Denna studie har undersökt skolformen “second chance” school. Studien utgick från en specifik verksamhet i Norrland som kallas “Unga till arbete eller studier”, eller UTAS. Syftet med undersökningen var att ta reda på vad som krävs av en studie- och yrkesvägledare som väljer att jobba inom en sådan verksamhet. Studien undersökte även hur denna typ av verksamhet påverkar deltagarnas självförmåga, och vilka möjligheter och svårigheter som kan finnas i denna typ av verksamhet. Arbetet baseras på tidigare forskning om social cognitive career theory, tidigare forskningsrapporter gjorda om second chance school verksamheter och gruppvägledningsmetoden WATCH som står för ”What Alternatives? Thinking Coping Hoping”. En kvalitativ metod användes, och semi-strukturerade intervjuer gjordes med fyra anställda på verksamheten UTAS: två studie och yrkesvägledare, en specialpedagog och verksamhetens samordnare. Resultatet av studien beskriver vilka kunskaper som krävs av en studie- och yrkesvägledare som vill arbeta inom denna typ av verksamhet, bland annat en mer finkänslig förmåga att anpassa sig till sin klient. Resultaten visade även att second chance school verksamhet har en positiv inverkan på deltagarnas självförmåga, och ger deltagarna det stöd och den stabilitet de kan behöva. Slutligen visade även resultaten tydliga tecken på att orsaken till att denna typ av utbildning behövs, är samhälleliga problem som ligger utanför skolväsendet.

As plantações comerciais de Eucalyptus no Brasil destacam-se mundialmente, pela produtividade alcançada no manejo de curta rotação. Os elevados índices obtidos são o reflexo da adaptabilidade às condições edafoclimáticas, do melhoramento genético e de práticas silviculturais adotadas. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento dessas plantações sofre influência de agentes bióticos e abióticos, sendo os de maior limitação nos trópicos a disponibilidade hídrica e a fertilidade do solo. O objetivo com esta dissertação foi, portanto, avaliar o efeito da fertilização completa com NPK e de omissões isoladas de cada nutriente, no crescimento de povoamentos clonais (entre 48 e 60 meses de idade) e, respostas as variações climáticas no ritmo de incremento do tronco e no índice de área foliar (IAF). Este estudo foi conduzido em 4 sítios florestais, localizados nos Estados de São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul, diferindo quanto ao material genético (híbridos E. grandis x urophylla e E. urophylla x globulus), tipos climáticos (Cwa e Aw) e classes de solo (Latossolo Vermelho, Latossolo Vermelho-amarelo e Neossolo quartzarênico). O delineamento experimental consistiu de cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Faixas dendrométricas permanentes foram utilizadas para monitorar o incremento do tronco das árvores, a cada 15 dias, ao longo de 12 meses. De cada tratamento, 15 árvores foram selecionadas, de acordo com a circunferência a altura do peito e desvios. O IAF foi estimado pelo método indireto de fotografias hemisféricas, mensalmente, por meio de 16 imagens do dossel de cada tratamento. Nos sítios, a produtividade de madeira variou entre 52 e 22 m³ha-1 ano-1, sendo limitante as omissões isoladas de N e de K. Condições atípicas do clima de 2014 afetaram significativamente o crescimento dos povoamentos, principalmente em São Paulo, no qual a redução da precipitação pluvial anual variou entre 35 e 74% (em relação a normal climatológica - 2008/20014). O incremento médio acumulado em área da secção transversal do tronco (ASTt) variou de 8,6 cm² a 13,4 cm². As oscilações entre máximo e mínimo incremento da ASTt, diferiram entre o grau de estresse e heterogeneidade dos povoamentos (maiores e menores árvores), o que pode ser explicado em até 73% pelas variáveis precipitação pluvial, amplitude térmica e temperatura média. Os tratamentos mais afetados pelo clima foram os de fertilização completa e omissão de K. Não houve diferença do IAF entre tratamentos, apenas em relação a sazonalidade climática. / Commercial plantations of Eucalyptus in Brazil stand out worldwide, for the high productivity in the managements of short rotation. The high indexes obtained are the reflection of adaptability to the edaphoclimatic conditions, the genetic improvement and the silvicultural practices adopted. However, the development of these plantations is influenced by biotic and abiotic agents, which in the tropics the most limiting factors are water availability and soil fertility. The