growing number of firms, with the European project gaining ground, US policy’s reluctance to FDI and US firms becoming more and more « frenchized », significant factors of fragility appeared and finally in the fifth one (after 1990), AmCham, whose influence has diminished, is trying painfully to identify new elements of solidarity between its members in the new context of globalization. From this source, the study focuses on cultural interactions between AmCham and its environment and the spread of the American management model, which led to a large « frenchization » of American subsidiaries in France.

Titel: Hur leker lika barn bäst? – Utvecklande av generella riktlinjer vid förhandlingar mellansvenska inköpsavdelningar och tyska leverantörerFörfattare: Karin Axelsson, Martina Hult och Sara SvenbladHandledare: Lisa MelanderBAKGRUND: Många studier har bedrivits om förhandlingsmönster, och på senare tid äveninternationella sådana. Detta på grund av internationaliseringen som ägt rum under de senasteårtiondena. Man har fokuserat på att beskriva svårigheter och utmaningar i exempelvis västerländsk-asiatisk förhandling, medan förhandlingar mellan två västerländska parter som allmäntanses vara relativt lika varandra har fått betydligt mindre uppmärksamhet. Den geografiska,kulturella och språkliga närheten vilseleder oss att tro att interaktioner av olika slag inte innebärnågra svårigheter för tyska respektive svenska parter. Vi hävdar att svensk-tysk förhandlinginnebär vissa utmaningar och att denna typ av förhandling kräver extra uppmärksamhet ijämförelse med en nationell förhandling, och att det är möjligt att utveckla vissa generellariktlinjer som man som svensk förhandlare bör ta i beaktande innan och under en förhandlingmed en tysk motpart.SYFTE: Att utveckla generella riktlinjer inför förhandlingar för svenska inköpsavdelningarsom kommer att förhandla med tyska leverantörer.GENOMFÖRANDE: Det empiriska materialet har samlats in via kvalitativa, semistruktureradeintervjuer med Exportrådet i Berlin, Tysk-Svenska Handelskammaren, SAAB Aerosystems,Toyota Material Handling Europe samt Scania. Samtliga har erfarenhet av förhandlingarmed Tyskland. Det teoretiska materialet har samlats in genom diverse relevant litteraturi form av böcker och artiklar.RESULTAT: Tyskland ses överlag som en önskvärd partner i förhandlingar då svenskar ochtyskar anses ha liknande tankesätt om hur förhandlingar bör struktureras och genomföras.Dock finns vissa moment som man som svensk förhandlare bör vara medveten om för attåstadkomma bästa möjliga utfall av förhandlingen. En modell har tagits fram i enlighet meddet material som framkommit under intervjuerna med respondenterna. Denna modell kan användassom riktlinje för vad man bör ta i beaktande och lägga vikt vid inför en förhandlingmed en tysk motpart. De faktorer som vi menar är extra kritiska och som svenska förhandlarebör överväga noggrant inför den ovan nämnda förhandlingssituationen är förberedelse, tydlighet, respekt för tid samt korrekthet. Alla dessa strategiska faktorer bör tas i beaktande medhjälp av en medvetenhet som skall finnas med genom hela förhandlingsprocessen. Vi hävdar att det faktum att samtliga av våra intervjupersoner upplever att tyskar i regel är bra förhandlingsparteroch att förhandlingar med tyska leverantörer generellt är relativt problemfria harsin grund i att intervjupersonerna dels är medvetna om de skillnader som föreligger i ländernasrespektive affärskultur, och dels att man på samtliga företag har långvariga relationer medsina leverantörer. Även det faktum att våra respondenter befinner sig i en köpsituation i förhandlingarnakan ha en inverkan på det generellt positiva utfallet.NYCKELORD: Förhandling, Tyskland, Sverige, inköp, leverantör, riktlinjer, Exportrådet,Tysk-Svenska Handelskammaren, SAAB Aerosystems, Toyota Material Handling Europe,Scania.

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