objective of this dissertation was, therefore, to evaluate the effect of complete NPK fertilizationand the isolated omissions of each nutrient on the growth of clonal stands (between 48 and 60 months of age) and, responses to climatic variations in the dynamic of increment of the trunk and leaf area index (LAI). This study was conducted in four forest sites, located in the states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, differing in genetic material (hybrids E. grandis x urophylla and E. urophylla x globulus), climatic types (Cwa and Aw) and soil classes (Quartzipsammen, Rhodic Hapludox, Typic Hapludox). The experimental design consisted of five treatments and four replicates. Permanent dendrometric bands were used to monitor the increment of the tree\'s stems, measuring it each 15 days, for 12 months. From each treatment, 15 trees were selected, according to the circumference of the mean chest height and deviations. The LAI was estimated by the indirect method of hemispheric photographs, monthly, using 16 images of the canopy of each treatment. At the sites, wood productivity varied between 52 and 22 m³ ha-1 year-1, being limiting the isolated omissions of N and K. Atypical conditions of the climate of 2014 significantly affected the growth of the stands, mainly in São Paulo, in which the annual rainfall reduction varied between 35 and 74% (in relation to the normal climate - 2008/2014). The mean cumulative increase in trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) ranged from 8,6 cm² to 13,4 cm². The variations between maximum and minimum increment of TCSA differed between the degree of stress and heterogeneity of stands (larger and smaller trees), which can be explained in up to 73% by the variables rainfall, thermal amplitude and average temperature. The treatments most affected by the climate were those of complete fertilization and omission of K. There was no difference in LAI between treatments, only in relation to climatic seasonality.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-29T12:34:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tobias A. Rosa Faria.pdf: 674601 bytes, checksum: 1bdb0f1a1125c4b712c5d86fa192f93a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T12:34:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tobias A. Rosa Faria.pdf: 674601 bytes, checksum: 1bdb0f1a1125c4b712c5d86fa192f93a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The philosopher Charles S. Peirce argues that chance is an objective principle, that is, it possesses reality. The necessitarians, however, are opposed to this, since they believe everything happens because of necessity. In defense of their position, they defend that necessitarianism is a postulate of scientific reasoning, an idea that Peirce refutes by questioning the very notion of postulate in sciences, in which discoveries occur through abduction, deduction and induction, not only through the second inference. Peirce, however, does not deny the reality of the law. On the contrary, he gives it the status of a cosmological principle, in the form of habit acquisition, still active, as well as the principle of chance, which has the same status. Furthermore, Peirce's criticism does not leave the a priori reasons which the necessitarians resort to unscathed, since he rejects them in the light of John Stuart Mill, though he opposes the justification of induction and the denial of universals presented by Mill. Then, once the arguments defended by the necessitarians have been questioned, Peirce can present his own positive reasons for the reality of chance. These reasons, unlike those defended by the necessitarians, are eminently phenomenological, so they cannot be considered a priori reasons. Chance, in addition, interweaves with the efficient cause and with the final cause, which configures a conception of causation opened to the novelty and spontaneity that only it can confer. Chance is also the genesis of variety, which is attested by phenomenology, though necessitarians projects try to deny it or preserve it without any growth. Peirce evidently refutes them, as he does, in particular, to philosophies for which chance is merely a measure of human ignorance of the causes of a given phenomenon and, in general, to philosophies, even those ones that are not necessitarians, which do not recognize in the idea of chance the metaphysical principle that it is / O acaso, sustenta o filósofo Charles S. Peirce, é um princípio objetivo, isto é, goza de realidade. A isso opõem-se os necessitaristas, aqueles para os quais tudo se dá por necessidade. Em defesa de sua posição, sustentam que o necessitarismo é um postulado do raciocínio científico, argumento que Peirce rebate questionando a própria noção de postulado em ciências de fato, nas quais descobertas ocorrem por meio de abdução, dedução e indução, não apenas por meio da segunda inferência. Peirce, entretanto, não nega a realidade da lei. Pelo contrário, confere a ela o estatuto de princípio cosmológico, na forma de aquisição de hábitos, ainda atuante, assim como o princípio do acaso, que tem mesmo estatuto. Tampouco as razões a priori a que recorrem os necessitaristas passam incólumes pela crítica de Peirce, que as rejeita na esteira de John Stuart Mill, muito embora dele se oponha quanto à fundamentação da indução e à realidade dos universais. Assim atacados os argumentos necessitaristas, Peirce pode apresentar suas próprias razões positivas a favor da realidade do acaso. Estas, ao contrário daqueles, são eminentemente fenomenológicas, de modo que não cabe considerá-las a priori. O acaso, ademais, entretece-se com a causa eficiente e com a causa final, o que configura uma concepção de causação aberta à novidade e à espontaneidade que apenas ele pode conferir. O acaso também é gênese da variedade, da qual presta contas a fenomenologia, em que pesem os projetos necessitaristas de negá-la ou conservá-la sem crescimento algum. Peirce evidentemente os refuta, assim como faz, em particular, com as filosofias para as quais o acaso é mera medida da ignorância humana a respeito das causas que regem determinado fenômeno e, em geral, com as filosofias, mesmo não necessitaristas, que não reconhecem no acaso o princípio metafísico que é

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Auro Key Honda.pdf: 1165962 bytes, checksum: 9595232e5174c5eb282aff0d0157cb97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-13 / This Master s thesis aims at translating into Portuguese Peirce s essay Causation and Force, which is part of the Conferences given by him in Cambridge in 1898, as well as to offer some theoretical elements for its reading and understanding. With this in mind, we present different manners on how the issue of causality has been considered historically, particularly Peirce s critical view concerning a one determined world. Herein we also discuss the main questions raised by Peirce regarding the deconstruction of determinism and his defense of chance as an ontological principle operating in the constitution of the reality / Esta dissertação se propõe a efetuar uma versão para o português do ensaio ―Causation and Force‖, incluído nas conferências de Peirce proferidas em Cambridge em 1898, bem como oferecer elementos teóricos para sua leitura e compreensão. Para tanto, apresentamos diferentes formas sobre como a questão da causalidade tem sido considerada historicamente, em particular a visão crítica do próprio autor acerca de um mundo determinado. Discutimos as principais questões levantadas por Peirce sobre a desconstrução do determinismo e sua defesa do acaso como princípio ontológico atuante na constituição da realidade

A incerteza é um elemento fundamental da realidade. Então, torna-se natural a busca por métodos que nos permitam representar o desconhecido em termos matemáticos. Esses problemas originam uma grande classe de programas probabilísticos reconhecidos como modelos de programação estocástica. Eles são mais realísticos que os modelos determinísticos, e tem por objetivo incorporar a incerteza em suas definições. Essa tese aborda os problemas probabilísticos da classe de problemas de multi-estágio com incerteza e com restrições probabilísticas e com restrições probabilísticas conjuntas. Inicialmente, nós propomos um modelo de administração de ativos e passivos multi-estágio estocástico para a indústria de fundos de pensão brasileira. Nosso modelo é formalizado em conformidade com a leis e políticas brasileiras. A seguir, dada a relevância dos dados de entrada para esses modelos de otimização, tornamos nossa atenção às diferentes técnicas de amostragem. Elas compõem o processo de discretização desses modelos estocásticos Nós verificamos como as diferentes metodologias de amostragem impactam a solução final e a alocação do portfólio, destacando boas opções para modelos de administração de ativos e passivos. Finalmente, nós propomos um “framework” para a geração de árvores de cenário e otimização de modelos com incerteza multi-estágio. Baseados na tranformação de Knuth, nós geramos a árvore de cenários considerando a representação filho-esqueda, irmão-direita o que torna a simulação mais eficiente em termos de tempo e de número de cenários. Nós também formalizamos uma reformulação do modelo de administração de ativos e passivos baseada na abordagem extensiva implícita para o modelo de otimização. Essa técnica é projetada pela definição de um processo de filtragem com “bundles”; e codifciada com o auxílio de uma linguagem de modelagem algébrica. A eficiência dessa metodologia é testada em um modelo de administração de ativos e passivos com incerteza com restrições probabilísticas conjuntas. Nosso framework torna possível encontrar a solução ótima para árvores com um número razoável de cenários. / Uncertainty is a key element of reality. Thus, it becomes natural that the search for methods allows us to represent the unknown in mathematical terms. These problems originate a large class of probabilistic programs recognized as stochastic programming models. They are more realistic than deterministic ones, and their aim is to incorporate uncertainty into their definitions. This dissertation approaches the probabilistic problem class of multistage stochastic problems with chance constraints and joint-chance constraints. Initially, we propose a multistage stochastic asset liability management (ALM) model for a Brazilian pension fund industry. Our model is formalized in compliance with the Brazilian laws and policies. Next, given the relevance of the input parameters for these optimization models, we turn our attention to different sampling models, which compose the discretization process of these stochastic models. We check how these different sampling methodologies impact on the final solution and the portfolio allocation, outlining good options for ALM models. Finally, we propose a framework for the scenario-tree generation and optimization of multistage stochastic programming problems. Relying on the Knuth transform, we generate the scenario trees, taking advantage of the left-child, right-sibling representation, which makes the simulation more efficient in terms of time and the number of scenarios. We also formalize an ALM model reformulation based on implicit extensive form for the optimization model. This technique is designed by the definition of a filtration process with bundles, and coded with the support of an algebraic modeling language. The efficiency of this methodology is tested in a multistage stochastic ALM model with joint-chance constraints. Our framework makes it possible to reach the optimal solution for trees with a reasonable number of scenarios.

This dissertation examines the relationship between community colleges and prisons as similar institutions that absorb and manage displaced workers, economic refugees, and dispossessed adult populations. Based on interviews with adult learners in two community college settings, I discuss how these two seemingly distinctive institutions work together to subvert individual and collective desires for self-determination through policies and pedagogies that institutionalize discouragement and emotional management. Specifically, I am concerned with what it means for working-class adults to participate in higher education in the context of precarity and incarceration-literally and figuratively. Drawing from the growing field of scholarship that underscores the consolidation of practices and interdependency between academia and incarceration (Chatterjee, Davis, 2003, 2005, Meiners, 2007, Sojoyner 2016), the contexts I have chosen for this project are two institutions where students gather each week to participate in the project of higher education. Carrying past and present traumas related to schooling, many participants viewed community college as the one remaining institution deigned to help them remake their lives. This study asks how participants made sense of their lives, choices, and sacrifices to participate in higher education and how these factors structure their expectations of what college might provide them. Utilizing critical race theory, this dissertation offers a theoretical framework pedagogy of repair, which I define as the interpretive structures and stories used by non-traditional students to make sense of their past and potential futures amidst the normative neoliberal structures of precarious labor, vulnerability, social abandonment and debt.

In this dissertation, several volt-var optimization methods have been proposed to improve the expected performance of the distribution system using distributed renewable energy sources and conventional volt-var control equipment: photovoltaic inverter reactive power control for chance-constrained distribution system performance optimisation, integrated distribution system optimization using a chance-constrained formulation, integrated control of distribution system equipment and distributed generation inverters, and coordination of PV inverters and voltage regulators considering generation correlation and voltage quality constraints for loss minimization. Distributed generation sources (DGs) have important benefits, including the use of renewable resources, increased customer participation, and decreased losses. However, as the penetration level of DGs increases, the technical challenges of integrating these resources into the power system increase as well. One such challenge is the rapid variation of voltages along distribution feeders in response to DG output fluctuations, and the traditional volt-var control equipment and inverter-based DG can be used to address this challenge. These methods aim to achieve an optimal expected performance with respect to the figure of merit of interest to the distribution system operator while maintaining appropriate system voltage magnitudes and considering the uncertainty of DG power injections. The first method is used to optimize only the reactive power output of DGs to improve system performance (e.g., operating profit) and compensate for variations in active power injection while maintaining appropriate system voltage magnitudes and considering the uncertainty of DG power injections over the interval of interest. The second method proposes an integrated volt-var control based on a control action ahead of time to find the optimal voltage regulation tap settings and inverter reactive control parameters to improve the expected system performance (e.g., operating profit) while keeping the voltages across the system within specified ranges and considering the uncertainty of DG power injections over the interval of interest. In the third method, an integrated control strategy is formulated for the coordinated control of both distribution system equipment and inverter-based DG. This control strategy combines the use of inverter reactive power capability with the operation of voltage regulators to improve the expected value of the desired figure of merit (e.g., system losses) while maintaining appropriate system voltage magnitudes. The fourth method proposes a coordinated control strategy of voltage and reactive power control equipment to improve the expected system performance (e.g., system losses and voltage profiles) while considering the spatial correlation among the DGs and keeping voltage magnitudes within permissible limits, by formulating chance constraints on the voltage magnitude and considering the uncertainty of PV power injections over the interval of interest. The proposed methods require infrequent communication with the distribution system operator and base their decisions on short-term forecasts (i.e., the first and second methods) and long-term forecasts (i.e., the third and fourth methods). The proposed methods achieve the best set of control actions for all voltage and reactive power control equipment to improve the expected value of the figure of merit proposed in this dissertation without violating any of the operating constraints. The proposed methods are validated using the IEEE 123-node radial distribution test feeder.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major contributor to chronic diseases. High blood pressure and other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are on the increase in Nigeria. The purposes of this study were to (a) explore associations among high blood pressure, social economic status, and health status awareness and (b) measure the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in 3 states of Nigeria: Lagos, Ekiti, and Ondo. Participants (N = 368) were selected through stratification and randomization. Data were collected in person with the aid of validated questionnaire, which measured socioeconomic status as well as other variables in Lagos, Ado Ekiti, Ijesa-Isu, and Akure. Logistic regression and correlation analyses showed no significant difference in the regional incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (F (4, 362) = 1.23, p = 0.30); and there was no significant relationship between the health status variable and the standard of living variable. Due to the fact that only 3 out of 36 states were sampled, this study is not generalizable and some other cardiovascular diseases modifiable risks factors that were not measured could have reacted differently in analysis. This study's results set precedence by promoting cardiovascular health. When disseminated, the results of this study will help advocate for a change process that curtails cost and decreases the general burden of CVDs in other, similar areas. Recommendations include measuring this incidence and prevalence of CVDs in all 36 states of Nigeria and exploring the interactions between culture, religion, health, and beliefs.

Em Paraíso perdido, de John Milton, Pandemonium é a capital do inferno, local onde todos os demônios se encontram em conselho para discutir seus planos. É também significado de confusão, caos e balbúrdia. Tal metáfora pode ser utilizada para descrever o processo criativo do designer gráfico, cuja mente funciona como um caldeirão fervilhante de informações interligadas em uma rede complexa. Ao contrário do que se imagina, as ideias não surgem de uma inspiração divina ou um pensamento ordenado e previsível. Nascem da prática repetitiva, do esforço e da experimentação, constituídos a partir do repertório particular de cada designer. O objetivo desta tese foi compreender o processo criativo em design gráfico no qual o acaso e a experimentação estão inseridos. A tese foi construída a partir de uma pesquisa prática e teórica e consiste de reflexões a partir da bibliografia sobre design e processos de criação, de entrevistas realizadas com designers gráficos e de experimentos que apresentam, na prática, o processo de criação em design, que é único para cada um, pois envolve inúmeros aspectos que determinarão o resultado final, e somente um envolvimento profundo faz com que oportunamente elementos não premeditados colaborem nesse processo. Por isso, Pandemonium foi montado como um caderno de experimentos e vivências que pode ser lido por inteiro ou folheado livremente. É uma pesquisa que leva em consideração as referências pessoais e os relatos do aprendizado teórico e prático de um estudante, designer e professor. Baseou-se nas oito fases do processo criativo descritos por Robert Keith Sawyer, que pesquisa a criatividade há mais de vinte anos. Essas fases constituem a estrutura da tese e visam a propiciar clareza e entendimento de todo o processo de criação, que não ocorre de maneira linear, e, portanto, as oito fases não acontecem necessariamente na ordem apresentada nesta tese. O processo criativo constitui-se conforme o projeto se desenvolve, havendo sempre desvios, erros, improvisações e surpresas que ajudam a construí-lo. / In John Milton\'s Paradise Lost, Pandemonium is the capital of hell, the place where demons have a board meeting in order to discuss their plans. It also means confusion, chaos, and commotion. Such a metaphor can be used to describe the creative process of a graphic designer, whose mind functions as an overflown cauldron filled with interconnected information in a complex network. Contrary to popular belief, ideas are not a result of divine inspiration or orderly and predictable thinking. They come to life due to repetitive practice, effort and experimentation, which are characteristics of the designer´s own repertoire. The purpose of this dissertation was to understand chance and experimentation inserted in the creative process of graphic design. This dissertation was based on the lines of a practical and theoretical research and consists of reflections from the bibliography on processes of design and creation, interviews with graphic designers and experiments that present, in practice, the design creation process, which is unique for each person, since it involves many aspects that will determine the final result. Thus, only deep involvement might eventually prove that unpremeditated elements collaborate in this process. Therefore, Pandemonium was organized as a notebook of experiments and experiences that can be read in full or leafed through freely. It is a research that takes the personal references and the reports of the theoretical and practical learning of a student, designer and professor into account. It was based on the eight stages of the creative process described by Robert Keith Sawyer, who has studied creativity for more than twenty years. These stages form the structure of the dissertation and aim to provide clarity and understanding of the whole creative process, which does not occur in a linear way; therefore, the eight stages do not necessarily happen in the order presented in this work. Creative process is formed along with project development as there are always deviations, mistakes, improvisations and surprises which promote its shape

This thesis aims at exploring how probabilistic reasoning arises in explorative learning situations that are random in nature. The focus is especially on what learners with scant experience of formal theories of probability do and can do when dealing with compound random situations in which they are offered opportunities to integrate different probabilistic lines of reasoning. Three studies were carried out for the purpose of gaining an understanding of how learners’ probabilistic reasoning is organised and re-organised in explorative, random-dependent situations. In two of the studies 12 to 13 year-old students acted within a dice-game setting, which was based on the total of two dice. The third study examined 14 to 16 year-old students’ ways of dealing with ICT-versions of compound, independent events viewed in a random-dependent ramified structure. To uncover the basis and the content of the students’ reasoning, behaviour has been regarded in terms of intentions. That is, to understand and make sense of the students’ reasoning, their activities have been matched and re-matched with conjectures about their intents to fulfil certain goals. Although the students were acting on the same learning material, the analyses revealed various kinds of probabilistic reasoning among the students. It has been argued that students’ various ways of dealing with chance encounters may be understood and explained with reference to the ways in which they interpret the learning situations. Thus, this thesis suggests that probabilistic reasoning takes form through a process of contextualisation, i.e. through a compound process where the cognitive activity oscillates between interpretations and reflections about context, the focal event and new information that comes into play. This thesis reveals that students, prior to instruction, are able to devise ideas of an underlying probability distribution in the case of compound random phenomena. The students bring into the discussion geometrical and numerical considerations, as well as arguments reflecting principles of the law of large numbers.